FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY

Department Of Software Engineering

LAB 03

Summary

Items Description
Course Title Object Oriented Programming

Lab Title Review of structures

Duration 3 Hours

Operating System Visual Studio / Visual C++

/Tool/Language

Objective To get familiar with usage of Structures

Objectives

Before we move to Object Oriented Programming in its true sense, we will today
revisit C++ Structures which are closely related to classes. This lab session is
intended to give a recap of:

 Usage of a structure.
 Syntax of defining a structure and accessing it members.
 Using pointers to structures.
 Nested structures.
 FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY
Department Of Software Engineering

A structure is a group of data elements grouped together under one name. These
data elements, known as members, can have different types and different lengths. Data
structures are declared in C++ using the following syntax:

struct structure_name {
member_type1 member_name1;
member_type2 member_name2;
member_type3 member_name3;
.
.
} object_names;

where structure_name is a name for the structure type, object_name can be a set of valid
identifiers for objects that have the type of this structure. Within braces { } there is a list
with the data members, each one is specified with a type and a valid identifier as it name.

The first thing we have to know is that a data structure creates a new type: Once a data
structure is declared, a new type with the identifier specified as structure_name is created
and can be used in the rest of the program as if it was any other type. For example:

struct product {
int weight;
float price;
};

product apple;
product banana, melon;

We have first declared a structure type called product with two members: weight and
price, each of a different fundamental type. We have then used this name of the structure
type (product) to declare three objects of that type: apple, banana and melon as we would
have done with any fundamental data type.

Once declared, product has become a new valid type name like the fundamental ones
int, char or short and from that point on we are able to declare objects (variables) of this
compound new type, like we have done with apple, banana and melon.

Right at the end of the struct declaration, and before the ending semicolon, we can use
the optional field object_name to directly declare objects of the structure type. For
example, we can also declare the structure objects apple, banana and melon at the
moment we define the data structure type this way:

struct product {
int weight;
 FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY
Department Of Software Engineering

float price;
} apple, banana, melon;
It is important to clearly differentiate between what is the structure type name, and what
is an object (variable) that has this structure type. We can instantiate many objects (i.e.
variables, like apple, banana and melon) from a single structure type (product).

Once we have declared our three objects of a determined structure type (apple, banana
and melon) we can operate directly with their members. To do that we use a dot (.)
inserted between the object name and the member name. For example, we could operate
with any of these elements as if they were standard variables of their respective types:

apple.weight
apple.price
banana.weight
banana.price
melon.weight
melon.price

Each one of these has the data type corresponding to the member they refer to:
apple.weight, banana.weight and melon.weight are of type int, while apple.price,
banana.price and melon.price are of type float.

Example 2.1

// example about structures Enter title: Alien

#include <iostream> Enter year: 1979
#include <string>
using namespace std; My favorite movie is:
2001 A Space Odyssey (1968)
struct Movies { And yours is:
string title; Alien (1979)
int year;
};

void printmovie (Movies movie);

int main ()
{
Movies mine, yours;

mine.title = "2001 A Space Odyssey";

mine.year = 1968;
 FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY
Department Of Software Engineering

cout << "Enter title: ";

cin >> yours.title;
cout << "Enter year: ";
cin >> yours.year;

cout << "My favorite movie is:\n ";

printmovie (mine);
cout << "And yours is:\n ";
printmovie (yours);
return 0;
}

void printmovie (Movies movie)

{
cout << movie.title <<endl;
cout << movie.year << endl;
}

The example shows how we can use the members of an object as regular variables. For
example, the member yours.year is a valid variable of type int, and mine.title is a valid
variable of type string.

The objects mine and yours can also be treated as valid variables of type Movies, for
example we have passed them to the function printmovie as we would have done with
regular variables.
 FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY
Department Of Software Engineering

Example 2.2

// array of structures Enter title: Blade Runner

#include <iostream> Enter year: 1982
#include <string> Enter title: Matrix
using namespace std; Enter year: 1999
Enter title: Taxi Driver
const int NUM = 3; Enter year: 1976

struct Movies { You have entered these movies:

string title; Blade Runner (1982)
int year; Matrix (1999)
}; Taxi Driver (1976)

void printmovie (Movies movie);

int main ()
{

Movies films [NUM]

int n;

for (n=0; n<NUM; n++)

{
cout << "Enter title: ";
cin >> films[n].title);
cout << "Enter year: ";
cin >> films[n].year;
}

cout << "\nYou have entered these

movies:\n";
for (n=0; n<NUM; n++)
printmovie (films[n]);
return 0;
}

void printmovie (Movies movie)

{
cout << movie.title << endl;
cout << movie.year << endl;
}
 FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY
Department Of Software Engineering

Pointers to structures

Like any other type, structures can be pointed by its own type of pointers:

struct Movies {
string title;
int year;
};

Movies amovie;
Movies * pmovie;

Here amovie is an object of structure type Movies, and pmovie is a pointer to point to
objects of structure type Movies. So, the following code would also be valid:

pmovie = &amovie;

The value of the pointer pmovie would be assigned to a reference to the object amovie
(its memory address).

We will now go with another example that includes pointers, which will serve to
introduce a new operator: the arrow operator (->):

Example 2.3:

// pointers to structures Enter title: Invasion of the body

#include <iostream> snatchers
#include <string> Enter year: 1978
using namespace std;
You have entered:
struct Movies { Invasion of the body snatchers
string title; (1978)
int year;
};

int main ()
{
Movies amovie;
Movies * pmovie;
 FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY
Department Of Software Engineering

pmovie = &amovie;

cout << "Enter title: ";

cin >> pmovie->title;

cout << "Enter year: ";

cin >> pmovie->year;

cout << "\nYou have entered:\n";

cout << pmovie->title <<endl;
cout << pmovie->year << endl;

return 0;
}

The previous code includes an important introduction: the arrow operator (->). This is a
dereference operator that is used exclusively with pointers to objects with members. This
operator serves to access a member of an object to which we have a reference. In the
example we used:

pmovie->title

which is for all purposes equivalent to:

(*pmovie).title

Both expressions pmovie->title and (*pmovie).title are valid and both mean that we are
evaluating the member title of the data structure pointed by a pointer called pmovie. It
must be clearly differentiated from:

*pmovie.title

which is equivalent to:

*(pmovie.title)

And that would access the value pointed by a hypothetical pointer member called title of
the structure object pmovie (which in this case would not be a pointer). The following
panel summarizes possible combinations of pointers and structure members:

Expression What is evaluated Equivalent

 FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY
Department Of Software Engineering

a.b Member b of object a

a->b Member b of object pointed by a (*a).b
*a.b Value pointed by member b of object a *(a.b)

Nesting structures

Structures can also be nested so that a valid element of a structure can also be another
structure.

struct Movies {
string title;
int year;
};

struct Friends {
string name;
string email;
Movies favorite_movie;
};

Friends charlie, maria;

After the previous declaration we could use any of the following expressions:

charlie.name
maria.favorite_movie.title
charlie.favorite_movie.year
 FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY
Department Of Software Engineering

LAB TASKS

Task # 01

Write C++ code fragments for the following.

1. Declare a structure Time with fields hour, minute and second.

2. Declare a variable of type Time.

3. Declare a variable of type Time, a pointer to Time and an array of 10 Times. Assign the
address of the variable to the pointer.

4. Using pointer variable set the value of hour to 5, minute to 10 and second to 50.

5. Declare a structure Date. Declare another structure Project with fields: ID, startDate and
endDate. (Use nested structures).
 FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY
Department Of Software Engineering

6. How would you call the function void printTime(Time *) ?

Task # 02

Write a complete C++ program with the following features.

a. Declare a structure Point with two integer members x and y .

b. Define a function getInput(),which accepts a Point by reference.
Get user input for a Point in this function.
c. Define a function addPoints(), which accepts two Points p1 and
p2. The function adds their respective members, and returns a Point
which is the sum of two. For example if one point is (2,3), the other is
(4,5), the function sh ould return a Point (6,8).
d. In the main(), declare two variables of ty pe Point. Call the functio n
getInput() twice to get th e values of these Points from user. Add the
two Points using the function addPoints() and display the x and y
values o f the result returned by the function.

Task # 03

i. Declare a structure Rectangle with two Points as its members,

the top left and the bottom right.
ii. Declare a variable o f type Rectangle and get user input for the
two points.
iii. Define a function computeArea() which accepts a Rectangle
and returns its area.
iv. Display the area of th e Rectangle in the main().