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    CH 1 B Steps in Social Research

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    ABDUL SHAFI
    The document outlines the typical steps involved in conducting social research: 1) selecting a research problem, 2) reviewing related literature, 3) formulating research objectives, 4) devising hypotheses, 5) designing the methodology, 6) determining sampling procedures, 7) collecting data, 8) analyzing and interpreting data, 9) testing hypotheses, 10) deriving findings and conclusions, and 11) writing a report. Key aspects of these steps include narrowing a broad topic into a specific research problem, identifying gaps in previous work, developing testable hypotheses, and compiling research results into a written report.

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    CH 1 B Steps in Social Research

    Uploaded by

    ABDUL SHAFI
    49 views4 pages
    The document outlines the typical steps involved in conducting social research: 1) selecting a research problem, 2) reviewing related literature, 3) formulating research objectives, 4) devising hypotheses, 5) designing the methodology, 6) determining sampling procedures, 7) collecting data, 8) analyzing and interpreting data, 9) testing hypotheses, 10) deriving findings and conclusions, and 11) writing a report. Key aspects of these steps include narrowing a broad topic into a specific research problem, identifying gaps in previous work, developing testable hypotheses, and compiling research results into a written report.

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    The document outlines the typical steps involved in conducting social research: 1) selecting a research problem, 2) reviewing related literature, 3) formulating research objectives, 4) devising hypotheses, 5) designing the methodology, 6) determining sampling procedures, 7) collecting data, 8) analyzing and interpreting data, 9) testing hypotheses, 10) deriving findings and conclusions, and 11) writing a report. Key aspects of these steps include narrowing a broad topic into a specific research problem, identifying gaps in previous work, developing testable hypotheses, and compiling research results into a written report.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    49 views4 pages

    CH 1 B Steps in Social Research

    Uploaded by

    ABDUL SHAFI
    The document outlines the typical steps involved in conducting social research: 1) selecting a research problem, 2) reviewing related literature, 3) formulating research objectives, 4) devising hypotheses, 5) designing the methodology, 6) determining sampling procedures, 7) collecting data, 8) analyzing and interpreting data, 9) testing hypotheses, 10) deriving findings and conclusions, and 11) writing a report. Key aspects of these steps include narrowing a broad topic into a specific research problem, identifying gaps in previous work, developing testable hypotheses, and compiling research results into a written report.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Steps in Social Research

    A social research is a systematic procedure to seek explanation to unexplained social phenomena


    to clarify the doubtful and misconceived facts. A research is a scientific process to discover new
    facts and verify old facts in attempt to explain causal relationship of a phenomenon. Research is
    aimed at generating concepts, theories and reliable explanations.

    A social research involves the following steps.


    1. Selection of Research Problem
    2. Review of Related Literature
    3. Formulation of Research Objectives
    4. Devising Hypotheses
    5. Making the Research Design - methodology
    6. Sampling procedure
    7. Data Collection
    8. Data Analysis and Interpretation
    9. Hypotheses Testing
    10. Deriving Øndings, conclusion and suggestions
    11. Report Writing

    Selection of Research Problem


    Research problem is simply the topic of the research. Selection of research problem involves
    selecting a broad area and then narrowing it down to a specific topic. For example, a research
    may select a broad area for his research such as Domestic Violence. He split this broad area into
    sub-areas to select one sub-area from them as a topic for his research. For instance, the broad
    area ‘Domestic Violence’ is split into following sub-areas:
    Cause of Domestic Violence
    Impact of Domestic Violence on Family
    Impacts of Domestic Violence on Children
    Services available to victims of Domestic Violence
    Extent of Domestic Violence in a Society
    One of the above sub-areas is selected as a research topic. The purpose of narrowing down the
    broad area in to sub-areas is to select a specific and manageable topic for the research.

    Review of Related Literature


    The next step is to study available literature on the topic – all the previously done work on the
    topic including research thesis, research papers, books, reports and publications. The purpose of
    reviewing the related literature is:
    To understand various aspect of the topic – required for conducting the research.
    To understand the nature of work done on the topic
    To identify research gaps – those areas which have not been explored by others
    To make a theoretical background for the study – as it is added as a chapter to your Ønal report.

    Formulation of Research Objectives


    Objectives are aims that you want to explore in the research. The simple way to make objectives
    is to first make questions that what do you want to explore about the topic and then convert these
    questions into objectives.
    For example, you select ‘Impact of Domestic Violence on Children’ as your research topic.
    You can raise the following question about this topic.

    What is the impact of DV on the emotional development of a child?


    How DV affects the child’s academic performance?
    What are the effects of DV on child physical health?
    How DV inÙuences the social behavior of children?

    Now, convert the above question into objective by using action-oriented words (e.g. to
    explore, to investigate, to know etc) as follows:
    To understand the impact of DV on the emotional development of a child.
    To examine the inÙuence of DV on the child’s academic performance.
    To know various effects of DV on child’s physical health.
    To explore the impact of DV on the child’s social behavior.

    Devising Hypotheses
    A hypothesis is a testable assumption showing a relationship among certain variables. It can be a
    false or true statement. It is put to test in the research to check its authenticity. Hypothesis is a
    logical relationship and is relevant to the theme of the research. It becomes a base for the
    research. It specifies the focus of the research. It makes it easier for the researcher to carry on the
    research to generate productive findings. The examples of hypothesis are as follows:
    Higher the illiteracy in a society, higher will be the poverty.
    Higher the poverty in a society, higher will be the crime rate.
    Higher the illiteracy in a society, higher would be the discrimination against women.

    Making Research Design


    The research design is a plan for a research. It outlines the methods and procedures used in the
    research. It tells how the researcher wants to conduct the research. It includes the following:
    Which methodology will be used? - e.g. quantitative or qualitative method
    Which tool of data collection will be used? - e.g. questionnaire, interview, or observation
    Who will be the respondents and how many respondents?
    How will be the collected data analyzed? - e.g. software, manual, graphs, tables etc.
    Which test will be used to verify hypothesis or other facts? – e.g. chi-square test etc
    A research may also mention other considerations of research in the research design such as
    description of the geographical area of research, ethical considerations and variables of the study.
    Research design keeps the researcher on tract during the research.

    Sampling Procedure
    Sampling means to select a part of population for study. It is difficult for a researcher to study all
    the population of an area due to limited resources – time, money and energy. Hence, a part of the
    population is selected for research study. The number of total respondents for a sample is known
    as sample-size. The sample size can vary depending upon your study.
    Sampling procedure means how to select respondents from population to make a sample which is
    true representative of the entire population. There are various sample procedures such as random
    sampling, stratified sampling, purposive sampling, probability sampling, non-probability
    sampling and so on. The sampling procedure and sample sized is always mentioned in the
    research design.

    Data Collection
    Data collection is an important phase of the research. The data is collected for deriving findings,
    results and theories. There are two types of data: primary data and secondary data.
    Primary data: It is the data which is collected for the first time by the researcher from
    respondents. The research has to visit the respondents and collect data from them using his
    selected tool of data collection, e.g. a questionnaire, interview or observation etc. It requires a lot
    of fieldwork activity.
    Secondary data: It is the data which has already been collected by others and is available in the
    form of books, reports, papers, websites, magazine, encyclopedias and so on. Such a data is
    called secondary data.

    Data Analysis and Interpretation


    The collected data is properly analyzed to generate findings. Data analysis involves data editing,
    data coding, data classification, measurement and interpretation. Data editing means to check
    the collected data for errors or missing information and correct it accordingly. Data coding
    means to scale the variables in the data so that they can be measured. Various scaling methods
    may be used, such as nominal scale, ordinal scale or interval scale.
    The data is classified on the basis of relevancy and is presented in the forms of tables, graphs,
    charts, diagram or texts so that it can be easily analysed by the researcher. The data may also
    be statistically measured with the help assigned scales. The researcher analyse the data to extract
    the important findings from the data.
    Hypothesis Testing
    The hypothesis of the research is tested in the light of analysed data. For example, the hypothesis
    ‘Higher the poverty in a society, higher will be the crime rate’.
    The relationship of poverty and crime rate in the analysed data will either verify or reject this
    hypothesis. Similarly, the researcher may use some test to test the hypothesis such as chi-square
    test.

    Deriving findings, conclusion and suggestions


    Data analysis generates findings of the study. The research has to derive conclusion and
    suggestions on the basis of the finding the study. The conclusion is usually a summary of the
    findings which include only the most significant findings. The research has to devise some
    suggestions or recommendations, in the light of findings, to the audience of the research report –
    e.g. to government, to the community, to a specific section of society.

    Report Writing
    After conducting a research, all the details of the research (e.g. basic concepts, literature studied,
    methodology, findings, suggestions etc) are compiled into a research report. The purpose of
    writing the research report is to record your work as well as to present your work in written form
    to the audience. The widely accepted format for writing a research report is as follows:
    1. PRELIMINARY PAGES
    ▪ Title Page
    ▪ Abstract
    ▪ Table of contents
    2. MAIN BODY
    Chapter 1 - Introduction
    Chapter 2 – Literature Review
    Chapter 3 – Research Design
    Chapter 4 – Data Analysis and Interpretation
    Chapter 5 – Findings and Suggestions
    3. CLOSING PAGES
    ▪ Bibliography / References

    REFERENCES
    Retrieved from
    https://www.studyandexam.com/research-steps.html

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