PART I

1. What is encomienda and what are the type of encomienda?

 In the American colonies, the Spanish monarch created the encomienda system,
which was a labor system. A Spanish encomendero was given a group of local
laborers who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection under this
arrangement.
 Encomienda is a legal system used by the Spanish crown to determine the status of
indigenous peoples in Spain's American and Philippine territories. It was founded
on the practice of demanding tribute from Muslims and Jews during the Muslim
Spain's Reconquista ("Reconquest"). Although the encomienda was intended to
alleviate the abuses of forced labor (repartimiento) used immediately after
Europeans discovered the New World in the 15th century, it became a form of
enslavement in practice.

TYPES OF ECOMIENDA:

 The Royal Encomiendas, belonging to the King,

 the Ecclesiastical Encomiendas, belonging to the Church,
 Privado belonging to private individuals.

2. What is Forced Labor? What are the conditions underlying Forced Labor (polo ‘y
servicio)

 All work or service that is demanded from a person under threat of punishment
and for which the individual has not given himself or herself willingly is
considered forced or obligatory labor.
 Various indicators, such as restrictions on workers' freedom of movement,
withholding of wages or identity documents, physical or sexual violence, threats
and intimidation, or fraudulent debt from which workers are unable to escape, can
be used to determine whether a situation amounts to forced labor.

3. During the Spanish period, differentiate Tribute from Tax.

  The tribute, sanctorum, donativo, caja de comunidad, and personal service were all
taxes in the Philippines during the Spanish period.
 Tributo was a general tax that the Filipinos paid to Spain, amounting to eight
Reales. Males between the ages of 18 and 50 were expected to pay the tribute, as
were carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmiths, tailors, and shoemakers, as well as town
employees such as those involved in road building and those working in public
places.
 A tax is a governmental organization's mandatory financial charge or other form of
levy placed on a taxpayer to finance government spending and different public
expenses.

4. What is obras pias? What is the reason why it went bankrupt?

 On February 3, 1827, the Spaniards established Obras Pias (literally, pious deeds),
a charity institution in the Philippines. The majority of the cash used for public
benefits came from the Galleon Trade.
 Branches of the Obras Pias were created around the country. It has broadened its
scope to encompass insurance and other financial services, such as funding for
entrepreneurs. The company went bankrupt due to a lack of adequate audits.

5. Give an overview on the Economic Society of Friends of the Country

 Governor General Jose Basso of the Economic Society of the Friends of the
Country and the Royal Company of the Philippines, the Philippines' most
economically inclined Spanish governor general, dreamed of the Philippines being
self-sufficient. The Philippines must rule independently of Mexico as the first
stage. He figured it out. Not satisfied, he created the Associated Economical De
Los Amigos del Paisa in Manila in 1781, a replica of the same-named societies
that existed across the Spanish Empire.

6. Under the tobacco monopoly, what are the provisions of the decree?

 With the monopoly in effect, no one could grow or sell a single leaf of tobacco
without first obtaining official authorization.
 Before the monopoly, anybody who wanted to could grow as much tobacco as he
wanted and sell it whenever and however he wanted. Everything was altered.
Farmers with good tobacco land were forced to grow it or lose the use of their
property and its products for a set period of time. A man's land was seized from
 him for three years if he refused to plant tobacco, and another guy might cultivate
it. In addition, a legislation was established requiring tobacco farmers and laborers
to work on the crop whenever it was needed.
 The strategy worked in a fairly straightforward manner. For his crop, the
government established a deal with a planter. The amount to be paid was
calculated based on an assessment of the land's anticipated production. If the crop
yielded less than this estimate at harvest, the planter was required to pay a hefty
fee. If, on the other hand, it turned out to be larger than expected, he couldn't
retain a single leaf for himself; everything had to be given over to the officials,
and anything the government didn't utilize was thrown away.

7. Briefly discuss the concept behind the Royal Company of the Philippines (1785).

 On March 10, 1785, a royal order established Real Compaa de Filipinas (The
Royal Company). The business, together with the Sociedad Económica de Amigos
del Pais (Economic Societies of Friends of the Country), formed in 1781, were two
of the most significant events in the country's economic history during Governor
General José de Basco y Vargas' arrival. The company's major objective was to
develop economic ties between the various colonies, as well as between the
colonies and Spain; to supply Manila with European items in exchange for
carrying to Spain not just Philippine products, but also merchandise from the
Oriental countries. Silk, indigo, sugar, cotton, and, notably, pepper and other
spices were all fostered by the company. It purchased properties for this purpose,
created stations in Ilocos, Bataan, Cavite, and Camarines, and provided rewards to
those who were successful in the production. It also encouraged industry by
constructing textile mills.Despite the company's unique protection and advantages,
it has been declining year after year.

8. Define the following:

A. Polista (polos y servicio) - Polo refers to communal labour, and the laborer was referred
to as polista. Cutting wood in forests, building ships, restoring churches, creating
government buildings, roads, and bridges were just a few of the community endeavors.

B. Sanctorum - was a three-real-equivalent tax. These were necessary to cover the

expense of Christianization, which included the building of churches and the purchasing
of religious items.
C. Falla - Filipinos were also subjected to other inequitable practices, including as forced
labor, which was mandatory for all Filipinos between the ages of 16 and 60. Roads were
built, forests were cleared, and shipyards were constructed. The only option to avoid
working was to pay the government a fee.

D. Diezmos prediales - was a tax equal to one-tenth (1/10) of one's land's output.

E. Donativo de Zamboanga - In 1635, a levy was enacted particularly for the

conquest of Mindanao. A 1/2 real or rice special tax was imposed.

F. Vinta - comparison banca, baroto, a dugout canoe with twin outriggers used in
the Philippines.

G. Boleta - ticket · chance · coupon · fare · football coupon.

H. Situado – situated; placed

PART II

1. What is a State?

 The state, or the body politic, is the political structure of society, or, more
precisely, the institutions of governance. The state is a type of human association
that is distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, which is to establish
order and security; its methods, which are laws and their enforcement; its territory,
which is its area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally, its
sovereignty. Individuals agree on the mechanism by which conflicts are resolved
in the form of laws, and this is what the state is made up of.

2. What are the basic elements of a State?

  (1) population, (2) territory, (3) government, (4) sovereignty (or independence).

3. Differentiate nation from state.

 A state is an autonomous, sovereign government that exercises power over a

geographically defined and bounded territory with clearly defined borders that are
generally recognized globally by other nations.A nation is a collection of people
who regard themselves as a unit based on shared cultural or historical
characteristics. Nations are socially created, not natural, units. Their definition,
membership, and existence can all alter drastically depending on the situation.
Nations can be conceived of as "imagined communities" tied together by concepts
of unity centered on religion, ethnic identification, language, cultural practice, and
other factors. A nation's notion and practice work to determine who belongs and
who does not. Such ideas frequently ignore political borders, allowing a single
country to "spill over" into numerous states. Furthermore, states are not equal to
nations: not every country has a state (e.g., Kurds; Roma; Palestine). Some states
may include all or portions of several countries.

4. During the Spanish colonization, is Philippines a State? Justify your answer.

 Yes, The Philippine economy relied on the Galleon Trade, which began in 1565
between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico, throughout the majority of the Spanish
colonial period. The Philippines and Spain traded over the Pacific Ocean to
Mexico (Manila to Acapulco), then across the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean
to Spain (Veracruz to Cádiz). Between the 17th and 18th centuries, Manila became
Asia's most significant trading city. Products from China, Japan, Brunei, the
Moluccas, and even India were shipped to Manila to be sold for silver 8-real
coins3 brought onboard Spanish galleons from Acapulco (city in Mexico). Silk,
porcelain, spices, lacquer ware, and textile items were shipped to Acapulco, from
where they were shipped to other regions of New Spain, Peru, and Europe.
Although indigenous remained the majority, the European population in the
archipelago progressively increased. For a living, they relied on the Galleon Trade.
Governor General Basco launched economic reforms in the late 18th century that
resulted in the colony's first substantial internal source of revenue from the
cultivation of tobacco and other agricultural exports. Agriculture, which had
previously been reserved solely for locals, was ultimately opened to the European
population during this latter time.
5. Enumerate the instances the gave birth and growth of nationalism.

 1) economy, 2) education and 3) secularization of parishes.