Power System Laboratory

Power System Analysis And Control
POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY
Introduction
A power systems study is made up of various engineering analysis

investigations. The goal of each study is to have a safe, efficient and
reliable power system for your facility under both normal and abnormal
conditions.”
Power systems study is very important for the protection of power

systems. In order for a reliable operation of the protective devices at the
time of Short circuit, or any fault current, you may need a power systems
study. But, no one does a complete suite of power systems studies at the
same time.
Electrical Power systems lab is one on the most developed lab in

electrical engineering department. It is equipped with many advanced
Apparatuses and devices to make all of important tests on power
systems starting from generation unit with control panel and protection
equipment passing through the transmission lines to the load units with
power factor correction panel.
The main aims of this lab:
1. Linking the theoretical part of power systems with the practical part.
2. Provide the students with practical experience with real practical
power systems devices and equipment.
3. Making analysis on real power systems starting from generation unit till
to the load unit.
Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

Presented By: Rishav Kumar Mishra Branch: ELECTRICAL
Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
Experiment -1
Aim of the experiment
High voltage testing of Transformer oil to measure the breakdown voltage.
Apparatus Required
SL NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1 Oil testing Kit 220V, 1-Φ, 50 Hz, 800 VA 01

2 Transformer oil sample Mineral type 01
Theory
➢ High voltage distribution & power

transformer are mostly filled with
oil.
➢ Transformer oil is known as

insulating oil is special type oil
which has excellent electrical
properties and is stable at high
temperature.
➢ The function of oil is to provide

additional cooling to the core and
winding to improve insulation between winding and earth.
➢ Similarly insulating oil is used in low and medium voltage switchgear like
circuit breaker. Since it is mostly used in transformer so it called
transformer oil.
➢ The flashover voltage and standard withstand voltage of the oil is

measured to improve to know the quality of the oil.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
➢ Different property of Transformer oil.
1. Electrical Property
→ Dielectric Strength
→ Specific Resistance
→ Electrical Dissipation factor
2. Chemical Property
3. Physical Property
➢ Dielectric Strength transformer oil is also known as the breakdown

voltage (BDV) of transformer oil.
➢ Breakdown voltage is measured by observing at what voltage, sparking

strands between two electrodes immersed in the oil, separated by a
specific gap.
➢ A low value of BDV indicates presence of moisture content and

conducting substances in the oil.
Procedure
1. The cell was cleaned started by rising with the test oil before filling.
2. The cell was filled by sample up to the mark & cell was placed in proper
place in test set. The lid was closed .This is the cover interlocking switch.
3. If the regulator is not in zero position,

the regulator has brought to zero
position and main was switched ON.
4. The voltmeter near checked weather

the reading is zero at this stage.
5. The push button was pressed and the

knob was turned for increasing the HT
voltage across the electrode. The rate of increasing of voltage was kept
uniform and equal to approximately 2KV/sec. starting from 0 to value
producing flashover.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
6. The voltmeter reading recorded and knob was reset and the voltmeter
reset for next operation.
7. Then one minute withstand voltage was noted.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Tabulation
Sl No FLASH OVER VOLTAGE IN KV WITHSTAND VOLTAGE

1 28 29.5
2 35 29.5
3 30 29.5
4 37 29.5
5 25 29.5
Conclusion
The high voltage testing of insulation of transformer oil experiment was

successfully carried out.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
SHORT QUESTIONS
Question 1
What should be the minimum clearance between the highest point of the
conservation tank and the ceiling of the transformer room?
Ans: The minimum clearance between the highest point of the conservation
tank and the ceiling should not be less than 0.5 m.
Question 2
When it is necessary to dry out transformer?
Ans: When if it has been determined that a transformer has excessive moisture
content then it becomes necessary to dry out transformer.
Question 3
What do you mean by reactivation of transformer oil?
Ans: Reactivation of transformer oil means the reconditioning of deteriorated
oil to make it active again by purifying and drying transformer oils.
Question 4
What are the different methods of purifying and drying out transformer oils?
Ans: The different methods of purifying and drying out transformer oils are:
1. Centrifugal purification
2. Adsorption purification
3. Thermo vacuum drying
4. Globe Core
Question 5
What do you mean by neutralization value of transformer oil?
Ans: Neutralization value is measured of free organic and inorganic acids present
together in transformer oil. It is expressed in terms of number of milligrams of
potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the total free acids in one gram of oil.
The test reveals the presence of acidic constituents or contaminants in the oil, by
using principle of titration. Neutralization value of transformer oil is expressed in
mg KOH/gm.
Question 6
What is the maximum limit of acidity of serviceable transformer oil?
Ans: The acidity of the oil transformer should never be allowed to exceed 0.25kg
KOH/g oil. This is called as the “Critical Acid Number” and the deterioration
increases rapidly once this level is exceed.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
Question 7
What is the effect of the presence of moisture and impurities in transformer oil?
Ans: The presence of moisture and impurities in the oil decreases the dielectric
strength of the oil and also reduces the insulation resistance of the transformer.
Question 8
What is the effect of presence of air bubbles in the transformer oil?
Ans: When air remains in the oil the oxygen reacts on the cellulose of the
insulation and the decomposition products of the cellulose lead to the formation
of organic acids soluble in oil and also sludge which blocks the free circulation
of the oil.
Question 9
What is the effect of varnishes on the transformer oil?
Ans: Varnishes of the oxidizing type readily reacts with the transformer oil and
precipitate sludge on the windings. But synthetic varnishes having acid
inhibiting properties generally delay the natural formation of acid and sludge in
the oil.
***************************************************

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
EXPERIMENT 2
To determine ABCD parameter on a single phase transmission line
Apparatus required
SL.NO NAME OF APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1. Transmission line 1-phase,300km 01
module long
2. Voltmeter (0-250) v , MI type 01
3. Voltmeter (0-600) v , MI type 01
4. Ammeter (0-10) A & (0-5) A 01

MI
5. Connecting wire 3/22 swg, Cu, As required

insulated
Theory
➢ ABCD parameters (also known as chain or transmission line parameters)
are generalized circuit constants used to help model transmission lines.
More specifically, ABCD parameters are used in the two port network
representation of a transmission line.
➢ A major section of power system engineering deals in the transmission of

electrical power from one place (eg. generating station) to another (e.g.
substations or residential homes) with maximum efficiency. So it’s
important for power system engineers to be thorough with the
mathematical modeling of how this power is transmitted.
➢ ABCD parameters and a two-port model is used to simplify these complex

calculations. To maintain the accuracy of this mathematical model,
transmission lines are classified into three types: short transmission line,
medium transmission lines, and long transmission lines. The formula for
these ABCD parameters will change depending on the length of the
transmission line.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
➢ This is necessary since certain electrical phenomenon – such as corona
discharge and the Ferranti-effect– only come into play when dealing with
long transmission lines.
Procedure
 Make the connection as per electrical circuit diagram.
 Then switch on the supply.
 The receiving end was kept open and gradually the sending end voltage
and current receiving end voltage were noted.
 Gradually the sending end voltage was reduced to zero.
 The receiving end was shorted by using an ammeter.
 The voltage was gradually increased to 230v.
 The reading of sending end voltage & current also receiving end current
taken.
Tabulation
SL.NO LENGTH IN KM VOLTAGE IN VOLTS

1. 200 220
Receiving end opened/Short-Circuited
SL NO. Vs Is Vr Vs Is Ir
1. 230V 5A 530V 230V 1.02A 1.26A

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
Calculations
A= VR/VR= 230/530 =.433

B= V3/IR = 230/1.26
C= Is/VR = 5/530 = 0.0094
D= Is/IR= 1.02/1.26 =0.009
Conclusion
From the above experiment , we studied about ABCD parameter in a single

phase transmission line & calculated the value of ABCD parameters.
*************************************************

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
EXPERIMENT–3

To study the Ferranti effect and voltage distribution in the long transmission line.
Apparatus Required:
SL NAME OF APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
No
1. Transmission line module 1-Φ, 300km long 01
2. Voltmeter (0-250)v, MI Type 01
3. Voltmeter (0-600)v, MI Type 01
4. Ammeter (0-10)A, MI Type 01
5. Connecting Wire Insulated copper 01
Theory
❖ The Ferranti effect is the increase in voltage occurring at receiving end of

a very long (>200 km), AC electric power transmission line, relative to the
small, or no load is connected.
❖ The capacitive line charging current produces a voltage drop across, the
line inductance that is in phase with the sending-end voltage, assuming
negligible line resistance.
❖ Therefore, both the line inductance and capacitance are responsible for
the phenomenon. This can be analyzed by considering the line
impedance is lower than the load impedance.
❖ The Ferranti effect is more pronounced the longer the line and the higher
the voltage applied.
❖ The Ferranti effect is more pronounced in the underground cables, even

in short length, because of their high capacitance per unit length, and
lower electrical impedance.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
PROCEDURE
• Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
• Then switch ON the supply.
• The receiving end voltage was kept open & the sending end voltage
gradually increases up to 120 to 180 volts.
• The reading of sending end voltage and receiving end voltage were noted
down.
• The sending end voltage was gradually increased & receiving end voltage
were note down at respective value of sending end voltage.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
PHASOR DIAGRAM
TABULATION
SL No SENDING END SIDE VOLTAGE RECEIVING END VOLTAGE
1. 125 380
CONCLUSION
From the above experiment, we can conclude that the receiving end voltage is
greater than the sending end voltage due to light load on the open circuit at the
receiving end.
******************************************

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
EXPERIMENT 4
To determine the negative and zero phase sequence of the alternator.
Apparatus required
SL NO NAME OF APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY
1 Variac 1 ph (230-270V) , 01
20A
2 Alternator 3 ph ,Salient pole 01
3 Voltmeter (0-60 V) MI 01
4 Ammeter (0-5 A) MI 01
5 Ammeter (0-1 A) MI 01
6 Wattmeter (0-75 w) 01
7 Connecting wire 3/22 SWG , Cu As.req

insulated wire
8 Alternator 3 ph , 4KVA ,1500 01

rpm
Theory
Negative Phase Sequence: If an alternator is subjected to an unbalanced load
situation, connected to non-linear loads or an asymmetrical fault condition, then
the resulting state is described as having a Negative Phase Sequence
component. Under these conditions, a Negative Phase Sequence Current
[ symbolized as I2 ] will exist.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
Zero phase Sequence : The zero sequence represents the component of the
unbalanced phasors that is equal in magnitude and phase. Because they are in
phase, zero sequence currents flowing through an n-phase network will sum to n
times the magnitude of the individual zero sequence currents components.
Procedure
For negative phase sequence

 All instruments were connected as per circuit diagram.
 Field winding was shorted and rotor was rotated at synchronous speed
with the help of a prime mover.
 3 ph voltage balanced load was applied to the armature so that constant

amplitude rotating mmf wave rotates opposite to the rotor rotation.
For zero phase sequence

 Instruments were connected as per the circuit diagram .
 Field terminals were shorted and rotor was rotated at synchronous speed
with the help of prime mover.
 3 phase winding were connected in parallel.
Tabulation
Zero phase sequence

SL.NO CURRENT VOLTAGE
1. 5.5A 20V
Calculations
X0 =V/(I/3) = 3V/I =3*20/5.5 = 10.9 ohm
Zero phase sequence

SL.NO CURRENT VOLTAGE POWER
1 5.5 210 210*4=840
Conclusion
From the above we performed negative and zero phase sequence of 3-phase
Salient pole machine was studied and their impedance was calculated.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
SHORT QUESTIONS
Question 1
Negative sequence component of a voltage is equal to?
Ans: Complex conjugate of the positive sequence component.
Question 2
3ɸ, short circuit current will be?
Ans: Zero at infinite time.
Question 3
The positive sequence component of voltage at the point of fault is zero when it
is a?
Ans: 3-ɸ Fault.
Question 4
What is the advantage of salient poles in an alternator?
Ans: The advantage of a salient pole rotor is that you can fit a large number of
poles so can generate a given frequency at a low rotational speed. This is only
good for slow speed prime movers, such as water turbines. If you try to spin the
rotor too fast, it will vibrate and want to fly to pieces.
Question 5
In an alternator the armature reaction is mainly influenced by?
Ans: The power factor of the load.
Question 6
To reverse the phase sequence of voltage generated in an alternator, what we
do?
Ans: We can reverse the connection of its field winding and replace any of its
phase terminals.
Question 7
A balanced 3-phase system consist of ?
Ans: Positive sequence current only.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
Question 8
In case of an unbalanced star-connected load supplied from an unbalanced 3-
phase, 3-wire system, and load currents will consist of?
Ans: Positive sequence component and negative sequence component both.
Question 9
Zero sequence current can flow from a line to transformer bank if the
windings are in?
Ans: Grounded Star/Delta.
Question 10
What is the moving part in large alternator?
Ans: Armature or the magnetic field.
***********************************************

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
EXPERIMENT 5
Aim of Experiment
Formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices and solution of networks.
Software used
MATLAB R2011a
Theory
Some observations on YBUS matrix:

➢ YBUS is a sparse matrix
➢ Diagonal elements are dominating
➢ Off diagonal elements are symmetric
➢ The diagonal element of each node is the sum of the admittances

connected to it.
The off diagonal element is neglated admittance

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
MATLAB PROGRAM
clearall;
clc;
display('----------Ybus formation code--------');
nbranch=input('enter the number of branches in system = ');
display('enter line data');
forn=1:1:nbranch
fb=input('enter from bus = ');
tb=input('enter to bus = ');
r=input('enter value of resistance = ');
x=input('enter value of reactance = ');
B=input('enter the value of line charging admittance(b/2) = ');
z=r+i*x;
y=1./z;
Ldata(n,:)=[fb tb r x B y];
end
fb=Ldata(:,1);
tb=Ldata(:,2);
r=Ldata(:,3);
x=Ldata(:,4);
b=Ldata(:,5);
y=Ldata(:,6);
b=i*b;
nbus=max(max(fb),max(tb));
Y=zeros(nbus,nbus);
fork=1:nbus
bs=input('enter the bus at which ground reactor is linked = ');
x0=input('enter value of ground reactor = ');
ifx0~=0
y0=1./(i*x0); else
y0=0;
end
Yreact(k,:)=[bs y0];
end
bs=Yreact(:,1);
y0=Yreact(:,2);
% off diagonal element
fork=1:nbranch
Y(fb(k),tb(k))=Y(fb(k),tb(k))-y(k);
Y(tb(k),fb(k))=Y(fb(k),tb(k));
end
% diagonal element
form=1:nbus
forn=1:nbranch
iffb(n)==m
Y(m,m)=Y(m,m)+y(n)+b(n);
elseiftb(n)==m
Y(m,m)=Y(m,m)+y(n)+b(n);
end
fork=1:nbus
Y(k,k)=Y(k,k)+y0(k);
end
Yb=Y
*******************************************************

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
EXPERIMENT NO 6
Aim of the Experiment
Economic dispatch in power systems using MATLAB.
Software Required
MATLAB R2011a
➢ Theory :- Definition: The economic load dispatch means the real and
reactive power of the generator vary within the certain limits and fulfils
the load demand with less fuel cost. The sizes of the electric power
system are increasing rapidly to meet the energy requirement.
So the number of power plants is connected in parallel to supply the system load
by an interconnection of the power system. In the grid system, it becomes
necessary to operate the plant units more economically.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
Exercises
MATLAB PROGRAM
clc;
clearall;
warningoff;
a=[.004; .006; .009];
b=[5.3; 5.5; 5.8];
c=[500; 400; 200];
Pd=800;
delp=10;
lambda=input('Enter estimated value of lambda=');
fprintf('\n')
disp(['lambda P1 P1 P3 delta p delta lambda'])
iter=0;
whileabs(delp)>=0.001
iter=iter+1;
p=(lambda-b)./(2*a);
delp=Pd-sum(p);
J=sum(ones(length(a),1)./(2*a));
dellambda=delp/J;
disp([lambda,p(1),p(2),p(3),delp,dellambda])
lambda=lambda+dellambda;
end
lambda
p
totalcost=sum(c+b.*p+a.*p.^2)

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
OUTPUT
Enter estimated value of lambda= 10
lambda P1 P1 P3 delta p delta lambda

10.0000 587.5000 375.0000 233.3333 -395.8333 -1.5000
8.5000 400.0000 250.0000 150.0000 0 0

lambda =
8.5000
p=
400.0000
250.0000
150.0000
totalcost = 6.6825e+003

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
MATLAB PROGRAM
clear
clc
n=3;
demand=925;
a=[.0056 .0045 .0079];
b=[4.5 5.2 5.8];
c=[640 580 820];
Pmin=[200 250 125];
Pmax=[350 450 225];
x=0; y=0;
fori=1:n
x=x+(b(i)/(2*a(i)));
y=y+(1/(2*a(i)));
lambda=(demand+x)/y
Pgtotal=0;
fori=1:n
Pg(i)=(lambda-b(i))/(2*a(i));
Pgtotal=sum(Pg);
end
Pg
fori=1:n
if(Pmin(i)<=Pg(i)&&Pg(i)<=Pmax(i));
Pg(i);
else
if(Pg(i)<=Pmin(i))
Pg(i)=Pmin(i);
else
Pg(i)=Pmax(i);
end
end
Pgtotal=sum(Pg);
end
Pg
ifPgtotal~=demand
demandnew=demand-Pg(1)
x1=0;
y1=0;
fori=2:n
x1=x1+(b(i)/(2*a(i)));
y1=y1+(1/(2*a(i)));
end
lambdanew=(demandnew+x1)/y1
Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
fori=2:n
Pg(i)=(lambdanew-b(i))/(2*a(i));
end
end
end
Pg
OUTPUT
lambda =
8.6149
Pg =
367.4040 379.4361 178.1598
Pg =
350.0000 379.4361 178.1598
demandnew =
575
lambdanew =
8.7147
Pg =
350.0000 390.5242 184.4758
Conclusion
Economic load dispatch for the given problem was solved using classical
method with and without line losses and verified using MATLAB software.
*******************************************

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
EXPERIMENT 7
Measurement of direct axis reactance (Xd) and quadrature axis reactance (Xq)
of a salient pole synchronous machine.
Apparatus required
SL.NO Name of Apparatus Specification QUANTITY
1 VARIAC 1ph,(230- 1
270)V,15A
2 Voltmeter (0-125)V 1
3 Wattmeter (0-73)W 1
4 Ammeter (0-1)A & (0-3)A 1
5 Connecting wires 3/2 swg , Cu wire As required
6 Synchronous m/c 3ph,4KVA,1500 1

rpm
Theory
Direct Axis Sub transient Reactance
A direct axis quantity is one whose magnetic effect is along the field pole axis.
Field pole axis is also known as direct axis. Based on this fact, a direct axis
synchronous reactance is defined as the reactance offered to the armature flux
when the peak of armature mmf is directed along the direct axis.
Quadrature Axis Synchronous Reactance
A quadrature axis is one whose magnetic effect is along the perpendicular to

field pole axis. When the peak of armature mmf coincides with the quadrature
axis, the reactance offered to the armature mmf is called Quadrature Axis
Reactance.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
Circuit
:-
Procedure
All the instruments were connected as per the circuit diagram.
 Any two phase of 3ph machine ware connected in series and a single
phase supply was given .
Calculations
Tabulation
Sl No. Current Voltage Xd Xq
Imax Imin Vmax Vmin
1. 2.4 1.02 98 93 48.032 19.37
Conclusion
We measured the value of Xd & Xq through this experiment by measurement of
direct axis reactance of salient pole synchronous machine
*********************************************

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
EXPERIMENT 8
Generation and measurements of high impulse voltage (across sphere gap).
Theory

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
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Conclusion
From the above experiment , we have studied about the characterises of

impulse voltage generator
**********************************************

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
EXPERIMENT 9

Finding angle characteristics P=f(δ), Q=f(δ), U=f(δ) of three phase sunchronous
generator.
Theory
Consider a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus through a

transmission line of reactance Xl shown in a figure below. Let us assume that the
resistance and capacitance are neglected

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
Let,
V = V<0⁰ – voltage of infinite bus
E = E<δ – voltage behind the direct axis synchronous reactance of the machine.
Xd = synchronous / transient resistance of the machine
The complex power delivered by the generator to the system is
S = VI
Maximum power is transferred when δ = 90⁰. As the value of load angle δ is

above 90, Pe decrease and becomes zero at δ = 180⁰. Above 180⁰, Pe becomes
negative, which show that the direction of power flow is reversed, and the power
is supplied from infinite bus to the generator. The value of P e is often called pull
out power. It is also called the steady-state limit

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
TABULATION
LOAD ANGLE(δ) REAL POWER(P)

0 0
-6 -4
-8 -6
-10 -10
-12 -12
-14 -16
2 7
6 10
10 17
14 21
GRAPH
Conclusion
From the above experiment we have study the Power-Angle characteristics of a
synchronous generator and observe that the curve sinusoidal in nature.
**********************************************

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
EXPERIMENT 10

Study of power distribution of outdoor power substation
Theory
 SUBSTATION
A substation is a high-voltage electric system facility. It is used to switch

generators, equipment, and circuits or lines in and out of a system. It also is
used to change AC voltages from one level to another, and/or change alternating
current to direct current or direct current to alternating current. Some
substations are small with little more than a transformer and associated
switches. Others are very large with several transformers and dozens of
switches and other equipment. There are three aspects to substations.
 FUNCTIONS
Substations are designed to accomplish the following functions, although not all
substations have all these functions :
• Change voltage from one level to another
• Regulate voltage to compensate for system voltage changes
• Switch transmission and distribution circuits into and out of the grid
system
• Measure electric power qualities flowing in the circuits
• Connect communication signals to the circuits
• Eliminate lightning and other electrical surges from the system
• Connect electric generation plants to the system
• Make interconnections between the electric systems of more than one

utility
• Control reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied to and the flow of reactive

kilovolt-amperes in the circuits.

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071
SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT
*************************************************

Regd No: 1701227616 Group: 2(A)
Roll No: EE170071

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Power System Analysis And Control

POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

A power systems study is made up of various engineering analysis

Power systems study is very important for the protection of power

Electrical Power systems lab is one on the most developed lab in

The main aims of this lab:

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

High voltage testing of Transformer oil to measure the breakdown voltage.

SL NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1 Oil testing Kit 220V, 1-Φ, 50 Hz, 800 VA 01

➢ High voltage distribution & power

➢ Transformer oil is known as

➢ The function of oil is to provide

➢ The flashover voltage and standard withstand voltage of the oil is

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

➢ Different property of Transformer oil.

➢ Dielectric Strength transformer oil is also known as the breakdown

➢ Breakdown voltage is measured by observing at what voltage, sparking

➢ A low value of BDV indicates presence of moisture content and

3. If the regulator is not in zero position,

4. The voltmeter near checked weather

5. The push button was pressed and the

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

7. Then one minute withstand voltage was noted.

Sl No FLASH OVER VOLTAGE IN KV WITHSTAND VOLTAGE

The high voltage testing of insulation of transformer oil experiment was

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

SL.NO NAME OF APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

2. Voltmeter (0-250) v , MI type 01

3. Voltmeter (0-600) v , MI type 01

4. Ammeter (0-10) A & (0-5) A 01

5. Connecting wire 3/22 swg, Cu, As required

➢ A major section of power system engineering deals in the transmission of

➢ ABCD parameters and a two-port model is used to simplify these complex

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

 Then switch on the supply.

 Gradually the sending end voltage was reduced to zero.

 The receiving end was shorted by using an ammeter.

 The voltage was gradually increased to 230v.

SL.NO LENGTH IN KM VOLTAGE IN VOLTS

Receiving end opened/Short-Circuited

1. 230V 5A 530V 230V 1.02A 1.26A

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

A= VR/VR= 230/530 =.433

From the above experiment , we studied about ABCD parameter in a single

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

Aim of the experiment

❖ The Ferranti effect is the increase in voltage occurring at receiving end of

❖ The Ferranti effect is more pronounced in the underground cables, even

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

• Then switch ON the supply.

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

SL No SENDING END SIDE VOLTAGE RECEIVING END VOLTAGE

Guided By: Asst. Prof. Rupali Balawantaray

To determine the negative and zero phase sequence of the alternator.

SL NO NAME OF APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY

2 Alternator 3 ph ,Salient pole 01