GOMAL UNIVERSITY

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
ISSN:1019-8180 (Print) ISSN: 2708-1737 (Online)
Website www.gujr.com.pk HEC Recognized Social Sciences (Multidisciplinary)

EMERGENCE OF FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY IN ISLAMIC BANKING INDUSTRY

AND ITS INFLUENCE ON BANK PERFORMANCE IN COVID-19 SCENARIO: A
CASE OF DEVELOPING ECONOMY
Ashfaq Ahmad1, Aamir Sohail2 & Abid Hussain3
1
Associate Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
2
Department of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Sargodha (Bhakkar)
3
Director, High Aims School Systems, Jahan Khan Bhakkar, Pakistan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Technological intervention and financial innovation are an essential
Financial Technology, element for the banking sector especially in post-Covid 19 scenario.
Islamic Banks, Artificial Islamic banking industry has also no exception and Islamic banks
Intelligence, Mobile could attain institutional objectives over financial technology. The
Banking motivation behind research is to investigate emergence of financial
technology in Islamic Banking Industry and its Influence on Bank
Performance. The population of the study consists of Islamic banks
Article History: and windows of Islamic banks operating in Pakistan. The sample size
Date of Submission: consists of four Islamic banks, five Islamic windows of conventional
banks, and State bank of Pakistan. Purposive sampling technique
28-09-2020
was used by researcher. Semi-structured interviews were conducted
Date of Acceptance: and NVIVO software was used for data analysis. Findings indicate
20-03-2021 that technologies used by different banks to serve the customer are
Date of Publication: blockchain, mobile banking, customer relations management, cyber
31-03-2021 security, cloud banking, and fintech start-up. Reaction and response
of the Islamic finance industry to the rise of financial technology and
its impact on Pakistan is obvious.
2020 Gomal University Journal of Research
Corresponding Author Aamir Sohail: [email protected]
DOI https://doi.org/10.51380/gujr-37-01-09

INTRODUCTION
The Islamic financial industry is still rising worldwide, drawing the potential bankers both from
Muslim and non-Muslim markets. Financial technology (FinTech) should play an important role
in Islamic finance growth (Reuters, 2018). Technology and automation have become important
parts of the global financial services market (Dubai Islamic Economy Development Centre, 2018).
Fin-Tech has radically changed the way consumers performing their financial transactions (Huei,
Cheng, Seong, Khin & Bin, 2018). It is evidenced by increased investment in Fin-Tech companies
around world, which reached $ 4,256,202 million in 2018. Global transaction value is projected to
reach $ 7,971,957 million by 2022 with annual growth 17% (KPMG, 2019). Marszk and Lechman

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(2018) concluded that the information and communication affect economic and social conditions
today matter of urgency. Fintech plays important role as medium to support everyday operations
of society and world, so a new age of financial services for banks is born as Fintech is emerging
(Milian, Spinola, & Carvalho, 2019). The increasing use of the technology in financial services has
a number of factors, such as increasing Banks' effectiveness by reducing cost of opportunity and
encouraging greater customer loyalty so customers can enjoy financial services at any time, where
and as long as they live (Aisyah, 2018). Fintech is a relatively new industry and will become even
more novel when combined with Islamic finance. Recent fintech research (Biancon, Cesinaro, and
Kamal, 2019; Lacase, Lambert & Khan, 2017; Lalin and Furqani, 2019) did not comprehensively
cover this topic and there is lack of the research available especially in the context of organization
policies, resources, infrastructure, and the government support which are thus critical in order to
implement fin-tech in letters and spirit in Islamic banking sector of an emerging economy like,
Pakistan.

Earlier studies mainly integrated one of Fintech's components like crowdfunding and blockchain,
that is justified as Fin-tech and its adoption in Islamic banking is early. Consequently, a number
of research gaps exist in this field. Islamic financial technology, be it Islamic or non-Islamic, has
received attention of many countries during COVID-19 pandemic. Islamic fintech, among other
items, helps to spread technology opportunities and ensure market inclusion and much-needed
instability (Tranglo, 2020). Researchers explored potential of emergence of financial technology
in Islamic banking industry and its influence on performance of selected Islamic banks working in
Pakistan by approaching relevant segments. Pakistan, the sixth most populous country in world,
is a money-based economy, with 85% of its population economically excluded. Pakistan could
become attractive market for developing fintech technologies due to increasing number of young
people, a catastrophic penetration of the Internet and smartphones, consumer choices for mobile
and social media, and the spread of online commerce that promotes digital payments, and overall
financial system having absorption capacity for innovation. This study investigates various aspects
of Fin-tech and potential impact on Islamic banking and financial sector in Pakistan. According to
the best of researcher’s knowledge, this research study is the first-ever attempt to discuss different
concepts of fin-tech related to the Islamic banking industry in Pakistan. Moreover, it is evident
that due to COVID-19 every organization face difficulty to manage their operation smoothly. This
study sheds light upon the importance of fin-tech in this pandemic and specifically its implication
on Islamic banking which is growing sector worldwide. The work, thus, attempts to add literature
in field of Islamic Fintech by addressing core areas of Fin-tech by using the qualitative research
method.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Constraint-induced Innovation Theory

Constraint-induced innovation theory by (Silber, 1983) indicating that the financial institution's
objective is to maximize benefit by the financial innovation. Financial institutions are, however,
subjected to internal and external (governmental) constraints for maximizing benefit through the
reduction of efficiency, which also do not guarantee stability of management. Theory of restricted
innovation addresses microeconomic financial innovation, emphasizing the excess innovation in
adverse circumstances. Therefore, financial innovation in modes of the moderate finance cannot
articulate this phenomenon entirely. This is vital whereby use of the Internet-linked information
technology (IT) decreases transaction costs and allows data to be used, the management efficiency
and teamwork. It provides the company's internal database with additional associated details
from outside site. Thus, reduction in process costs by online banking, mobile banking and bank
agencies could convince bank to achieve progress in profitability. Thus, decreasing web banking,

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mobile banking and agency banking process costs may convince the bank to make progress on its
profitability.

Empirical Studies on Fin-tech and Islamic Finance Industry

There is a long history of the relationship between finance and technology. Arner, Barberis, and
Buckley (2015) list the financial technology stages over years. FinTech 1.0 (1866-1967) marked
the beginning of financial and technology ties, but technology was not so mature and very costly
at the time, and the association therefore was not the clear. The firm groundwork for this sacred
association is set by FinTech 2.0 (1967-2008). Financial institutions now realize that technology
is essential for delivering higher quality customer service. FinTech 3.0 (2008) began operations
with emerging technology firms and startups. Fernández (2017) argues that the financial crisis of
2008-09 has contributed to growth and rapid adoption of financial technology. A transition from
core banking to non-core financial companies has been visible during this period. Analysts found
that financial technology offers a wide variety of services at lowest prices directly to consumers.
Financial technology has advanced greatly in recent years, leading to a rise in topics covered in
recent academic articles. The substantive concept of Internet finances (Ping & Chuanwei, 2013),
Internet of financial services and company start-up innovation are for example described as the
disruptive (Mehmood, Nisar & Rehman, 2015), but this is the disruptive (Lee & Shin, 2018) and
algorithmic trading. The effect of IT on the banking industry can be seen worldwide (Butt & Khan,
2019).

The findings of Mehmood, Nisar and Rehman (2015) have shown that the effects of IT on banking
sectors are positive and substantial. Fintech has proven to be an advantageous breakthrough for
the financial services sector and has increased the level of financial inclusion by reaching a diverse
client base. The conditions for implementing Shari'ah are different from the conventional Fintech
framework. It is important to emphasize the launch of Fintech solution provided Islamic financial
institutions (IFIs) with the more resources to develop their product portfolio and infrastructure
(Jamil & Seman, 2019). Research on Fintech's application in Islamic finance has thus evolved in
last few years (Hasan, Hassan & Aliyu, 2019; Jamil & Seman, 2019). In view of the significant
increase in the number of start-ups offering products which comply with Islamic Sharia. Arvian
Firmansyah and Anwar (2019) explained potential of Islamic financial systems. Examples of these
firms include Robo-advice for exchange-traded fund of Wahed, Islamic alternative asset market
place of Yielders, eWakalah for crowdfunding real estate of Ethics Crowd and many companies
including P2P lending (Wintermeyer, Lawrence, & Basit., 2017). Also, Arvian Firmansyah and
Anwar (2019) address the prospects and challenges of Islamic financial technology. They said in
interviews with experts that future of Islamic financial technology is capable, especially in Muslim
countries.

Their findings are consistent with the global report on Islamic financial technology published by
DinarStandard (2018), which states that the most populous regions are Muslim countries, where
the millennial population exceeds highest level of smartphone penetration. The two components
of millennials and smartphones are the main driving forces of the fintech market (DinarStandard,
2018). By studying the Fintech contribution and customer retention crowdfunding among Islamic
banks in Malaysia and United Arab Emirates, Baber (2020) has made a substantial contribution.
The results show that services focused on Fintech do not help Islamic banks to improve retention
of clients. Crowdfunding services, however, have a positive impact for Islamic banks operating in
Malaysia and UAE on customer retention. These findings contradict the findings of Aisyah (2018)
who report that Islamic Fintech can improve financial dealings, service offerings and convenience
leading to higher customer loyalty for Indonesian banks. In another study, it is concluded that
Shari'ah-compliant crowdfunding invests in halal products, shares the risk of the investment, and

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does to charge interest. Fintech also allows IFIs to become more transparent by creating a direct
link between the customer and investors from very beginning of the project (Biancone & Radwan,
2019).

METHODOLOGY
This research is focused on qualitative research design. Qualitative research approach includes
interviews and texture or content analysis that allow the researchers to use these instruments in
achieving their research goals. Qualitative data refers to words rather than the numbers (Bryman,
2008), and is often used in situations where fewer people need a deeper and clear understanding
of a particular topic. The population of the study consists of Islamic banks and windows of Islamic
banks operating in Pakistan. The sample size consists of four Islamic banks, five Islamic windows
of conventional banks, and State bank of Pakistan. The investigator used the purposeful sampling
method. Managers are the majority of chosen individuals from the banks. They maintain contact
with their respective banks' innovation, technologies and R&D departments. This results in their
views on any subjects or problems being true and accurate. The interviews were semi-structuring.
The interview guide is divided into two sections. The first section covers some demographic issues
such as respondent's experience, age and association and the second section cover nine issues
relating to development of financial technology in the Islamic Banking Industry and their effect
on banks' results. The interview took between 15 and 25 minutes. The sound was recorded and
additional notes were provided by the researchers. Finally, investigators demanded respondents
to share the results and to give them an electronic copy of the transcript for verification. The data
analysis software Nvivo was used for data analysis. The data have been summarized and analysed
at various levels, such as the data organization, identification, coding, and therefore the thematic
development.

RESULTS OF STUDY
Respondents’ Profile
Table 4.1 lists several characteristics of the respondents. The average age of the interviewees was
38, and all interviewees held managerial positions. Four respondents were from full-fledged
Islamic banks, five were from Conventional Islamic banks and one respondent are from the State
bank of Pakistan. All managers are mature enough to understand the concept of financial
technology and its impact on Islamic banks.

Table 1
Respondents’ Profile
Row ID Respondent ID Experience Age Nature of Bank Bank Name Designation
1 S01 15 45 Islamic Al-Baraka Manager
2 S02 08 43 Islamic Meezan Vice. President
3 S03 05 28 Islamic Bank Islami IT-Manager
4 S04 10 42 Islamic Dubai Islamic Manager
5 S05 07 38 C-Islamic SBP Director
6 S06 08 36 C-Islamic MCB Team Leader
7 SO7 04 37 C-Islamic Faysal bank Manager
8 SO8 15 35 C-Islamic HBL Manager
9 SO9 09 39 C-Islamic Al-Falah Manager
10 SO10 06 41 C-Islamic Allied Bank Manager

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Thematic Analysis
Table 4.2 shows the topics or nodes that have been coded in an informative manner for using the
text. The themes are patterns of data sets essential for a phenomenon classification and related to
a particular question of research (Fereday & Muir, 2006). According to table, majority (N = 69) of
the respondents are concerned with Fin-tech in Islamic Banks. There are 43 references and all
respondents spoke on digitalization and branchless banking about Fintech. Third number include
41 references from 8 respondents covers assistance, policies and industry and customers’ profile.
Main topics are bold and have several sub-themes. Each theme defines sources and references for
each node.

Table 2
Themes, Sources, and References

Name Sources References

Understanding about Financial Technology 10 69
Digital Channels 6 10
Internet Banking 1 09
Mobile banking 1 8
ADC channels 1 3
Artificial intelligence 1 4
Online portfolio management 2 4
Online account opening 1 6
Quality service 2 3
Technological changes 2 6
Cardless ATMs 3 5
Cost cutting edge 1 5
Cloud computing 1 2
Digital Currencies 2 4
Potential Disruption Areas of the IBs 08 40
Future of banking 4 8
Public Acceptability 1 4
Big Revolution 2 5
Islamic Mutual Funds 2 4
Islamic Sukuk 1 6
Islamic Robo Advisory 2 5
Islamic Credit Cards 2 5
Market Capturing 1 3
Issues of Fintech 10 39
Infrastructure 2 4
Product Evaluation 4 5
Products related fatwas 1 1
Shariah compliance 4 6
Strict SOP's 1 1
Unawareness of Islamic laws 2 2
Resources 2 2
Process of financing 3 3
Financial habits 2 4
Contract terms 2 2
Professional Staff 4 4

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Govt Support 1 2
Alternative Products 2 3
Fintech and Religiosity 09 40
Shariah boards 4 8
Standards of Shariah 1 4
Product Approval 2 5
Shariah compliance 2 4
Customer journey 1 6
Customer satisfaction 2 5
Service quality maintenance 2 2
Social media channels 1 1
Web portal 1 3
Tech-Based Products 1 2
Existing Human Capital and resources 9 31
Bank resource allocation 1 3
Professional Bankers 5 2
Innovation 1 1
internal audit 3 3
Motivational lectures 2 5
Scarce Resources 5 3
IBs in Development Phase 2 3

Table 3
Themes, Sources, and References
IBs in Emerging & Traditional Economies 07 36
Backward banking 2 3
Infrastructure 1 2
lack of awareness 2 3
lake of resources 2 4
Minimal Market share 3 5
The religious point of view 1 2
internet facility 5 5
Mobile payment 2 2
FinTech adoption 1 1
Promotions 2 2
Time taking task 1 2
Opportunity 2 3
Potential of IBs 1 2
Fintech and COVID-19 09 40
Nonstop Banking 4 8
Online channels 1 4
Online funds transfer 2 5
Phone calls interaction 2 4
Contactless micro-finance 1 6
Customer policies 2 5
Digital products 2 2
Machine learning 1 1

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Artificial intelligence 1 3
Big-data analytics 1 2
Fin-tech and Financial Inclusion 07 28
Financial literacy 1 3
Individual businesses 5 2
Trade and credit facility 1 1
Business activities 3 3
Collection payments 2 5
Corporate sector efficiency 5 3
Account’s maintenance 2 3
RTGS 3 3
E-biz 2 5

Cluster Analysis
Figures 4.1 and 4.2 reflect themes of similarities in form of hierarchies and relationships. These
figures show that the potential impact of Fin-tech is divided into several topics and that similar
topics are grouped. Technologies like Blockchain, smart contracts, artificial intelligence, Robo
advisors and cloud computing have great potential in Islamic industry. Figure 2 shows Circle
Graph, all elements are displayed as points on circumference. The similarity between the drawn
ones is indicated by linking lines of diverse colors and thicknesses. Blue lines indicate parallels in
contents. The results indicate customer policy, sharia compliance, Fin-tech and religiosity,
financial literacy, infrastructure, human resources, and govt. support is main theme discussed by
respondents.

Tree Analysis

Figure 1
Nodes compared by Number of Items Coded

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Figure 2
Circle Graph of Themes Clustered by words Similarity

DISCUSSION
Understanding about Financial Technology
This construct discusses understanding of financial technology. Literature suggested that Fintech
refers to “innovative financial services/products delivered via technology and with advancements
in technology (mobile and internet) coupled with their global widespread adoption, consumers’
expectations are changing” (Chuen & Teo, 2015). Respondents share understanding of Fin-tech in
following words: ‘‘Financial Technology comprises of latest technological changes brought in the
market for the rapid growth of financial resources and institution like internet or mobile banking,
online payments gateway for collection and payments of companies like paypro, biometric and
queue matric installation in banks, online account opening in Assets Management Companies like
al Meezan investment and brokerage houses like AKD Securities, etc.’’ (R2). ‘‘Financial technology
means using digital channels to facilitate customers by providing services quickly and reliably.
Bank-Islami providing different services by using financial technology in which most important is
Cardless ATMs with motto of “Your Thumb is Your Bank”. (R3). ‘‘Over fin-tech, product access
through mobile apps and online portals for self-assessment like car ijārah, housing financing’’
(R7).

Some of respondent stress that Artificial intelligence, Cloud computing, and Robo advisory, are
under scoop of Fin-tech. Following lines confirm their statements: ‘‘Financial technology means
using financial technology (mobile banking, digital apps, artificial intelligence, digital currencies,
investment advice and biometric) to improves the quality of banking experience among clients’’
(R5). ‘‘Well! I think financial technology is a very common term in the age of digital banking for

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everyone. For me, financial technology is facilitating my financial needs by just clicking once on
my mobile phone. As a practitioner, we are offering multiple channels to facilitate our customers
in which investment portfolio management by giving online platforms’’ (R10). From responses, it
is concluded that Fin-tech is a digital tool to provide financial services by Islamic Banks in a more
effective way.

Potential Disruption Areas of the Islamic Banking and Finance Industry

This construct discusses the potential disruption areas of Islamic banking and finance industry
specifically in context of Fin-tech. Through the different respondents' views, it shows that Islamic
banking is in a developing phase in Pakistan. There are many gray areas of Islamic banking and it
responds to Fin-Tech and innovation very quickly. Following responses confirm above statement:
‘‘Islamic Finance industry is responding very well in adopting FINTECH, presently we have 17%
share of Islamic banking in Pakistan banking sector and amazingly Islamic banks are performing
very well in all aspects specifically FINTECH, that is why their share is gradually increasing and a
few of them like Meezan achieved the best banking awards as well’’ (R2). ‘‘Islamic banking is
evolving and is considered as the future of banking in Pakistan and banks are focusing on Fintech
nowadays’’ (R4). ‘‘Investment opportunities providing by different Islamic institutions in form of
mutual funds, Sukuk, etc. greatly capture investor’s attraction’’ (R6). One of the respondents from
state bank responds that customer’s awareness and desire for profitability may impact investor’s
decision of Islamic Banks. Moreover, customers’ acceptance of Fin-tech is important. Following
lines confirm above statement. ‘‘The general public acceptability of Islamic banking in Pakistan is
very impressive as people want to use Islamic banking services but as far as actual customers are
concerned there are some limitations just like low-profit rate and risk of loss may discourage
customers to invest in Islamic banking. SBP encourages conventional banks to convert lending
into Islamic landings’’. Above responses from different respondents clearly show that there are
potential areas of Islamic banks in Islamic Sukuk, Islamic mutual funds, and Islamic lending are
included.

Issues of Fintech in Islamic banking

This construct presents the views of Bankers regarding different issues faced by Islamic banks to
successfully implement concept of Fin-Tech. Literature suggested that Islamic banking is facing
issues like the customer awareness, resources, infrastructure, and regulation which may limit the
execution of fintech in Islamic banking (Rizvi, Naqvi, & Tanveer, 2018). Different respondents
highlight a different issue in following lines: ‘‘Islamic banking as a whole face problem regarding
infrastructure specifically, like people find it easy to visit please for used cars and find bank Al-
Falah logo right there for getting financing there but in Islamic banking, you have to evaluate
products and transaction about Shariah compliance like subject matter, process of financing,
contract terms, etc. So basically, there are more infrastructure problems than resources and most
importantly unawareness of Islamic laws of contracts and trade’’ (R2). ‘‘The major issue is lake of
Islamic branches in remote areas and less developing areas’’ (R7). ‘‘Routes of conventional banks
are very deep as compare to Islamic banking so, it may face challenges like competitive products,
low profit, chances of loos and Govt. Support’’ (R8). ‘‘Major issue of fin-tech in Islamic banking is
customer awareness. The customers of remote areas feel reluctant to use digital apps like mobile
banking due to lack of knowledge and when it comes to Islamic banks, it’s even more difficult to
understand products.’’ (R9). In conclusion, like commercial banking, Islamic banking is not as
strong as follow strict SOPs by state bank about each matter as sharia compliance and products
related fatwas are mandatory and it take some extra time which is major hindrance of Fin-tech
adoption.

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Existing Human Capital, Resources Available & Banks Policy

This construct discusses the availability of human and Capital resources to successfully adopt the
Fin-tech in Islamic banks. Most of the respondents stress the point that Islamic banks should hire
professionals in their branches to make their staff more trained and make the environment of
innovation. Islamic banks, need to enhance the resources and Govt should take immediate steps
to promote Fin-tech in Islamic banks. The following responses from different respondents are as
follows: ‘‘Existing human capital is limited in Islamic banks. There is a need to train employees
according to current trend in Islamic banks. IT issued to improve the communication system with
banking employees by services, motivational lectures’’ (R1). “Obviously, there is lack of resources
in Pakistan to flourish Islamic banking. There is a need for Islamic banks manager to hire some
professionals having exposure of Islamic banking’’ (R4). ‘‘As a manager of window Islamic bank, I
think we have very efficient and excellent staff for FinTech products and state Bank of Pakistan
and regulators are working towards digitalization and innovation in domestic banking sector’’
(R8)

Organizational policy regarding Fin-tech is very important. Most of respondents agree that their
respective organizations are supportive of any innovation. Some of the respondents are disagreed
with this statement by arguing that the fin-tech requires huge investment which causes lower
profitability. ‘‘Organizational support is fair enough and like other the conventional banks Islamic
banking also invest in resource availability and organizational support but the willingness for
FINTECH products is somewhat interrupted due to old staff and their lack of the interest and
awareness in FINTECH and Islamic banking. They don't want centralized and digital banking
facilities where the branch or contact person staff is missing for their sales targets as well’’ (R3).
‘‘The supportive element of banking industry is a customer. If you have a good customer then you
have good PR, then you can utilize your resources to sell your products. If my bank is in profitable
situation, I think there may be chance that banks management focus on innovation and Fin-tech’’
(R5)

Fintech and Religiosity to Ensure Shariah Compliance

This construct discusses the role of religiously to adopt fin-tech. Most of respondents’ state that
Islamic banks depend on Shariah boards. The board depends on highly Skilled Shariah scholars.
They made Islamic banking totally riba free. As for as, fintech is concerned there should be a
proper checking of any innovation in products through the sharia board to analyze whether it is
under the principle of sharia or not. In this connection, if the sharia board approve such products
then there is no issue regarding Fin-tech. ‘‘Of course, Shariah compliance is the mandatory for
approval of any product before the introducing Fintech’’ (R1). ‘‘Technology changes the way
organization manages their products. I think innovation through fin-tech is not a bad thing and in
Islam, there is no prohibition of the use of fin-tech but it should be under the guidelines of sharia’’
(R3).

‘‘SBP as a regulator of banks ensures that every new technology introduces to facilitate customers
should be in according to sharia compliance. As Islamic banking is derived from Islamic roles and
laws that’s why it’s really important to follow all these sharia principles’’ (R5). In conclusion,
Fintech is easy to audit and comply with Shariah, the difficult thing is to establish standards of the
Shariah compliance in Fintech and product development as per Shariah, like in all Multinationals
Software's have substituted human accounting and manual audit practices, it’s obvious to bring
about digitization in Islamic Finance Industry as well. Infect, it helps a lot in service quality
maintenance, customer satisfaction through feedback tabs in place at branches, online complaints
cell web portal, and social media channels for the boasting sales and complaints feedback and
reviews.

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Importance and Use of Fintech in Presence of Crisis Like COVID 19

This construct discusses the importance of Fin-tech in presence of COVID 19. In the developing
countries, people need more credit and data advances to stay in contact during these challenging
times, as well as contactless micro-finance services to replace physical transactions. Managing
this load using the already stretched infrastructure of such markets is a significant challenge, but
one where machine learning, big-data analytics, and artificial intelligence can make a difference.
Different respondent’s response to the question in the following lines: ‘‘FINTECH is the need of
us especially in a crisis like COVID 19, banking and finance industry cannot run smoothly without
it. Almost all conventional and Islamic banks have mobilized their online portal and channel to
make banking nonstop in this pandemic like Meezan and other Islamic banks have made online
funds transfer to other banks free, contact to customer policies are revised and customers are
being more informed and educated via online channels and phone calls interaction from where
they are routed to online channels. In crisis Fintech is inevitable for banking to run smoothly’’
(R2).

‘‘By using digital channels and e-banking customer can protect himself and his family from
COVID 19 and they can easily access banking services through fin-tech channels without paying
extra costs’’ (R4). ‘‘Well! COVID 19 is the real test of Islamic bankers that how they respond to
such situation but there is a great opportunity for Islamic banks to promote their digital products
and aware people about fin-tech’’ (R8). Consequently, for that reasons, as argued ‘‘As seen all the
operations are closed involving direct human contact the only option is to use the fintech products
in the Covid-19 crises and the same can be applied in other areas’’ (R9). In conclusion, in the
present situation, Fin-tech can help the society and customers at the individual level as well as to
avoid going outside and arranging and managing financials by using different fin-tech and digital
Applications.

Promotion of Financial Inclusion through Fintech

This construct discusses financial inclusion through Islamic Fin-tech. Literature suggested that
Pakistan occupies low rank in financial inclusion when compared to regional and global standards
(Baber, 2019). Most of the respondents believe that Fin-tech is a good tool to promote financial
inclusion as people get maximum services through online channels. The following lines represent
the point of view of different respondents. ‘‘Fintech is helping financial inclusion. Through the
provision of multiple online facilities for both individual businesses, individuals find it easy to do
banking and financing with online and convenient ways than traditional manual ways including
ADC and online financing channels. Businesses are encouraged by real-time FinTech development
like RTGS, e-biz + devices were transferring funds making payments is not only easy but also a
complete track in their hands instead of traditional account statements requests. Trade and credit
facilities have become less time taking than before due to FINTECH. Thus, it helps at all level
infect NGO's Trust and other organization of public n private sectors are benefited due to Fintech
real-time facilities of collection payments and accounts maintenance’’ (R5). ‘‘The introduction and
focus of online banking in both the sample countries particularly in Malaysia expands the market
share of Islamic banks’’. (R6). FinTech can promote financial literacy as well as financial inclusion
(R7).

Potentials for Fintech in Emerging Economies

In Pakistan, there is a great potential of Islamic banking due to a religious point of view as its riba
free. There is a repaid growth in the Islamic banking sector seen in Pakistan as the branches of
Islamic banks are operating all over Pakistan. Some hurdles may restrict the operation of digital
Islamic banking in remote areas in which internet facility, Infrastructure and customer awareness
are important points for consideration. The role of government is very important in this respect as

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infrastructure should be improved for facilitating Islamic banks to flourish according to current
demands. ‘‘In remote areas, it is a bit difficult practice but a great opportunity at the same time all
we need a well-trained and patience staff to handle because of lack of awareness and education
and backward banking practices it gets sometimes difficult to convince and educate them but at
the same time it is an opportunity for Islamic banking to beat conventional and increase its
market share’’ (R4). In this connection, ‘‘We are often in the emerging markets. In Pakistan
especially, we have been repeatedly surprised by the speed of fintech adoption. Mobile payment is
widely used in Pakistan as an everyday payment method, from big modern malls down to the
small food cart on the corner’’ (R6). Therefore, ‘‘In traditional societies, there is a great potential
and scoop of fin-tech but banks should heavily invest in customer’s awareness and promotions’’
(R7).

CONCLUSION
The motivation behind this research is to investigate the potential impact of financial technology
on Pakistan's Islamic banking. The findings of study indicate that fin-tech has a great potential
impact on the Islamic banking industry in Pakistan. The technology used by the different banks to
serve the customer is Blockchain, Mobile banking, Customer relationship management (CEM),
Cyber security, Cloud Banking, and Fintech start-up, etc. This potential impact has both positive
and negative effects. Active Islamic Banks (IBs) can take advantage of the opportunities offered by
digital transformation and financial technology. IBS can introduce new business models, improve
the product transparency and efficiency, and deliver more customer-oriented Islamic financial
products and services. On the other side, if the IBs continue to avoid fin-tech then it’s very hard to
compete in the market. This study highlighted important points, including the need for Islamic
financial institutions to respond to the development of financial technology. Fintech has become
so dynamic but still exceptional. Although Islamic financial institutions realize that Fintech can
have a potential impact on Islamic financial sector, they still display a certain negative attitude
towards the growth of Fintech. To reap the full benefits of FinTech, it is necessary to create the
synergy between the Islamic financial institutions and the FinTech companies. Both have their
advantages and disadvantages, but through its cooperation, the weaknesses of each institution
can be overcome by the strengths of other institutions. Islamic financial institutions should be
very active in development of financial technology, and impact and potential damage cannot be
ignored.

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