An Advanced Energy Efficient and High Performance Routing Protocol For MANET in 5G
An Advanced Energy Efficient and High Performance Routing Protocol For MANET in 5G
An Advanced Energy Efficient and High Performance Routing Protocol For MANET in 5G
Abstract—Nowadays, mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are different from previous generations, 5G will be the
applied in various aspects such as rescue, military, medical unified technology system that supports a much larger
applications and smart cities. Also, they are expected to be so and more diverse set of devices. Moreover, 5G will need
popular in 5G as they possess intrinsic and advanced features of to be able to increase data transfer rate, reduce latency
the future communication technology. A MANET in 5G will be
and energy efficiency.
a radio system aimed at extremely high data rate, low latency,
lower energy and cost. To support this, routing protocols in the
MANETs in 5G can reach unprecedented levels of
MANET must be flexible, energy-efficient and highly flexibility and intelligence than ever. Fig. 1 illustrates an
performance achievable. In addition, increasing the network example of a complicated and powerful MANETs with
lifetime has recently become a mandatory requirement in design rich multimedia applications.
of any routing protocol for MANETs. In this paper, we propose Fortunately, important results established for
a new energy-efficient and high performance routing protocol traditional MANETs can be extended to MANETs in 5G
extended from AODV to meet the above requirements. We [12]. In this work, we extend a well-known routing
equip the new protocol with a novel powerful costing function protocol, named ad-hoc on-demand distance vector
that is able to select high throughput, lower energy-consumed
(AODV for short), to obtain a new energy-efficient and
and longer lasting routes for data transmission. The simulation
results will prove this assertion.
high performance routing protocol for MANETs in 5G.
Our new routing protocol has two stages: route
Index Terms—Routing protocol, energy saving, AODV, discovery and route maintenance. We modify the route
MANET, 5G
discovery procedure so that nodes’ energy-related
information can be collected in this stage. There are two
kinds of information that each node has to provide, those
I. INTRODUCTION
are: the total remaining energy and the estimated energy-
Energy savings are now a mandatory demand of most consumed rate. We form routing metrics to represent the
aspects of information and communications. This information, and then use these metrics as an input to
requirement has a significant impact on the design of new define a cost function for a given route. The cost function
wireless communication systems. It also requires knows about the total energy consumed by all nodes in a
improvement in existing ones [1], [2]. Mobile Ad-hoc route. It can also know about the number of hops (i.e.
Networks (MANETs) was born in the 1970s as a type of hop-count) and the node with the lowest remaining
wireless networks to exchange data very conveniently. energy. As a result, the cost function can select
Indeed, MANETs have advanced features such as, self- appropriate routes among candidates. The selected routes
organization and self-configuration that support low cost will be high throughput, lower energy-consumed and
network connection without using predefined longer lasting routes for data transmission.
infrastructure [3].
In recent years, MANETs has a number of real II. RELATED WORK
applications for people in areas such as healthcare [4],
In the last few years, the field of energy efficiency and
rescue, disaster recovery [5], entertainment [6], military
performance improvement in MANETs has been studied
[7], smart traffic [8], [9]. In addition, MANETs can also
and achieved several positive results. We may summarize
be used in the many other areas, as indicated in [10].
main approaches to this area as follows:
Therefore, it promises an important contribution to the
Approach towards the use of mobile agents [13], the
development of future Internet.
authors proposed a load distribution algorithm, namely
The next generation (5G) of mobile ad-hoc networks is
MAR-AODV (Mobile Agent – AODV), as a modified
shaping up and is expected to become a main
Ad-hoc on demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol
communication technology of the Internet. In [11],
which uses mobile agents to improve the performance of
MANETs. The focus of this study is a method to select
Manuscript received March 25, 2018; revised November 25, 2018. the route that can ensure the load balancing traffic in a
Corresponding author email: [email protected] network.
doi:10.12720/jcm.13.12.743-749
The simulation results show that the probability A very recent approach to improving MANETs
congestion of MAR-AODV is lower than that one of performance is to use multi-parameter cost functions to
AODV protocol. Particular, in [14] the authors proposed calculate and make the decision to choose the route is
an on-demand routing protocol for 5G MANETs, named currently of special interest to researchers for data
A_WCETT (Advance Weighted Cumulative Expected transmission. In [15], authors propose a multi-metric
Transmission Time), improved from AODV. This routing protocol with a cost function based on a set of
protocol works on multi-channel radio environments and three parameters: the length of queue, the link quality and
is based on the mobile agent technology. The results of hop count. Depending on the actual working condition of
simulation shows that, the A_WCETT protocol with the the network, one or more parameters may be involved in
improvement of parameter ∝ and routing method (based calculating the route cost. The simulation results show
on mobile agent) is better performance than the that routing protocol with the new cost function
traditional protocols. outperforms the conventional AODV protocol as it gains
a better achievable performance.
through the intermediate nodes to finally reach the Fig. 2. Three stage of reactive protocols.
destination node (Fig. 2, red line). The destination node
or intermediate node (the node knows about the route to The reactive protocols don’t pre-build a route to
the destination) will respond by sending unicast RREP transfer data from source to destination. The route will be
determined by each the node when the data arrives, based
(Route Reply) packet back to source node (Fig. 2, green
on the system state information that the node receives. At
line).
the same time, it uses a sequence number of destination
When the source node receives the RREP packet, the or source to identify new routes as well as avoid repeat
route is established and it can start transmitting data. routing. It does not have a mechanism for storing routing
Beside the route discovery function, AODV also has information.
route maintenance procedures that use error packets, Although the reactive protocols use less resources,
RRER (Route Error) (Fig. 2, yellow line). energy savings and better support for the features of Ad-
hoc network architecture/organization such as: self- The route discovery process begins with the source
organizing, self-configuring and mobile. However, using node sending broadcast the pathfinder packets RREQ
AODV for the MANETs in 5G will require many (Route Request) with header modified (MinEnergy,
improvements to optimize network performance as well TotalEnergy, AODV RREQ Header). Then, these packets
as energy consumption. will be forwarded to the intermediate nodes to finally
reach the destination node.
IV. PROPOSED ROUTING PROTOCOL A different point from the traditional packet forwarding
method is that, at each intermediate node, when receiving
The main goal of the proposed routing protocol is to the RREQ packet, the intermediate node performs a
increase the network lifetime and improve the overall procedure, named Energy-check, and is described by the
performance of MANETs. The details of our protocol schema as shown in Fig. 4.
design will be provided in the next subsections. This schema has two main tasks, as follows:
A. Protocol Description (1) Determine the lowest remaining energy in the route
(2) Determine the total energy remaining in the route
Like AODV routing protocol, which has been
Finally, the destination node sends the RREP (Route
standardized by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Reply) packet identifier with the modified header
Force) for the MANETs. AERP is an on-demand routing
(MinEnergy, TotalEnergy, AODV RREP Header) to the
protocol that operates on the principle that whenever a
source node. In this way, the source node receives all
data transfer is required, the source node will discover
candidate routes as shown in Fig. 5. The detail about
and find a route to the destination node.
routing mechanism of the protocol proposed is described
in Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Describe the calculation mechanism and route selection of the proposed routing protocol.
Our routing protocol uses two main parameters to emaining battery capacity of S and D nodes have value is
calculate the cost of a route as follows: 5/10.
- Remaining battery capacity of the node: the selected With the information about the cost of the route
routes will be ones that evolve richer energy nodes; obtained, using the costing function (Equation 2), the
- Hop count: choosing the route with the least hop AERP routing protocol will select route 3 with cost value
number and the most energy-efficient is the best AERP = 0.86, as shown in Table I.
way to save energy and to improve throughput.
Therefore, we propose the cost function to determine a TABLE I. THE CALCULATE AND DETERMINE AERP METRICS
route in a given MANET as follows:
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑃+1 Route P+1 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐴𝐸𝑅𝑃
𝐸𝑖 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
AERP = ∑(1 − ) (1)
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 4 0.65 0.80 1.45
𝑖=1
Bandwidth 2 Mbit/s
Fig. 7 shows the performance of the network based on called AERP. The AERP protocol uses a routing cost
metric: network lifetime and Fig. 8 shows network function that forces the shortest route selection
performance based on metric: average packet delivery mechanism and the highest total residual energy of the
ratio. Observing the results, we find that the network entire route for the purpose of restricting the use of the
lifetime and average packet delivery ratio of both route containing the node, which the remaining battery
protocols are decreasing as the number of end-to-end capacity is too low. The proposed routing protocol can
connections increases. However, the AERP protocol restrict the nodes out of energy, the simulation result
always shows better performance than the AODV and show, the AERP protocol improves the average resident
DSR protocols in both of case. Because, as the number of battery remaining of nodes, network lifetime as well as
connections increases, network traffic will increase, average packet delivery rates better than the AODV
which causes congestion. This is the main reason that the protocol. However, routing information security has not
average packet delivery rate and the lifetime of both yet been considered. In the future, we will focus on the
protocols are the downtrends. design of high-performance routing protocols in the
In Fig. 7, the lifetime of AERP is always higher than MANETs.
AODV. Due, AERP not only chooses route has the
smallest hop count, but also it is certainly the most ACKNOWLEDGMENT
energy-efficient route. This mechanism always helps
This research was supported by Center for Research
AERP to increase the lifetime of the network higher than
and Applications in Science and Technology, Hung Yen
the AODV protocol.
University of Technology and Education, under grant
number UTEHY.T029.P1718.01.
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