Humss4 Ortiz - Research
Humss4 Ortiz - Research
Humss4 Ortiz - Research
“Analyzing the Perceptions of Selected Senior High School Students on the Sangguniang
Kabataan”
12 – F. BACON
INTRODUCTION
In just a year from now, the Philippines will be having another national and local elections.
While most of the attention ahead of the 2022 elections is focused on the presidential and
vice presidential races, it should not be forgotten that the country will also be having its
barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) elections next year.
It is very rare for the SK elections to get media attention because there are so many
candidates running all across the country. Nevertheless, it will be wrong to overlook its
importance in the lives of the Filipino youth because the SK has long been described as a
training ground for the future leaders of the country.
Efforts to give the youth a direct role in the nation’s politics and government has been
going on for decades. During the martial law years, then-President Ferdinand Marcos
organized the Kabataang Baranggay Initiative with his daughter Imee Marcos as a leader.
The Kabataang Barangay project ended when Marcos was ousted as President in 1986, but
efforts to strengthen the youth’s involvement in the nation’s politics and governance.
continued.
Article II, section 13 of the 1987 Constitution, which was approved during the time of then-
President Corazon Aquino, states that “the state recognizes the vital role of the youth in
nation-building and that it “shall encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.”
The 1987 Constitution remains in effect to this day.
In line with this, then-President Fidel Ramos signed into law Republic Act 8044 of 1994 or
The Youth in Nation-Building Act of 1994. This law paved the way for the creation of the
Sangguniang Kabataan and the National Youth Commission.
Since the 1990s, the barangay and SK elections had been held simultaneously. Eligible
voters for the SK elections can vote or one SK chairperson and seven SK kagawad.
Previously, only those aged 15 to 17 can vote in the SK elections but it has since been
modified to 15 to 30 years old.
Given their stated purpose, it is not surprising for Sangguniang Kabataan councils across
the country to receive millions in government funds every year for the purpose of
implementing their programs. However, over the years there had been continues discussion
about the proposals to abolish the Sanggunian Kabataan citing the supposed incompetence,
irrelevance, and dishonesty of the people running it.
This paper, therefore, aims to analyze the perceptions of selected senior high school
students of Batasan Hills National High School toward the Sangguniang Kabataan or SK
as well as the factors that shape their opinions on it.
1) The Sangguniang Kabataan can be considered as the most basic unit of government,
and since it is geared toward strengthening the youth’s involvement in the nation’s politics
and government.
2) There is substantial debate about the relevance o the Sangguniang Kabataan, and this
study takes a closer look into how selected portion of the youth perceives it.
3) SHS students are likely to be first-time voters come 2022 elections.
ASSUMPTIONS
Researchers assume that the target participants will cooperate willingly.
Researchers assume that the respondents will respond to the questionnaire with utmost
seriousness.
The researchers believe that the participants would be available within such a
predetermined period of time.
The researcher assumes to know and understand how the youth shapes its opinion in the
Sanggunian Kabataan SK
Majority of the respondents are already registered SK voters, or are at least planning to
register.
That they are planning to vote during the 2022 election.
Definition of Terms
The researchers presented definitions of the relevant terms used in the analysis to
educate potential readers.
Practical Research 2. A course that aims to develop critical thinking and problem-solving
skills of Grade 12 students through the conduct quantitative research relative to their
interests and senior high school track and strand.
Quantitative Research. Is the process of collecting and analysing numerical data. It can be
used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and
generalize results to wider populations.
Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) . Is the legislative body of the Youth Assembly or the
Katipunan ng Kabataan of each and every barangay. They shall be chosen by the members
of the Katipunan ng Kabataan in the elections of the Election Board (COMELEC).
1987 Philippine Constitution .Is the constitution or supreme law of the Republic of the
Philippines. Its final draft was completed by the Constitutional Commission on October 12,
1986 and was ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2, 1987.
Political Opinion. Is made to a wide category of attitudes that people may have on matters
that affect their state, their government, or their society. ... Such imputed political opinions
could form the basis of political persecution
Civic affairs. Is exercising of political power over acts, relations, etc., the political entity,
the citizens, etc., as well as the execution of those duties for that unit or body; the action of
governance; political law and administration.
Nation-building. .Is the creation or structuring of a national identity using the authority of
the state. The goal of nation-building is to unify citizens within the state in such a way that
it remains politically secure and sustainable in the long run.
Survey Questions:
1). Are you a registered voter for the Sanggunian Kabataan election. (YES OR NO)
2).Do you intend to vote during the 2022 Sanguniang kabataan election.
a. Yes
b. No
c. Undecided
3). Which of the following Initiative of the Sanggunian Kabataan are you aware of?
( Check all that apply).
a. Sports tournaments
b. Relief assistance to the victims of disasters.
c. Donation drive for various projects.
d. Conduct of seminar workshops on various issues encountered by the youth.
e. Job Fair.
f. All of the above.
g. None of the above
4). Do you support the current proposals to remove the Sanggunian Kabataan.
a. Yes
b. No
c. Undecided
4.2) If No Why?
a. They are doing meaningful projects.
b. They give the youth the opportunity to be part of the government.
c. It is a training ground for future leaders.
d.Sanggunian Kabataan officials serve as good role models for the youth.
e. Others
5.What factors Influences your perception on the Sanggunian Kabataan, (Check all that
apply).
a. Personal Observation
b. Discussion with friends.
c. Conversation with Family and Relatives
d. School
e. Community
f. Media
g. Others please specify.
https://www.rappler.com/nation/barangay-sk-elections-certificates-candidacy-coc
https://interaksyon.philstar.com/breaking-news/2018/08/31/133201/history-and-
controversy-of-kabataang-barangay-goes-back-to-martial-law-era/
https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1006803
https://dilg.gov.ph/news/DILG-to-SK-Comply-with-Joint-Memo-Circular-and-start-
utilizing-SK-Funds/NC-2019-1241
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
There is already a significant body of research related to this study titled “Analysing the
It covers the historical and legal background of the Sangguniang Kabataan, the recent
debate to abolish it, and a discussion on the Filipino youth’s involvement in Philippine politics
through the decades. In the last portion of this chapter, the research gap that this research seeks
As mentioned earlier in this paper, the Kabataang Barangay from the 1970s is the
According to a 2018 article from website Rappler, the Kabataang Barangay was created
by-then President Ferdinand Marcos to promote the development of young Filipinos by initiating
youth-oriented projects and activities that are "consistent with the guiding philosophies of the
New Society1.” Marcos appointed his own daughter Imee Marcos as the national leader of the
Kabataang Barangay.
The Kabataang Barangay project ended when Marcos was removed from office following
the 1986 People Power Revolution 2, but the succeeding administration led by then-President
1
Evangelista, Alex (2018). “Kabataang Barangay: Get to know the forerunner of the Sangguniang Kabataan.”
Rappler.com (https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/kabataang-barangay-sk-predecessor).
2
Madarang, Catalina (2018). “History and controversy of ‘Kabataang Barangay’ goes back to Martial Law era.”
Interaksyon.com (https://interaksyon.philstar.com/breaking-news/2018/08/31/133201/history-and-controversy-of-
kabataang-barangay-goes-back-to-martial-law-era/),
Corazon Aquino still recognized the need to strengthen the youth’s involvement in the nation’s
According to Article II, section 13 of the 1987 Constitution, “the state recognizes the
vital role of the youth in nation-building and that it “shall encourage their involvement in public
and civic affairs3.” The 1987 Constitution is still being enforced to this day.
By 1994, then-President Fidel Ramos signed into law Republic Act 8044 of 1994 or The
Youth in Nation-Building Act. This law mentioned the creation of the Sangguniang Kabataan or
The SK elections are being held together with the barangay elections. A Every Filipino
aged 15 up until 30 are allowed to vote in the SK elections. The most recent barangay and SK
elections was held back in 2018 while the next one will be held by 20225.
Given the important purpose that it serves, it is not surprising for the Sangguniang
Kabataan units around the country to receive millions in funds every year. The Republic Act
10742 or the Sangguniang Kabataan Reform Act of 2015 orders that 10% of a barangay’s yearly
3
“1987 Philippine Constitution” (undated). The Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.
(https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-
constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-ii/).
4
“Republic Act 8044” (undated). National Youth Commission website (https://nyc.gov.ph/republic-act-8044/).
5
Ranada, Pia (2019). “Barangay, SK elections moved to December 2022.” Rappler.com
(https://www.rappler.com/nation/barangay-sk-elections-moved-december-2022).
6
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines (undated). ”Republic Act 10742: The Sangguniang Kabataan
Reform Act of 2015” (https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/01/15/republic-act-no-10742/).
These funds are supposed to be used for different projects like job fairs, sports festival,
pageants, livelihood workshops, programs for out-of-school youth, among others. However, the
Philippine Daily Inquirer reported in 2019 that the Department of Interior and Local Government
has reminded SK units around the country to be more effective in using their funds 7. This implies
that at present, many SK units are not doing their most basic duty.
SK officials around the country are not new to allegations of financial corruption. Two
scholars, Sulpecia Ponce and Domshell Cahiles, did a study in 2013 about the corrupt practices
of young elective officials in Iligan City in Lanao del Norte 8. In 2015, then-Congressman Terry
Ridon of Kabataan Party-list that many SK officials are being used by barangay officials as
mention that it is only dominated by members of the youth that are from established political
dynasties10. This reality prevents other potential youth leaders from taking part in the process.
7
Gonzales, Catherine (2019). “DILG reminds SK to start utilizing funds for youth welfare.” Philippine Daily
Inquirer (https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1165446/dilg-reminds-sk-to-start-utilizing-funds-for-youth-
welfare#ixzz6muv4m7o9).
8
Ponce, Sulpecia and Cahiles, Domshell (2013). “Corruption Practices Among Young Elective Public Officials
(Sanggunian Kabataan) In Iligan City, Southern Philippines.” Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan
(https://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jsp/article/view/66).
9
Panti, Llanesca (2015). “Proposed scrapping of Sangguniang Kabataan draws mixed reactions in House.” The
Manila Times (https://www.manilatimes.net/2013/07/05/news/latest-stories/proposed-scrapping-of-sangguniang-
kabataan-draws-mixed-reactions-in-house/15948/).
10
Lato,Ruffollo, et. al. (2018). “Corruption, pols’ bad image turn youth away from SK.” The Philippine Daily
Inquirer (https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/984689/corruption-pols-bad-image-turn-youth-away-from-sk).
Ahead of the 2022 elections, a lot of attention is being given to make sure that eligible
first-time voters are actually registered to vote. James Jimenez, the spokesperson of the
Commission on Elections or COMELEC, said last January 2021 that they are expecting as much
Most of these are Filipino youth who will be turning 18 on or before May 2022, including
this researcher11. A report from Vera Files indicated that a little over two million new voters
participated during the 2019 elections12. There had been claims that the so-called “youth vote”
can influence the outcome of both national and local elections although author Pristine Gabrielle
Ramos of the European Institute for Asian Studies explained that this group “cannot be taken as
one bloc as their political views remain disparate and often conflicting13.”
Apart from exercising their right to vote, the Filipino youth can also take part in
Philippine politics through other means. In recent months, there has been much discussion about
youth activism. Student leaders from the University of the Philippines and the Polytechnic
University of the Philippines recently spoke out against the increasing presence of military forces
11
Patinio, Ferdinand (2021). “4M new voters seen for 2022 polls.” Philippine News Agency
(https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1091404).
12
Bacungan, VJ (2019). “How to make your vote matter in the May 2019 elections.” Vera Files
(https://verafiles.org/articles/how-make-your-vote-matter-may-2019-elections).
13
Ramos, Pristine Gabrielle (2019). “The voice of the Filipino youth: Silver linings in the 2019 midterm elections.”
European Institute for Asian Studies (https://www.eias.org/news/the-voice-of-the-filipino-youth-silver-linings-in-
the-2019-midterm-elections/).
Bagayas, Samantha (2021). “Student leaders call on Congress to oppose end of DND’s pacts with PUP, UP.”
14
Rappler (https://www.rappler.com/moveph/student-leaders-call-congress-oppose-end-dnd-pact-pup-up).
The Marcos dictatorship, for example, faced strong youth-led rallies including the “First
Quarter Storm15” protests near the Malacanang Palace as well as the Diliman Commune in the
D - Research Gap
While there has been an extensive body of literature covering the history of and
controversies involving the Sangguniang Kabataan as well as the Filipino youth’s involvement
in politics, there is a need to also look into how senior high school (SHS) students perceive their
SHS students are highly likely to be registered SK voters, and this proposed study can
provide insights into how the SK as an institution is seen by a segment of the people they
represent.
“Analyzing the Perceptions of Selected Senior High School Students on the Sangguniang
Kabataan”
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This study aims to analyze the perceptions of selected senior high school students of Batasan
Hills National High School toward the Sangguniang Kabataan or SK.
15
Cellona, Jonathan (2021). “LOOK: Diliman Commune's 50th anniversary.” ABS-CBN News (https://news.abs-
cbn.com/spotlight/multimedia/slideshow/02/02/21/look-diliman-communes-50th-year-anniversary).
The Sangguniang Kabataan or SK the primary purpose is to improve socioeconomic,
democratic, Economic, technological, intellectual, spiritual, political, and physical growth of
Young People.
“Developmental Theory of Democracy” Faulks, (2000), The Emerging Theory of Democracy It's
convincing that political engagement in itself is seen as successful. It's something. That all
person can play a part in and by, and thus not only establish their political role, Competence, but
also to forge the ties that shape civil society. As far as this research is concerned, it is assumed
that the respondents appear to feel that they have an active voice that could effect their daily
lives as a whole. The political system, thus, interested in engaging effectively in the next SK
Election. As said from the rational choice theory, The logical calculations of human beings In
regard to the right way to optimize utility or advantages. As far as this research is concerned, it is
Assumed that respondents appeared to be more interested in the SK election personally, Since
they feel that in exchange, they will get something. This is to identify or analize the perceptions
of Senior High School Students on the Sangguniang Kabataan. About their existing knowledge
about this Political system, their opinions towards abolishing the Sangguniang Kabataan, about
“Analyzing the Perceptions of Selected Senior High School Students on the Sangguniang
Kabataan”
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The Framework of this study shows the concept of this research entitled “Analyzing the
The Sangguniang Kabataan can be considered as the most basic unit of government, and since it
is geared toward strengthening the youth’s involvement in the nation’s politics and government.
And as of now there is substantial debate about the relevance o the Sangguniang Kabataan, and
this study takes a closer look into how selected portion of the youth perceives it. The purpose of
this framework is to identify or analize the perceptions of Senior High School Students on the
Sangguniang Kabataan. About their existing knowledge about this Political system, their
opinions towards abolishing the Sangguniang Kabataan, about it’s effectiveness, etc.
Effectiveness
Abolishing
and efficiency
Sangguniang
if Sangguniang
Kabataan.
Kabataan.
Awareness of the
Sanggunian
Survey Questions: Kabataan.
1). Are you a registered voter for the Sanggunian Kabataan election. (YES OR NO)
e.Others
a. I have no time.
e. Others
2).Do you intend to vote during the 2022 Sanguniang kabataan election.
a. Yes
b. No
c. Undecided
3). Which of the following Initiative of the Sanggunian Kabataan are you aware of? ( Check all
that apply).
a. Sports tournaments
e. Job Fair.
4). Do you support the current proposals to remove the Sanggunian Kabataan.
a. Yes
b. No
c. Undecided
b. The Sanggunian Kabataan Officers are usually related to other Elected politicians.
4.2) If No Why?
d.Sanggunian Kabataan officials serve as good role models for the youth.
e. Others
5.What factors Influences your perception on the Sanggunian Kabataan, (Check all that apply).
a. Personal Observation
d. School
e. Community
f. Media