Thermal Expansion - PDF - 90586

HEAT (EXPANSION & CONTRACTION)
What changes in dimensions

occur when heat is extracted
or added to a system ?
Solids, Liquids and Gases
Solid State – H2O
 Particles in fixed position

Liquid State
 Particles in solid gain energy and move faster  break out of
fixed position
 Melting point: temperature where solid begins to liquefy
 Heat of fusion: amount of energy needed to change a solid to
liquid
Liquids Flow
 Particles have energy to break SOME attraction and flow
Gas State
 Particles
have energy to escape ALL
attraction
Vaporization
 Liquid particles gain enough energy to escape to
gas phase
 Evaporation: vaporization at the surface of liquid,
spontaneously
 Boiling point: applying heat, temperature at which
pressure of vapor is equal to external pressure,
liquid to gas
 Heat of vaporization: amount of energy needed
for liquid to be a gas
Gases fill their Container
Diffusion:
spreading of particles
throughout until they are mixed
Kinetic Theory
1- Particles in constant, random motion
2. Energy that particles lose from collisions is negligible
3. Particles are colliding
Average Kinetic Energy
 Temperature is measure of average kinetic energy.
 Warmer – particles have MORE energy  Move faster
 Cooler – particles have LESS energy  Move slower
Heating Curve of a Liquid
Heating Curve of a Liquid
 a and c – increasing in energy
 b and d – energy used to break
attraction between particles
Thermal
Expansion
Thermal Expansion
 Spaces are expansion joints
 Prevent cracks
 Absorbs heat – expands
 Cools – shrinks
Expansion of Matter
 Thermal Expansion: increase in the size of a
substance when the temperature is increased
 Warmer = less attraction b/ particles = move freer
 Cooler = more attraction = closer together
Expansion of Matter
Expansion of Matter
Strange Water
 Ice is less dense than liquid water
 (+)
and (-) ends arrange themselves next to
each other
 Create empty spaces
Solid or Liquid?
 Amorphous Solids: “without” form, change to
liquid over range of temperatures
 Ex: glass, plastic
 Liquid turned to solid too quickly
Solid or Liquid
 Liquidcrystals: change to liquid but don’t
lose their ordered form
 Ex:
liquid crystal display (LCD) 
calculators, etc.
HEAT : EXPANSION & CONTRACTION 21
Linear, Area, Volume
Thermal expansion of water
Thermal Stress (no)
Molecular properties of matter

22
How does a change in temperature affect the
dimensions of a system?
Give examples where you have to consider the

changes in the dimensions of a system when heat is
added or extracted
23
A iron disc with a hole in it is heated. 24
Will the diameter of the hole (a) increase, (b)

decrease or (c) not change?
Q
25
Holes get bigger

T1 < T2 26
As metal expands, the distance between any two points

increases. A hole expands just as if it’s made of the
same material as the hole.
Bimetallic strips 27
Two strips of different metals welded
together at one temperature become more
or less curved at other temperatures
because the metals have different values
for their coefficient of linear expansion .
They are often used as thermometers and

thermostats
lower metal expands more than

upper metal when heated
Most solids and liquids expand when heated. Why?
Average distance between28atoms
Inter-atomic forces

“springs”
Internal Energy U is
associated with the
amplitude of the
oscillation of the atoms
LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION L   Lo T 29
Ceramics (deep PE troughs) low expansion coefficients

 ~10-6 K-1
Polymers high expansion coefficients

 ~ 10-4 K-1
Metals
 ~ 10-5 K-1  coefficient of linear expansion
Linear Area Volume
Lo A V 30
o
o
L
L
A
L   Lo T V
A  2 Ao T
V  3 Vo T   Vo T
* Simple model: assume  and  are independent of temperature, T < 100 oC
* Wood expands differently in different directions
Volume expansion – solid cube
31
Vo = Lo3
V = L3 = (Lo +  Lo T)3 = Lo3(1 +  T)3
V = Lo3 (1 + 3  T + 3 2 T2 + 3 T3)
V = Lo3 (1 + 3  T) (ignoring higher order terms)
V - Vo = V = 3  Lo3T =  Vo T
 V0
 coefficient of linear expansion

 coefficient of volume expansion
Water has an anomalous coefficient of volume 32
expansion,  is negative between 0 °C and 4 °C.
Liquid water is one of the few substances with a negative

coefficient of volume expansion at some temperatures
(glass bottles filled with water explode in a freezer) – it
does not behave like other liquids
T > 4 °C water expands as temperature increases
0 < T < 4 °C water expands as temperature drops

from 4 °C to 0 °C
T = 3.98 °C water has its maximum density

volume V (L) WATER 1 kg sample density  (g/mL)
kg.m-3
33
1.002 1000.2
1.0018 1000
m
1.0016 999.8

1.0014 999.6 V
1.0012 999.4
1.001 999.2 volume

1.0008 999 density
1.0006 998.8
1.0004 998.6
1.0002 998.4
1 998.2
0.9998 998
0 4 8 12 16 20
temperature T (°C)
BUOYANCY - FLOATING AND SINKING
34
Why do ice cubes float on water?
Lakes freeze from top down rather from bottom up
35
Water on surface cools towards 0 °C due to surrounding environment.

Water as it cools and becomes more dense, it sinks carrying oxygen
with it (it is most dense at about 4 °C). Warmer water moves up from
below. This mixing continues until the temperature reaches 4 °C. Water
then freezes first at the surface and the ice remains on the surface
since ice is less dense than water (0.917 g/mL). The water at the
bottom remains at 4 °C until almost the whole body of water is frozen.
Without this peculiar but wonderful property of water, life on this planet
may not have been possible because the body of water would have
frozen from bottom up destroying all animal and plant life.
36
Problem B.1
As a result of a temperature rise of 32 °C a bar with a crack at

its centre buckles upward. If the fixed distance between the
ends of the bar is 3.77 m and the coefficient of linear
expansion of the bar is 2.5x10-5 K-1, find the rise at the centre.
Solution
37
T = 32 °C
Identify / Setup
 = 2.510-5 K-1
Lo = 3.77/2 m = 1.885 m
h=?m
2Lo L=?m
Linear expansion
L = Lo + L = Lo +  Lo T
L L
h=?m
L
h
Lo
Execute
38
From Pythagoras’ theorem
L2 = Lo2 + h2
h2 = L2 – Lo2
= (Lo +  Lo T)2 – Lo2
= 2  Lo2T + 2 Lo2 T2
h = (2  T)½ Lo neglecting very small terms
h = {(2)(2.510-5)(32)}½ (1.885) m
h = 0.075 m Evaluate
Problem B.3 39
A square is cut out of a copper sheet. Two straight

scratches on the surface of the square intersect
forming an angle  . The square is heated
uniformly. As a result, the angle between the
scratches
A increases
B decreases θ
C stays the same
D depends on angle being acute or obtuse
Problem B.4 40
A surveyor uses a steel measuring tape that is exactly

50.000 m at a temperature of 20 oC. (a) What is the length
on a hot summer day when the temperature is 35 oC? (b)
On the hot day the surveyor measures a distance off the
tape as 35.794 m. What is the actual distance?
Y & F Examples 17.2 /3.

steel = 1.210-5 K-1
Solution ISEE
41
L0 = 50 .000 m T = 15 oC  = 1.210-5 K-1
L = L0(1 +  T) = 50.009 m
Part (b) is “tricky”
expansion by a factor 2
The actual distance is larger than the distance read off the tape by a factor
L / L0
true distance = (35.794) (50.0009) / (50.000) m = 35.800 m

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HEAT (EXPANSION & CONTRACTION)

What changes in dimensions

 Particles in fixed position

Linear, Area, Volume

Thermal expansion of water

Thermal Stress (no)

Molecular properties of matter

Give examples where you have to consider the

Will the diameter of the hole (a) increase, (b)

Holes get bigger

As metal expands, the distance between any two points

They are often used as thermometers and

lower metal expands more than

Ceramics (deep PE troughs) low expansion coefficients

Polymers high expansion coefficients

 coefficient of linear expansion

Liquid water is one of the few substances with a negative

T > 4 °C water expands as temperature increases

0 < T < 4 °C water expands as temperature drops

T = 3.98 °C water has its maximum density

1.001 999.2 volume

Water on surface cools towards 0 °C due to surrounding environment.

As a result of a temperature rise of 32 °C a bar with a crack at

A square is cut out of a copper sheet. Two straight

A surveyor uses a steel measuring tape that is exactly

Y & F Examples 17.2 /3.

L0 = 50 .000 m T = 15 oC  = 1.210-5 K-1

L = L0(1 +  T) = 50.009 m

Part (b) is “tricky”

true distance = (35.794) (50.0009) / (50.000) m = 35.800 m

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