Reading and Writing Week 1 2
Reading and Writing Week 1 2
Reading and Writing Week 1 2
SHS
READING
AND WRITING 11
3
LESSON TITLE:
_______________________________________________________
“If you are not willing to learn, no one can help you. If you are determined to learn,
no one can stop you, because education is for improving the lives of others and for
leaving your community and the world better than you found it”, (Edelman, 2010).
This Learning Kit is devised to aid and guide the Senior High School learners in
the mastery of the most essential learning competency needed for the completion of the
subject Reading and Writing.
In this lesson you will be familiarized with the different patterns of development,
wherein you can develop your paragraph to whatever pattern that suits your writing
purpose. These patterns of development include narration, description, exemplification,
definition, comparison and contrast, classification and division, cause and effect and
process analysis.
This will be used for the 3rd quarter of the second semester period. It is advised
that you, as learners, should diligently do your part in understanding and learning this
module and comply with the necessary activities required by this learning approach.
You have 3 hours or 1-week learning session to accomplish this module as
scheduled in the Weekly Home Learning Plan. Be reminded NOT TO WRITE
ANYTHING in this module, instead use a separate work sheet or activity notebook in
answering the required activities.
Happy learning!
Developed by:
Reviewers:
Administrators:
JORGE M. REINANTE, CSEE, CEO VI, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
NESTOR C. HERAÑA, CESO VI
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
MARIA SALOME R. ABERO
Chief Education Supervisor, Curriculum & Implementation Division
2
Ass.
Division
Activity Proper
• Recall your story for the past five months since the pandemic came across the
world.
• What experiences and insights did you gain from this situation?
• After the quarantine period, share when was the first time you came out of your
home. Supply the information needed below based on what you have
experienced.
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
What is this? Why does it matter?
4
reader that a particular pattern is being used, and you will need to make conscious
decisions about which strategies best develop your ideas.
Patterns of development are simply the logical ways to organize an entire text or
individual paragraphs and sections of a written text. Along the patterns of development
are:
• Narration
• Description
• Exemplification
• Definition
• Compare and Contrast
• Classification and Division
• Cause and Effect
• Process Analysis
Remember that writers are very careful to structure their texts for both connecting
to the audience and meeting a specific purpose because recognizing patterns of
development helps you analyse a text and how the individual or constituent parts fit
together.
Example:
A part of paragraph written in The Day the Dancers Came, by Bienvenido N. Santos
reflects a narration of events in introducing the story.
As soon as Fil woke up, he noticed a whiteness outside, quite unusual for the
November mornings they had been having. The fall, Chicago was sandman’s town,
sleepy valley, drowsy, grey, slumbered mistiness from sunup till noon when the
clouds drifted away in cauliflower cluster and suddenly it was evening. The lights
shone on the avenues like soiled lamps centuries old and skyscrapers became
monsters with a thousand sore eyes.
5
In the example, the story is introduced by a narration of events that happened from
the time Fil woke up from bed and narrates how the day started until it finished in the
evening.
2. Description means to tell what something is like such as describing the damage done
by pollution to a river, lake, forest, etc. A good description will revolve around a
“dominant impression.” It is used to establish mood or atmosphere. The clear and
vivid description can make writing more persuasive by making it easier for readers to
empathize with the writer, their subject, or their thesis.
Example:
In the story of Manuel E. Arguilla, “How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife”, the
story opened with a simple but direct and quite pictorial description of Maria.
She stepped down from the carretela of Ca Celin with a quick, delicate grace. She
was lovely. She was tall. She looked up to my brother with a smile, and her forehead
was on a level with his mouth.
…Her nails were long, but they were not painted. She was fragrant like a morning
when papayas are in bloom. And a small dimple appeared momently high on her
right cheek.
In the example, all the descriptions sprang from Maria. Baldo, Leon’s younger
brother, see things only as Maria’s periphery. The descriptive flow is based on whatever
Maria looks at, touches, or whatever comes near her. It all points out how Baldo
described Maria in their first meeting.
3. Exemplification means that a generalization is supported by specific instances and
provides a series of examples – facts, specific causes, or instances – to turn a
general idea into a concrete one. It might also be one extended example or a series
of related ones. These are some signal words for exemplification: such as, for
instance, for example, which includes, specifically, namely and many more.
Example:
In the following paragraph, look into the different examples of dogs as defined by the
American Kennel Club and suggested by the Philippine Animal Welfare Society (PAWS).
Dogs are domesticated animals that have been living with humans for
generations. Dogs can be classified, in a number of different ways. For instance,
they can be classified by breed. Examples of different breeds includes beagles,
basset hounds, poodles and countless others including askals, and aspins. They can
also be classified by their role in the lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet such as poodle and golden retriever, working
dogs specifically the K9 Dogs of the Police, a show dog like Maltese and
Pomeranian Dogs, or a hunting dog such as hounds, terriers etc. In many cases,
dogs are defined both by their breed and their roles.
6
The given paragraph tells us the different examples of dogs, their classification as
defined by their breed, and the different roles of these dogs to their owners.
4. Definition means to explain what something is. It lays the foundation for establishing
a common ground or language for the speaker and the audience.
Example:
Defining a term is often the first step in a debate or disagreement. In some cases,
definition is only a paragraph or two that clarifies terms, but in other cases, the purpose
of an entire essay is to establish a definition. In Jane Howard’s essay “In Search of the
Good Family” (p. 283), she explores the meaning of family, a common enough term, yet
one she redefines. She opens by identifying similar terms: “Call it a clan, call it a
network, call it a tribe, and call it a family.” She contrasts the traditional “blood family”
with “new families that consist of friends of the road, ascribed by chance, or friends of
the heart, achieved by choice.” She develops her essay by first establishing the need
we all have for a network of “kin” who may or may not be blood relatives. Then she
analyses ten characteristics that define a family. Here is one:
Good families prize their rituals. Nothing welds a family more than these. Rituals
are vital especially for clans without histories because they evoke a past, imply a
future, and hint at continuity. No line in the Seder service at Passover reassures
more than the last: “Next year in Jerusalem!” A clan becomes more of a clan each
time it gathers to observe a fixed ritual (Christmas, birthdays, Thanksgiving, and so
on), grieves at a funeral (anyone may come to most funerals; those who do declare
their tribalness), and devises a new rite of its own. Equinox breakfasts can be at
least as welding as Memorial Day parades. Several of my colleagues and I used to
meet for lunch every Pearl Harbor Day, preferably to eat some politically neutral fare
like smorgasbord, to “forgive” our only ancestrally Japanese friend, Irene Kubota
Neves.
For that and other things we became, and remain, a sort of family.
In the example, Howard explains the purpose of rituals in her opening paragraph
and then provides specific examples to explain what she means by rituals. She offers
such a variety of them that her readers cannot fail to understand the flexibility and
openness she associates with her definition of family.
5. Compare and Contrast is juxtaposing two things to highlight their similarities and
differences. Comparison means to identify the ways in which two “different” items
are similar which uses different signal words such similarly, in the same manner, in
the same way, and likewise, to name a few. Contrast means to identify the ways in
which two “similar” items are different which uses signal words like in contrast, on
the other hand, while, however, yet, but, etc.
Example:
In the following excerpt from “Walking the Path between Worlds” (p. 300), Lori
Arviso Alvord compares and contrasts the landscape and culture of her home in the
Southwest with that of New England and Dartmouth College:
7
My memories of my arrival in Hanover, New Hampshire, are mostly of the color
green. Green cloaked the hillsides, crawled up the ivied walls, and was reflected in
the river where the Dartmouth crew students sculled. For a girl who had never been
far from Crownpoint, New Mexico, the green felt incredibly juicy, lush, beautiful, and
threatening. Crownpoint had had vast acreage of sky and sand, but aside from the
pastel scrub brush, mesquite, and chamiso, practically the only growing things there
were the tiny stunted pines called pinion trees. Yet it is beautiful; you can see the
edges and contours of red earth stretching all the way to the box shaped faraway
cliffs and the horizon. No horizon was in sight in Hanover, only trees. I felt
claustrophobic.
If the physical contrasts were striking, the cultural ones were even more so.
Although I felt lucky to be there, I was in complete culture shock. I thought people
talked too much, laughed too loud, asked too many personal questions, and had no
respect for privacy. They seemed overly competitive and put a higher value on
material wealth than I was used to. Navajos placed much more emphasis on a
person’s relations to family, clan, tribe, and the other inhabitants of the earth, both
human and nonhuman, than on possessions. Everyone at home followed unwritten
codes for behavior. We were taught to be humble and not to draw attention to
ourselves, to favor cooperation over competition (so as not to make ourselves “look
better” at another’s expense or hurt someone’s feelings), to value silence over words,
to respect our elders, and to reserve our opinions until they were asked for.
In the first paragraph of the given example, Arviso emphasizes the physical details of
the landscape, so her comparison and contrast relies on description. In the second
paragraph, she is more analytical as she examines the behavior of the people. Although
she does not make a judgment directly, in both paragraphs she leads her readers to
understand her conclusion that her New Mexico home — the landscape and its
inhabitants — is what she prefers.
6. Classification and Division means to sort items in order to group together those with
similar characteristics and to distinguish them from those with different
characteristics. It is used to find a distinctive way to break down a larger idea or
concept into parts.
Example:
In Amy Tan’s essay “Mother Tongue” (p.542) she classifies the “Englishes” she
speaks into categories of public and private spheres:
Recently, I was made keenly aware of the different Englishes I do use. I was
giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I had already given to half a
dozen other groups. The nature of the talk was about my writing, my life, and my
book, “The Joy Luck Club”. The talk was going along well enough, until I
remembered one major difference that made the whole talk sound wrong. My
mother was in the room. And it was perhaps the first time she had heard me give a
lengthy speech, using the kind of English I have never used with her. I was saying
things like “The intersection of memory upon imagination” and “There is an aspect
of my fiction that related to this and thus” — speech filled with carefully wrought
grammatical phrases, burdened, it suddenly seemed to me, with nominalized
forms, past perfect tenses,
8
conditional phrases, all the forms of standard English that I had learned in school
and through books, the forms of English I did not use at home with my mother. Just
last week, I was walking down the street with my mother, and I again found myself
conscious of the English I was using, the English I do use with her. We were talking
about the price of new and used furniture and I heard myself saying this: “Not waste
money that way.” My husband was with us as well, and he didn’t notice any switch in
my Englishes. And then I realized why. It’s because over the twenty years we’ve
been together I’ve often used that same kind of English with him, and sometimes he
even uses it with me. It has become our language of intimacy, a different sort of
English that related to family talk, the language I grew up with.
In the example, Tan does not start out by identifying two categories, but as she
describes them, she classifies her “Englishes” as the English she learned in school and
in books and the language of intimacy she learned at home.
7. Cause and Effect means to find the reason that produced a certain result or to
identify the results produced by a certain phenomenon. Analysing the causes that
lead to a certain effect or, conversely, the effects that result from a cause is a
powerful foundation for argument. Transitional words to indicate cause and effect are
as a result, consequently, for this reason, therefore, to name a few.
Example:
“Harmful Effects of Man’s Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem” is published in
Google in 2016 as an editorial about Kaingin System. A portion of the article is
emphasizing that a denuded forest is the result of man’s interference with nature.
Some farmers of our country practice the burn type of agricultural purposes.
Destruction of forest and wooded areas through Kaingin System and fires have
deprived birds of their nesting places. Animal’s habitat was destroyed, thus it
endangered wild animals. Soil erosion happened. When higher places become
denuded, this may result to landslide.
The example tells about the people’s unfavourable actions which result to the
destruction of the environment and that the ruining of the environment is caused by
man’s irresponsible interferences.
Example:
In the essay “Transsexual Frogs” (p. 655), Elizabeth Royte uses process analysis to
explain the research of Tyrone Hayes, a biologist at the University of California at
Berkeley investigating the impact of the pesticide atrazine.
9
The next summer, Hayes headed into the field. He loaded a refrigerated 18-
wheel truck with 500 half-gallon buckets and drove east, followed by his students.
He parked near an Indiana farm, a Wyoming river, and a Utah pond, filled his
buckets with 18,000 pounds of water, and then turned his rig back toward Berkeley.
He thawed the frozen water, poured it into hundreds of individual tanks, and
dropped in thousands of leopard-frog eggs collected en route. To find out if frogs in
the wild showed hermaphroditism, Hayes dissected juveniles from numerous sites.
To see if frogs were vulnerable as adults, and if the effects were reversible, he
exposed them to atrazine at different stages of their development.
In this example, Royte explains how something was done, that is, the actual
physical journey that Hayes took when he “headed into the field”: he travelled from
California to Indiana, Wyoming, Utah, and back to California. The verbs themselves
emphasize the process of his work: he “loaded,” “parked,” “filled,”
“turned . . . back”, “thawed”, “poured” and “dropped.”
10
___________________ 1. The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an
infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new strain of
virus first detected in Wuhan, China in 2019.
___________________ 2. The foods packed for the frontliners are great tasting,
made with love dishes, and appetizingly prepared.
___________________ 3. Due to this pandemic, many frontliners cannot easily
prepare their own foods or provide their own need. That
is
the reason why many volunteers and private entities are
freely extending their help such as giving foods to eat,
providing goods to use and funding them some medical
supplies.
___________________ 4. Baking and sharing foods have become my favorite
tradition during the quarantine period.
___________________ 5. COVID-19, an infectious and deadly disease, is
distinctively dangerous than those of other SARS-CoV-2
infections.
The methods of development are tools for achieving your purpose in writing,
whatever that purpose may be. They can help you discover what you know, what you
need to know, how to think critically about your subject, and how to shape your writing.
12
RUBRIC
Content 10 7 5
(10 pts.)
Organization 5 3 1
(5 pts.) The The The organization
organization organization does not
showcases the moderately showcase any
central thought. showcases the thought at all.
central thought.
Style 5 3 1
(5 pts.) The writer The writer The writer does
demonstrates a moderately not demonstrate
good grasp of demonstrates a any standard
standard writing good grasp of writing
conventions. standard writing conventions at
conventions. all.
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What are your experiences during the quarantine period?
2. What are the changes it gave you during your confinement?
3. Compare and contrast your life before this pandemic and your life at the moment.
4. Based on your experience, what more can we expect from this “New Normal” of
living?
5. In your own little way as a student, how can you help in the process of recovering
from the pandemic in your own locality?
13
Assessment 1
Directions: Write a paragraph in not less done five sentences using any pattern of
paragraph development you learned in this module. Choose one of the writing
tasks listed below based on your strand. Be guided by the rubric in page 13.
Writing Task 1 for HUMSS/GAS: You are the editor-in-chief of your school’s
publication. Write an introductory paragraph about COVID-19 pandemic for a special
edition paper.
Writing Task 2 for ABM: You are one of the business proprietors at your school’s on
going Business Expo. An interested customer sent you an e-mail asking about the
different types of products you sell. Respond to the e-mail indicating the classification of
your products. To encourage your customer to avail, your message must contain the
product’s category, specific features and prices.
Writing Task 3 for STEM: You are going to compete in a Science Investigatory Project
presentation in your school. Write a paragraph regarding the background of your project.
Writing Task 4 for HE: You are going to compete in a cooking contest in your school.
Write a paragraph describing your dish.
Writing Task 5 for EIM/ICT: You are tasked to orient your fellow learners in your school
about the safety protocols in the use of appliances/ computer sets in the classroom.
Write a paragraph explaining your topic.
Assessment 2
People love to travel to places that give them peace of mind and contentment in
life. I am sure you, too, have a travel story to tell. So, in order to know more about your
travel experiences and adventures, try to share your story by writing an essay. Make
sure you use the patterns learned in this learning kit. Read more information about this
activity in the box below. Write your answer on a separate work sheet. Follow the same
rubric in your previous activity as your guide.
DO THE ACTIVITY
You are a writer of a travel magazine. You were asked to write a travel
article that talks about a beautiful place located in your own locality or
neighboring places you have visited already. For example, the “Katayagan”
View Deck of Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur. Your task is to write a descriptive paragraph
in not less done five sentences to advertise the place of your choice.
14
Activity Sheet in Reading and Writing Skills
SLK 1, Week 1 and 2
Name:_______________________Grade &
Section:___________
Date: ____________ Parent’s Signature_______ Score:________
Write your answers on this activity sheet. Instructions are stipulated in the
module.
Motivation (Page 3)
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
2.___________________________________
Explanation:
3.___________________________________
Explation
4.___________________________________
Explanation
15
5.___________________________________
Explanation
Application (Page 13)
16
Assessment 2 (Page 14)
8:00 – 9:00 Wake up, make up your bed, eat breakfast and get ready for an awesome day!
17
for the purpose of For week 2, do the following
writing; and activities:
4. understand the 5. Write a paragraph composed
nature of patterns least five sentences narrating
of written texts. experiences amidst the pande
Use the guide questions to cons
your sentences. (Page 13)
6. Write a paragraph in not less
five sentences using any patte
paragraph development you lea
in this module. Choose one o
writing tasks listed as options b
on your strand. (Page 14)
7. Write a descriptive paragrap
not less done five sentence
advertise the place of your ch
(Page 14)