POLITICAL SCIENCE PROJECT

RESERVATION FOR WOMEN IN ELECTORAL BODIES

Submitted by
ABHISHEK S
Reg. No. BC0190002

Name of the Guide

Assistant Professor
DR. S. SUBBA RAO

TAMIL NADU NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

(A State University established by Act No. 9 of 2012)
Tiruchirappalli
Tamil Nadu – 620 027
Dr Subba Rao
Tamil Nadu National Law University
Tiruchirappalli
Tamil Nadu – 620 027

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “RESERVATION FOR WOMEN IN
ELECTORAL BODIES ” is a bonafide record of the research work done by (Abhishek S),
under my supervision and guidance. It has not been submitted by any other University for
the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or for any other similar
recognition.

Place: Tiruchirappalli
Date: 31/03/2021 Signature of the Guide
ABHISHEK.S
Reg. No. BC0190002

I – B.A., LLB., (Hons.)

Tamil Nadu National Law University
Tiruchirappalli
Tamil Nadu – 620 027

DECLARATION

I (Abhishek S), Register Number (BC0190002), hereby declare that this Research Paper
work entitled “” has been originally carried out by me under the guidance and supervision
vision of (.Dr subba Rao), Assistant professor, Tamil Nadu National Law University,
Tiruchirappalli - 620 027. This work has not been submitted either in whole or in part of any
Degree/ Diploma at any University.

Place: Tiruchirappalli
Date:31/03/2021

Counter Signed Signature of the candidate

Project Guide
4|Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, I take this opportunity to thank my Professor (Dr. Subba

Rao) from the bottom of my heart who have been of immense help during
moments of anxiety and torpidity while the project was taking its crucial shape.

Secondly, I convey my deepest regards to the Vice Chancellor Mrs.

Elizabeth V.S.  and the administrative staff of TNNLU who held the project in
high esteem by providing reliable information in the form of library
infrastructure and database connections in times of need.

Thirdly, the contribution made by my parents and friends by foregoing

their precious time is unforgettable and highly solicited. Their valuable advice
and timely supervision paved the way for the successful completion of this
project.

Finally, I thank the Almighty who gave me the courage and stamina to
confront all hurdles during the making of this project. Words aren’t sufficient to
acknowledge the tremendous contributions of various people involved in this
project, as I know ‘Words are Poor Comforters’. I once again wholeheartedly
and earnestly thank all the people who were involved directly or indirectly
during this project making which helped me to come out with flying colours.

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CONTENT
Title Page
INTRODUCTION 6
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 8

REVIEW OF LITERATURE: 8
Chapter 1: THE NEED FOR RESERVATION FOR WOMEN 10

Chapter 2: THE IMPORTANCE FOR WOMEN RESERVATION IN 11

ELECTORAL BODIES
Chapter 3: THE ANALYSIS OF THE SCOPE OF THE 14
RESERVATION AND ITS EFFECT IN GENDER EQUALITY
STATUS WITH ITS APPLICABILITY IN INDIAN CONTEXT
CONCLUSION 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY 17

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INTRODUCTION:
The research paper will deal with the study of the need for Reservation for women in
electoral bodies. The term Reservation is used in many senses but the actual use of the term
and need of it is either clear or arbitrary, as the scope of the reservation is generally used to
secure a place or position in a space of work area and the need for it is to ensure that the idea
of all people from an unequal society is can seek for the value of equitable space provided in
the society. The scope of reservation can be explained as “the Constitution of India has
provided for ‘reservation' to secure socio-economic justice to the vulnerable and downtrodden
sections of the society to bring them to the mainstream of the nations” 1 and the need for the
reservation is to ensure that people who are being unequal in an unequal society and this
method was invented to make sure the fair and reasonable way is ascertained to achieve
equity in the society. The need and scope for reservation in India will have a primary aspect
of caste-based reservation in various forms of organizations of the society like educational
institutes, jobs in government and various other scopes of it and the main aspect that was
evolved in the recent time is the reservation based on the economic and financial status of the
individual that was introduced recently in India, but apart from all these aspects there is also
matter of gender-inequality that has existed over a long period in the society and the fact that
the male dominant society was prevailing over centuries , and in all aspects of the livelihood
women was affected and their development was not taken into consideration which adversely
affected the fair development of the society. This trend began to change globally after various
incidents that took place like the French revolution and the freedom struggle of the Indian
country were there were many scholars who fought for the equality of the gender so that
women should also be treated equally to men in the society so that the true essence of equality
and justice will be maintained. Even nowadays the true scope of women equality is not found
in certain aspects of the work place and society but the progress is developing where women
are more actively participating in various work areas now more in number compared to the
past period of society. The main idea of women entering into various fields of work to ensure
that the matter gender-inequality is being stopped and way of equality is adopted. The main
issue is that the matter of political matters and legislative area of work the scope of work area
for women is confined and the scope of the work space granted for them in the electoral
bodies is adhered with some reservation structure granted for them to ensure the active
participation of women. “Women continue to face obstacles to electoral engagement in India,

1
Basavaraj, C. “RESERVATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES.” Journal of the
Indian Law Institute, vol. 51, no. 2, 2009, pp. 267–274. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43953443.

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and they are overwhelmingly underrepresented in state and national legislative bodies. During
the last two decades, a significant number of Through quotas, a number of countries have
implemented women's reservation in public decision-making bodies all over the world
Women's underrepresentation of national decision-making bodies is a common occurrence.
Both emerging and developed nations are involved. All notices that the times are changing.
Women are now participants in the reform process, which will result in a progressive country
in the near future. As a result, women's participation in public bodies is urgently needed.” 2
The concept of reservation for women in India in the political participation aspect was
widened when the government also aided that by introducing the women’s reservation bill in
the 108th amendment act which is still pending law yet to be passed in the Indian parliament
to ensure and protect the active participation of women in the electoral bodies as the
supporters of the reservation policy argue that, while gender equality is guaranteed by the
Constitution, it does not exist in fact. As a result, to change women's conditions, strong
affirmative action is needed. There's also proof that political reservation has expanded wealth
allocation in favour of the groups who profit from it. 3 The main aspects of the research paper
will discuss about the scope and aspects of the reservation for women in the electoral bodies
and deeply emphasis the value and essence of need of it in the ambit of the structure of the
polity in India and have a critical study about it.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE:

The research project will deal with the critical study about the concept of reservation for
women in various electoral bodies and in this project the research will be focusing on the
aspects of:

• To study and analyze the need for reservation for women in specific

• To analyze the importance for variations in the caste-based reservation and women
reservation

• To study and analyze the scope of role of women in the area of electoral bodies and
the benefit of the reservation system in the area of work.

• To philosophically analyze the women’s reservation bill,2008 and its impact on the
point of diminishing the gender in equality.
2
Satarupa Pal, ‘Politics of Women’s Reservation in India’, International Journal of Humanities & Social Science
Studies, Volume-I, Issue-III, November 2014, Page No. 118-122
3
Phulrenu Guha, “Towards Equality: Report of the Commission on the Status of Women in India”, Ministry of
Education and Social Welfare, Department of Social Welfare, Government of India, 1974

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• The research will finally do an assertion analysis to check whether only if there was
no reservation for women in the electoral bodies, what will be the impact of women
participation in politics and other activities.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

The Research paper will be based on a critical study and there will certain conceptual aspects
of the political features of the reservation for women in the Indian system of the various
instances in the analysis in the case which will supported by primary and secondary sources
of references to support the area of research and also with the review of literature.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

 Satarupa Pal, ‘Politics of Women’s Reservation in India’, International Journal

of Humanities & Social Science Studies, Volume-I, Issue-III, November 2014,
Page No. 118-122

In this article, the author will mainly discuss about the nature of reservation for women in
the political work field in India and the study had partial primary data analysis of the
trends that are followed in the women to participate in the electoral bodies and how the
participation trend is varying across the states of India, and will have a critical comment
on non-passage of the women’s reservation bill in the country and will say the idea of
reservation is important or not. The choose of the path of politics and how far the active
participation is going with the with the barriers faced and the matter of reservation will be
arbitrary here in the area of political entries. The research will be inferred in the paper to
have a clear view about the nature and scope of reservation.

 Chary, Maroju Rama, “WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN

INDIA: A Historical Perspective.” The Indian Journal of Political Science, vol.
73, no. 1, 2012, pp. 119–132.

in this article, the author will have the primary focus on the study of the factors that
influence the participation of women in the area of work and the historic aspect with study
of the evolution of women in the activity of participating in the political background and
since the strategy of women's reservation in elected bodies was not the result of a long and
bitter fight by women, it has enabled the state to hijack the women's movement's agenda.

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So far, the women's movement hasn't been able to get their spokespeople into places of
institutional influence. Reservations, in and of themselves, do not ensure women's
successful inclusion. Instead, the lack of a generally favourable climate has resulted in
patterns that are counterproductive to true female empowerment which will be inferred
with the work to in with non-reservation will be an arbitrary concept

 RAI, PRAVEEN, “Electoral Participation of Women in India: Key Determinants

and Barriers.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 46, no. 3, 2011, pp. 47–55.

In this research paper, the concept incorporated a new test of ideology into quantitative
models of women in politics in this paper. We concluded that previous research's lack of
support for ideological factors was due to the usage of proxies rather than a specific
measure of social perceptions against women's position. We showed that politics mattered
more than political variables in forecasting disparities in women's political participation
when calculated more precisely and the detailed analysis of the work will be interpreted to
the better understanding of the primary data being interpreted.

 Agnihotri, Indu, Vina Mazumdar. “Changing Terms of Political Discourse:

Women's Movement in India, 1970s-1990s.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol.
30, no. 29, 1995, pp. 1869–1878.

The article will discuss of electoral reservations for women in the Union Parliament and
state legislatures is discussed in this article. This essay discusses the case for women's
equality in India's new constitutional system, as well as the numerous causes that have led
to women's low political representation. This essay discusses the Women's Reservation
Bill, which was first proposed in 1996, the political environment at the time, and
subsequent changes, and opposes the opposition to reservation for women, arguing that
reservation of seats in legislatures would promote women's empowerment and the author
will criticize about the point that enacting the Bill and encouraging Parliament or political
parties to create a system to assign seats across the social and economic spectrum is the
only option for ending political procrastination on the initiative once and for all.

 Kumar, S. S. Sree, “REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN LEGISLATURE: A

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT.” The Indian
Journal of Political Science, vol. 67, no. 3, 2006, pp. 617–628.

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The article will discuss about the on 'Representation of Women in Law' is an analysis of the
Women Quota Bill, which has yet to be passed by Parliament. Women would be given
priority in Parliament and state legislatures, according to the bill. The reasons for and against
women's reservation have been discussed. According to the source, constitutional
amendments that allow for reservation may only result in formal representation. If the bill's
aim is to empower women in general, this clause can only result in structured empowerment.

Chapter 1: THE NEED FOR RESERVATION FOR WOMEN:

The matter of reservation in the ambit of various factors will be the general light of the
agenda that the scope of inequality among the various classes of the society will be scrapped
off and to form a vibrant and harmonious place to live. The scope of reservation in the general
sense for women is make sure of the active participation of them in various work fields in the
social state, the livelihood of women that is to be ensured by the method of reservation. The
applicability of the reservation is only subjective as for instance, the scope of the reservation
is specified in the electoral bodies as to enhance the level of participation of women in such
area of work as the situation was not actually favorable to women. 4 There were several
reasons for women for active participation and this will mainly include their situation in the
family and the social background with independent financial status and psychological
strength to showcase the individuality of their strength in the society, but most women face
the barriers in various aspects of their lives and struggle achieve their desire in their life as the
main fact that Women's presence in the social work is critical to the political process and
enhancing public life efficiency. Since women account for roughly half of India's population,
they must be included in both socioeconomic and political decision-making bodies. Women's
diverse insights and perspectives will enrich and change dilemma and solution concepts, as
well as inspire them. Women's liberation and inclusion, on the other hand, is a political
problem related to shifting power dynamics. The given point of reservation for women in the
society is to ensure strong position only women should occupy without any intervention as
the need for women's political and social empowerment is critical for their development and
the creation of a gender-equal society. They will be able to intensify their fight against
marginalization, trivialization, and corruption as a result of it. Women's participation in
general social on a larger scale will alter the form and substance of debates in the halls of

4
S.S. Sree Kumar (2006), “Representation of Women in Legislature: A Sociological Perspective in the Indian
Context”, in Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. LXVII, No. 3, Meerut: Indian Political Science Association, p.
617.

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power and contribute to the creation of a democratic egalitarian society.5 Women's inclusion
in the Indian sociopolitical sense is a context-specific issue. However, caste, ethnicity, and
gender identity have split India's secular, multiethnic community. What is common, though, is
that women remain a poor, oppressed, and excluded group in the real world in the broadest
way. The need for reservation is still lying as a paradoxical content in India as many there is
no general law that specifies a reservation pattern specifically for women but few local
governments ensure of it to a partial extent but all such things are also not beneficial for
women but to some other parties who tend to use the women trend into politics. Reservation
in general with Indian context dilemma mostly has its eye on the caste-based and economic
reservation `to ensure social strata differences among people of the society are settled to have
them a proper scale to be measured into the society, but with women the scope of the
reservation works on the aspect to settle the gender-inequality problem prevailing but the
concept of gender alone is not the matter here as the class of society of the world in the
ancient days was purely a male dominant society from the political to economical and all
petty aspects until a strong movements of revolution took place for women to stop the ill-
treatment of them in the society so the rise of idea of feminism done wonders for the women
and took the essence that women should also be granted rights to them in accordance to men
in the society as there was always a barrier or restriction implied on women even in normal
activities to be performed, but men had no such barriers to perform any act in society
compared to women. The need for reservation for women is needed to ensure the fair
maintenance of the social order and opportunities in the society so that the gender welfare is
maintained, but the scope of reservation for women in the society is not absolute in India as of
now.

Chapter 2: THE IMPORTANCE FOR WOMEN RESERVATION IN ELECTORAL

BODIES:

Political structure and the electoral bodies in India are not based on the basic structure of the
country, were we follow a parliamentary structure of government and follow the idea of
democracy, where Government is the domain of politics, which entails representation,
strategy, money, and status. Person participation in the electoral process is referred to as
political participation. It means that people can engage in defining the society's collective
priorities and the best ways to accomplish them. The typical idea of the system on the aspect

5
Agnihotri, Indu, Vina Mazumdar. “Changing Terms of Political Discourse: Women's Movement in India, 1970s-
1990s.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 30, no. 29, 1995, pp. 1869–1878.

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of governance in the country will follow the procedure established by law as per the
constitution, there should be a set of rules and in 1952, “India's Constitution pledged "to
secure to all its people justice, social, economic, and political" as well as "equality of rank and
opportunity", Despite the constitution's ratification, women in the Indian subcontinent's
institutions, both at the national and state levels, appear to be massively underrepresented.
Female representation in the Indian Parliament's lower house (Lok Sabha) is still well below
the global level of 20%, and well below the "critical mass" needed to achieve gender balance
in parliamentary decision-making and legislation.”6 The reservation for women in the
electoral bodies is implied in a partial manner but not absolutely given to them as the
mechanism followed in the political aspect is a key indicator of a country's democracy's
maturity and effectiveness, where the scope of reservation can be interpreted in terms of the
dignity and independence by which they share political power with men, as well as the
freedom and space offered for women in the democratic system of electoral politics in India is
quite ambiguous. The cuts through genders in terms of balancing political authority and
empowering women with liberty and protection within the institutional system of electoral
politics as an indicator of equality and rights. In its Preamble, India's 1950 Constitution
guaranteed all of its people "JUSTICE, social, economic, and political," as well as
"EQUALITY of rank and opportunity." Even after 70 years of democracy, patriarchy and
injustice against women remain in India, despite a strong constitutional mandate to give
equality to women in the public sphere, including electoral politics. This can be supported
with the reason of not passing the women reservation bill introduced in the year 2008, the
main intent is to provide 33.33 percent reservation for women in electoral bodies or the
houses of the parliament or state legislatures, that must to mandatory i.e., women should fill
the specified ratio and no can intervene in that aspect. The major role of the need of women in
the participation in these levels of electoral, they will have a different
perceptual backgrounds, needs, and viewpoints different than men in the scope of ideas and
more importantly the  involvement of  women in building on their differences on the matter of
gender equality  contributes to a more representative culture, one in which women's and girls'
interests are considered as policies and programmes are established. 7    female representation
in the upper tiers/levels of electoral competition is significantly lower, and the only areas of
electoral participation where they have reached any degree of balance are as voters in

6
RAI, PRAVEEN. “Electoral Participation of Women in India: Key Determinants and Barriers.” Economic and
Political Weekly, vol. 46, no. 3, 2011, pp. 47–55.
7
Medha Nanivadekar. “Reservation for Women: Challenge of Tackling Counter-Productive Trends.” Economic
and Political Weekly, vol. 33, no. 28, 1998, pp. 1815–1819.

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elections will tend to vary . As a result, women's electoral representation has been reduced to
being occasional electors, something that is promoted and facilitated not only by political
parties and culture, but also by state institutions in India. The portrayal of women in politics is
distorted and mismatched. The main political objective is to ensure that the essence of victory
over the territory to capture the control of the governance and only the representatives are the
answer is over the candidates for representation and only the persons with powerful
background enter into the political playground and women over here are only used as an
replica of the beneficial status of the political parties to secure the position in governance and
women here face the big problem that normal background social persons are not given chance
of it and although the women who enter into this electoral body are from big social
background in the society and the normal persons are not even considered here and the matter
of reservation doesn’t make big difference either. The local body governments and
reservation is given for political benefits and during cabinet formation, “Indian women are
often allocated ministries that are not only classified as "feminine," such as women and
children's health, knowledge and culture, social welfare, and so on, but are also seen as less
relevant. Women in India seem to have struggled to crack the glass ceiling and have been
restricted to the margins of power sharing at the top table, which has a negative effect on their
overall political standing in the country and has served as hurdles and obstacles to higher
electoral participation”8. The reservation here for women in the electoral bodies is not
absolute but it never affected the actual participation of women in the political participation
and only the social background or the power of them is seen important and not the scope of
reservation gives the chance here but the mere concept of power in the society which can be
backed by the name of reservation.

Chapter 3: THE ANALYSIS OF THE SCOPE OF THE RESERVATION AND ITS

EFFECT IN GENDER EQUALITY STATUS WITH ITS APPLICABILITY IN
INDIAN CONTEXT:

The nature of the reservation for women in the retrospective aspect as the need for
reservation and how far the real essence of reservation is applied and its effect in the
participation levels of male and female in the political, economic and social work fields and
8
RAI, PRAVEEN. “Electoral Participation of Women in India: Key Determinants and Barriers.” Economic and
Political Weekly, vol. 46, no. 3, 2011, pp. 47–55.

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the work participation effects and the trend evolved over the period of time and the amount of
work done by both genders contributes towards development of the society in a peaceful and
harmonious manner, but the matter that the reservation for women is not clearly granted in the
clear cut way, even though the constitution will request to follow the system to ensure
equality and order in the nation and there lies a fact that no one should be discriminated on
the basis of gender which is envisaged in the Art.15 of the Indian constitution which will state
“Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (1)The
State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex,
place of birth or any of them, (3) nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making
any special provision for women and children”9 were these clauses will seek for telling that
there should be no discrimination against gender and there is that state can make laws to
protect the rights of women to protect their rights, put when it comes to participation in
electoral bodies and political range, the scope in Indian context in the current time period ,
there is quite good number of women participation in the political bodies compared the past
as there is the more number of women getting educated and are getting moral support from
the family background and in the past days the as the matter in the olden times, women were
discriminated and the of gender reservation is quite high as there were a quite odd reasons
listed which will include the “ The World Values Survey has six relevant questions on gender
attitudes:

1. On the whole, men make better political leaders than women do.

2. A university education is more important for a boy than for a girl.

3. When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women.

4. Do you think that a woman has to have children in order to be fulfilled?

5. If you were to have only one child, would you rather have it be a boy or a

girl?

6. If a woman earns more money than her husband, it's almost certain to cause

problems.”10
these prospects were put forth as a reason by the scholars as for the non involvement of

9
Constitution of India,1950 § 2
10
Kunovich, Sheri, and Pamela Paxton. “Pathways to Power: The Role of Political Parties in Women’s National
Political Representation.” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 111, no. 2, 2005, pp. 505–552.

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women in the bodies of various work fields apart from electoral bodies. The need of
reservation for women is specified by some local governments to encourage them to
participate in the society, but never really changed the trend completely except few class of
women were benefited by the scope of reservation but the matter of a new ideology indicator
into quantitative models of women in politics and the influence ideological factors was due to
the usage of proxies rather than a specific measure of social perceptions against women's
position. The need showed that politics mattered more than political variables in forecasting
disparities in women's political participation when calculated more precisely. In the Indian
background, quotas for women's reservation have resulted in more women being included in
local self-governing bodies, but they are nevertheless marginalized by the male-dominated
political power system. In the sociopolitical order, even elected woman leaders are passive
observers. Women's reservation, it should be recalled, has struggled to remove certain critical
obstacles, such as local political campaign funding, various imbalances between family life
and politics, problems attending sessions, and so on. Women's reservations, on the other hand,
have the potential to kick-start other processes of female empowerment. 11 The need of factors
that influence women to participate also tends to vary and lack clear explanation of need to
seek for reservation and matter that women are also capable of entering into various filed
purely based on skills and talent in multiple work fields, but the matter of political aspect is
unclear as the various factors is required to fulfilled for the active participation of women in
it.

CONCLUSION:

The main aim of the research is to seek for the main need of reservation for women in
electoral bodies and the main scope of it is to seek the participation of women in Indian
country alone, which might also be the contradiction as the global aspect is not focused in the
work will constitute to the limitation of the work. The multiple aspects for introducing the
pattern of reservation for women works in India, but the specific law relating to the
reservation is not passed and still being on the pending side, the matter of democracy of the
country is not being very still on making decision on this matter but also that the active
participation of women is getting higher in participation on the electoral bodies in today’s
time period, and this is due to the sociological change underwent by the society in treatment
towards women has been drastically changed and the matter of gender equality is nowadays

11
Satarupa Pal, ‘Politics of Women’s Reservation in India’, International Journal of Humanities & Social Science
Studies, Volume-I, Issue-III, November 2014, Page No. 118-122

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even in the modern urban society and posh cities of the country in there women are
psychologically treated as equal to men, only in remote rural areas women are still being
discriminated and forced to household. The women reservation pattern never really attracted
women in their participation in these political bodies, and always note that there women
president, prime minister and several women chief ministers along with several powerful
bureaucrat officers in the country of India and most important they are even more
tremendously powerful than many men in these position and the matter that the gender of
women in that instance was too high compared to men and all these women never saw the
need of reservation to get this high position in the electoral bodies and they main reason for
the success is their own power and self-establishment, but however the reservation here can
ensure a chance for women from poor background to enter into the filed but the matter is still
being unresolved to no stable scope for reservation for women in te country. The global trend
also works with the same way like India with the mode of political aspects of their place and
situation.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Secondary Sources:

Article:
1. Satarupa Pal, ‘Politics of Women’s Reservation in India’, International Journal of
Humanities & Social Science Studies, Volume-I, Issue-III, November 2014, Page No.
118-122
2. Chary, Maroju Rama, “WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN INDIA: A
Historical Perspective.” The Indian Journal of Political Science, vol. 73, no. 1, 2012,
pp. 119–132.
3. RAI, PRAVEEN, “Electoral Participation of Women in India: Key Determinants and
Barriers.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 46, no. 3, 2011, pp. 47–55.
4. Agnihotri, Indu, Vina Mazumdar. “Changing Terms of Political Discourse: Women's
Movement in India, 1970s-1990s.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 30, no. 29,
1995, pp. 1869–1878.
5. Kumar, S. S. Sree, “REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN LEGISLATURE: A
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT.” The Indian
Journal of Political Science, vol. 67, no. 3, 2006, pp. 617–628
6. Phulrenu Guha, “Towards Equality: Report of the Commission on the Status of
Women in India”, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, Department of Social
Welfare, Government of India, 1974

Web Sources:
1. Basavaraj, C. “RESERVATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA:
ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES.” Journal of the Indian Law Institute, vol. 51, no. 2,
2009, pp. 267–274. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43953443.

17