Topic 7 Momentum Equations
Topic 7 Momentum Equations
Topic 7 Momentum Equations
• The analysis of forces on vanes and pipe bends, the thrust produced
by a rocket or turbojet, and torque produced by a hydraulic turbine
are all examples of the application of the momentum equation.
Momentum Equation: Derivation [1]
• When forces act on a particle, the particle accelerates according to Newton’s 2nd
law of motion:
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 (7.1)
• If the flow crossing the control surface occurs through a series of inlet
and outlet ports and if the velocity v is uniformly distributed across
each port, then Eq. (6), becomes:
Momentum Equation: Derivation (cont’d.)
𝑑
𝐹 = න ρ𝑣𝑑𝑉 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖 (7.7)
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑠
• The three components of Eq. (7) for the Cartesian coordinate (x, y, z) system are:
𝑑
𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐹𝑥 = න ρ𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑥 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑥 (7.8a)
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑠
𝑑 (7.8b)
𝑦 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐹𝑦 = න ρ𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑦 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑠
𝑑 (7.8c)
𝑧 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐹𝑧 = න ρ𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑧 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣
𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑠
• When velocity v varies across the control surface, the general form of the momentum equation,
Eq. (6), must always be used.
Momentum Accumulation [1]
𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑖 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑗
𝑐𝑠
• and
𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑗
𝑐𝑠
• Hence:
Answer: 7.56 N
Fig. 7.2. Illustration for
Sample prob. 7.1.
Sample problem 7.1 [2] Solution
1. The control volume is shown:
2. From the force diagram, the force on the control surface exerted by the beam is chosen
as downward (negative) with magnitude Fb. The weight acts downward. Also, there is
no pressure force at the nozzle exit plane because its pressure is atmospheric.
Sample problem 7.1 [3] Solution
3. The momentum diagram shows only one momentum outflow and no inflow.
𝑑
4. Momentum equation in the y-direction: σ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑣𝑐ρ𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑉 + σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑦 − σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑦
5. Sum of forces: σ 𝐹𝑦 = −𝐹𝑏 − 𝑊 = − 𝐹𝑏 − 𝑚𝑔
6. Evaluation of momentum terms:
𝑑
Accumulation term, 𝑑𝑡 𝑣𝑐ρ𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑉 = 0
No inflow: σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 0
Outflow: σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑦 = 𝑚ሶ −𝑣 = −ρ 𝐴 𝑣 2
7. Force on beam: −𝐹𝑏 − 𝑚𝑔 = −ρ 𝐴 𝑣 2
2 2
𝑘𝑔 𝜋 0.01 𝑚 𝑚
𝐹𝑏 = ρ 𝐴 𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0.5 3 𝑥 𝑚2 𝑥 450 2 2 − 0.04 𝑘𝑔 9.81
𝑚 4 𝑠 𝑠2
𝑭𝒃 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟔 𝑵
Sample problem 7. 2: Concrete flowing into
cart [1]
• As shown in the sketch, concrete flows into a cart sitting on a scale. The stream
of concrete has a density of ρ = 150 lbm/ft^3, an area of A = 1 ft^2, and a speed
of V = 10 ft/s. At the instant shown, the weight of the cart plus the concrete is
800 lbf. Determine the tension in the cable and the weight recorded by the
scale. Assume steady flow.
(2) Force diagram shows the tension in the cable and the weight on the
scale.
(3) Momentum diagram shows only an inflow of momentum. Velocity of
the concrete in the tank is neglected.
Sample problem 7.2 [3] Solution
(4) Component momentum equations:
𝑑
x direction: σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑣𝑐ρ𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑉 + σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑥 − σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑥 (a)
𝑑
z direction: 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑣𝑐ρ𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑉 + σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑧 − σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑧
σ (b)
𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠60°
ሶ = ρ𝐴𝑣 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠60°
𝑐𝑠
• Force diagram shows force due to pressure and force from flange.
• Momentum diagram shows a momentum inflow and outflow.
Sample prob. 7.3 [3] Solution
• Application of the Bernoulli equation between sections 1 and 2.
1 1
• 𝑝1 + γ𝑧1 + ρ𝑣12 = 𝑝2 + γ𝑧2 + ρ𝑣22
2 2
• Set 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 .
• Set 𝑝2 = 0 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 and 𝑝1 = 105 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 3.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒
1 1
• The Bernoulli equation simplifies to 𝑝1 + 2 ρ𝑣12 = 𝑝2 + 2 ρ𝑣22
• From the continuity equation, 𝑣1 𝐴1 = 𝑣2 𝐴2 ; 𝑣1 𝑑12 = 𝑣2 𝑑22
• Substitute into the Bernoulli equation and solve for 𝑣2 (exit velocity):
2𝑝1 2 𝑥 3.7 𝑥 1000 𝑃𝑎 𝒎
• 𝑣2 = 4 = 𝑘𝑔 4 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟗
ρ 1−(𝑑2 Τ𝑑1 ) 1.22 3 1−(10Τ60) 𝒔
𝑚
Sample prob. 7.3 [4] Solution
2
𝑑2 𝑚 1 2 𝑚
• Inlet velocity is: 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 77.9 𝑥 = 2.16
𝑑1 𝑠 6 𝑠
𝑑
• Momentum equation: σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑣𝑐ρ𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑉 + σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑥 − σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑥
• Sum of forces in x-direction: σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 + 𝑝1 𝐴1
• Term-by-term evaluation of momentum terms:
• Accumulation term: Flow is steady.
• Momentum outflux with one outflow at section 2: σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣
ሶ 2
• Momentum influx with one inflow at section 1: σ𝑐𝑠 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣
ሶ 1
Sample prob. 7.3 [5] Solution
• Force on flange:
• 𝐹 + 𝑝1 𝐴1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
• 𝐹 = ρ𝐴1 𝑣1 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 − 𝑝1 𝐴1
𝑘𝑔 π 𝑚 𝑁 π
• 𝐹 = 1.22 𝑚3 (0.06 𝑚)2 𝑥 77.9 − 2.16 − 3.7 𝑥 1000 𝑚2 𝑥 (0.06 𝑚)2
4 𝑠 4
• 𝐹 = 0.564 𝑁 − 10.46 𝑁 = −𝟗. 𝟗𝟎 𝐍
• Because F is negative, the direction is opposite to the direction assumed on the force
diagram. Hence, the force on the control surface acts in the negative x-direction, but
the force on the flange will be in the positive direction.
• 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟎 𝑵
• The tension in the bolts holding the flange will be increased.
Sample problem 7. 4: Water deflected by
vane [1]
• A water jet is deflected 60° by a stationary vane as shown in the
figure. The incoming jet has a speed of 100 ft/s and a diameter of 1
in. Find the force exerted by the jet on the vane. Neglect the influence
of gravity.
• A 1 m–diameter pipe bend shown in the diagram is carrying crude oil (S = 0.94)
with a steady flow rate of 2 mm/s. The bend has an angle of 30° and lies in a
horizontal plane. The volume of oil in the bend is 1.2 mm, and the empty weight
of the bend is 4 kN. Assume the pressure along the centerline of the bend is
constant with a value of 75 kPa gage. Find the net force required to hold the bend
in place.
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Sample prob. 7.5 [3]
• SOLUTION:
• Refer to Example 6.6 of Chapter 6 from
Crowe & Elger (2009).
Topics not discussed:
• Water Hammer
• Moment-of-Momentum Equations
• Navier-Stokes Equation
Thank you.
• Source:
• Crowe, et al. (2009). “Chapter 6: Momentum Equation”, in
Engineering Fluid Mechanics 9th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.