MODULE -3

Design of tension members

As per IS 800- 2007

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
 1.What Are Tension Members?
• structural
elements that are subjected to direct axial tensile loads,
which tend to elongate the members.

• The strength of these members is influenced by several factors

such as the length of connection, size and spacing of fasteners, net
area of cross section, type of fabrication, connection eccentricity,
and shear lag at the end connection.

• The stress concentration near the holes leads to the yielding of the
nearby fibres but the ductility of the steel permits redistribution of
over stress in adjoining section till the fibres away from the holes
progressively reach yield stress. Therefore at ultimate load it is
reasonable to assume uniform stress distribution.

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
 2. Types of tension members

1. Wires and cables: wires ropes are exclusively used for hoisting purposes and
as guy wires in steel stacks and towers. Strands and ropes are formed by helical
winding of wires . A strand consists of individual wires wound helically around
the central core. These are not recommended in bracing system as they cannot
resist compression. The advantages of wire and cable are flexibility and strength.

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
2. Bars and rods: These are simplest forms of tension members.
Bars and rods are often used as tension members in bracing
system, as sag rods to support purlins between trusses. Presently
these are not favourite of with the designers because large drift
they cause during strong winds and disturbing noise induces by the
vibrations.
3.Plates and flat bars: These are used often as tension members in
transmission towers, foot bridges, etc. These are also used in
columns to keep the component members in their correct position.
Eg- lacing flats, batten plates, end tie plates etc. Single and built-up
structural shapes: 1. Open sections such as angles, channels and I
sections.
•Compound and built-up sections such as double angles and double
channels with are without additional plates and jointed with some
connection system.
• Closed sections such as circular, square, rectangular or hollow
sections. Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
3. Behaviour of Tension Members
The load-deformation behavior of members subjected to
uniform tensile stress is similar to the load-deflection behavior
of the corresponding basic material. The typical stress-strain
behavior of mild steel under axial tensile load is shown in Fig. 1.
The upper yield point is merged with the lower yield point for
convenience. The material shows a linear elastic behavior in the
initial region (O to A). The material undergoes sufficient yielding
in portion A to B. Further deformation leads to an increase in
resistance, where the material strain hardens (from B to C). The
material reaches its ultimate stress at point C. The stress
decreases with increase in further deformation and breaks at D.
The high strength steel members do not exhibit the well defined
yield point and the yield region (Fig. 1). For such materials, the
0.2 percent proof stress is usually taken as the yield stress (E).
Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
 Fig. 1 Typical stress-strain diagram for mild steel and high strength steel

4.0 Slenderness Ratio

Apart from strength requirement, the tension members have to be checked for minimum stiffness by stipulating the limiting
maximum slenderness ratio of the member. This is required to prevent undesirable lateral movement or excessive vibration.
The slenderness limits specified in IS: 800-2007 for tension members are given in Table 1.

Table 1 Maximum values of effective slenderness ratio as per IS: 800-2007

Maximum effective
Member slenderness ratio (l/r)
A tension member in which a reversal of direct stress occurs due to 180
loads other than wind or seismic forces
250
A member subjected to compressive forces resulting only from a
combination of wind/earthquake actions, provided the deformation of
such a member does not adversely affect the stresses in any part of
the structure
350
A member normally acting as a tie in a roof truss or a bracing
member, which is not considered effective when subject to reversal of
stress resulting from the action of wind or earthquake forces

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
 Members always in tension (other than pre-tensioned members) 400

5. Shear Lag
The tensile force to a tension member is transferred by a gusset plate or by the adjacent member connected to one of the
legs either by bolting or welding. This force which is transferred to one leg by the end connection locally gets transferred
as tensile stress over the entire cross section by shear. Hence, the distribution of tensile stress on the section from the first
bolt hole to the last bolt hole will not be uniform. Hence, the connected leg will have higher stresses at failure while the
stresses in the outstanding leg will be relatively lower. However, at sections far away from the end connection, the stress
distribution becomes more uniform. Here the stress transfer mechanism, i.e., the internal transfer of forces from one leg
to the other (or flange to web, or from one part to the other), will be by shear and because one part ‘lags’ behind the
other, the phenomenon is referred to as ‘shear lag’.

The shear lag reduces the effectiveness of the component plates of a tension member that are not connected directly to a
gusset plate. The efficiency of a tension member can be increased by reducing the area of such components which are
not directly connected at the ends. The shear lag effect reduces with increase in the connection length.

1. Modes of Failure

The different modes of failure in tension members are

1. Gross section yielding

2. Net section rupture
3. Block shear failure
Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
 The strength of tension members under the different modes are failure, i.e., design strength due to yielding of
gross section, Tdg, rupture of critical section, Tdn and block shear Tdb are first determined. The design strength of a
member under axial tension, Td, is the lowest of the above three values.

6. Gross section yielding

Steel members (plates, angles, etc.) without bolt holes can sustain loads up to the ultimate load without failure. However, the
members will elongate considerably (10 to 15 % of its original length) at this load, and hence make the structure unserviceable.
Hence the design strength Tdg is limited to the yielding of gross cross section which is given by

Tdg = fy Ag /m0

where
fy = yield strength of the material in MPa
Ag = gross area of cross section in mm2
= 1.10 = partial safety factor for failure at yielding
m0

6.2 Net section rupture

This occurs when the tension member is connected to the main or other members by bolts. The holes made in members for bolts
will reduce the cross section, and hence net area will govern the failure in this case. Holes in members cause stress concentration
at service loads. From the theory of elasticity, the tensile stress adjacent to a hole will be about two to three times the average
stress on the net area (Fig. 2a). This depends on the ratio of the

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
diameter of the hole to the width of the plate normal to the direction of the stress.

(a)

(b)

(c)
Fig. 2 Stress-distribution in a plate adjacent to hole due to tensile force.

When the tension member with a hole is loaded statically, the point adjacent to the hole reaches the
yield stress fy first (Fig. 2b). On further loading, the stress in other fibers away from the hole
progressively reaches the yield stress fy. Deformations of the member continue with increasing load
until final Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
rupture of the member occurs when the entire net cross section of the member reaches the ultimate stress fu (Fig. 2c).

6.2.1 Net section rupture in plates

The design strength in tension of a plate, Tdn, as governed by rupture of net cross sectional area, An, at the holes is given by

Tdn = 0.9 fu An / m1

where
m1 = 1.25 = partial safety factor for failure at ultimate stress
fu = ultimate stress of the material in MPa

An = net effective area of the member in mm2 is given by

 p2  t
A n  b n d h  ∑ si 4 gi 

 i 
ps

g
dh
g
b
g

g
Fig. 3 Plate with bolt holes in tension
where

b, t = width and thickness of the plate, respectively

dh = diameter of the bolt hole (2 mm in addition to the diameter of the hole, in case of directly
punched holes)

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
 g = gauge length between the bolt holes, as shown in Fig. 3
ps = staggered pitch length between line of bolt holes, as shown in Fig. 3
n = number of bolt holes in the critical section, and
i = subscript for summation of all the inclined legs

The ‘0.9’ factor included in the design strength equation is based on a statistical evaluation of a large
number of test results for net section failure of members.

2. Net section rupture in threaded rods

The design strength of threaded rods in tension, Tdn, as governed by rupture is given by

Tdn = 0.9 fu An / m1

where An = net root area at the threaded section

3. Net section rupture in single angles

The rupture strength of an angle connected through one leg is affected by shear lag. The design
strength, Tdn, as governed by rupture at net section is given by

Tdn = 0.9 fu Anc / m1 + Ago fy /m0

where

 = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (fy /fu) (bs /Lc )  (fu m0 / fy m1)
 0.7

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
where

w = outstand leg width

bs = shear lag width, as shown in Fig. 4

Lc = Length of the end connection, i.e., distance between the outermost bolts in the end joint
measured along the load direction or length of the weld along the load direction

w w

w1

bs = w + w1- t bs = w
Fig. 4 Angles with single leg connections

For preliminary sizing, the rupture strength of net section may be approximately taken
as

Tdn =  An fu /m1
 = 0.6 for one or two bolts, 0.7 for three bolts and 0.8 for four or more bolts along the
where length in the end connection or equivalent weld length

An = net area of the total cross section

Anc = net area of the connected leg
Ago = gross area of the outstanding leg, and
t = thickness of the leg

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
6.2.4 Net section rupture in other sections
The tearing strength, Tdn, of the double angles, channels, I sections and other rolled steel sections,
connected by one or more elements to an end gusset is also governed by shear lag effects. The design
tensile strength of such sections as governed by tearing of net section may also be calculated using
equation in 6.2.3, where  is calculated based on the shear lag distance, bs taken from the farthest
edge of the outstanding leg to the nearest bolt/weld line in the connected leg of the cross section.

6.3 Block shear failure

Block shear failure is considered as a potential failure mode at the ends of an axially loaded tension
member. In this failure mode, the failure of the member occurs along a path involving tension on one
plane and shear on a perpendicular plane along the fasteners. A typical block shear failure of a
gusset plate is shown in Fig. 5. Here plane B-C is under tension whereas planes A-B and C-D are in
shear.

A D

B C

Fig. 5 Block shear failure in gusset plate

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
Typical block shear failure of angles in a bolted connection is shown in Fig. 6. Here plane 1-2 is in shear
and plane 2-3 is in tension.

Fig. 6 Block shear failure in angle with bolted Fig. 7 Block shear failure of gusset plate in welded
connection connections

The block shear failure is also seen in welded connections. A typical failure of a gusset in the welded
connection is shown in Fig. 7. The planes of failure are chosen around the weld. Here plane B-C is
under tension and planes A-B and C- D are in shear.

6.3.1 Design strength due to block shear in bolted connections

The block shear strength, Tdb, of connection shall be taken as the smaller of

Tdb = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + fu Atn /m1 ) or

Tdb = ( fu Avn /( 3 m1) + fy Atg /m0 )

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
Where

Avg, Avn = minimum gross and net area in shear along a line of transmitted force, respectively (1-2 and 3–4 as shown in Fig.
8 and 1-2 as
shown in Fig. 9)
Atg, Atn = minimum gross and net area in tension from the bolt hole to the toe of the angle, end bolt line, perpendicular
to the line of force
(2-3 as shown in Figs. 8 and 9)
fu, fy = ultimate and yield stress of the material respectively

3
1 2

3
1 2

Fig. 8 Block shear failure in plate Fig. 9 Block shear failure in angle

6.3.1 Design strength due to block shear in welded connections

The block shear strength, Tdb, shall be checked for welded connections by taking an appropriate
section in the member around the end weld, which can shear off as a block.

7.0 Lug Angles

Lug angles are short angles used to connect the gusset and the outstanding leg of the main member
as shown in Fig. 10. The lug angles help to increase the
Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
efficiency of the outstanding leg of angles or channels. They are normally provided when the tension member
carries a very large load. Higher load results in a larger end connection which can be reduced by providing lug
angles. It is ideal to place the lug angle at the beginning of the connection than at any other position.

Gusset Main Member

Lug Angle

Fig. 10 Lug angle connecting Main member with Gusset

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
8.0 Numercial Problems

Problem 1
Determine the design tensile strength of the plate 120 mm x 8 mm connected to a 12 mm thick gusset plate
with bolt holes as shown in Fig. 11. The yield strength and ultimate strength of the steel used are 250 MPa and
400 MPa. The diameter of the bolts used is 16Gusset
mm.12 mm thick
Plate
30

60

30

30 60 60 30

Fig. 11 Details of end connection

Solution
The design tensile strength Td of the plate is calculated based on the following criteria.
(i) Gross section yielding
The design strength Tdg of plate limited to the yielding of gross cross section Ag
is given by
Tdg = fy Ag /m0

Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = 120 x 8 = 960 mm2 and m0 = 1.10 Hence Tdg = 218.18 kN

(ii) Net section rupture

The design strength Tdn of angle governed by rupture of net cross sectional area, An, is given by

Tdn =0.9 fu An / m1

Here fu = 400 MPa, m1 = 1.25

Further, diameter of bolt hole = 16 + 2 = 18 mm
Therefore, An = (120 – 2 x18) 8 = 672 mm2. Hence, Tdn = 193.54 kN
Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
(iii) Block shear failure

30

60

30

30 60 60 30
Fig. 12 Failure of plate in block shear

The design strength Tdg of connection shall be taken as smaller of

Tdb1 = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + 0.9 Atn fu /m1 ) , OR

Tdb2 = ( 0.9 Avn fu /( 3 m1) + Atg fy /m0 ) Here, Avg = (150 x 8) 2 =

2400 mm2,

Avn = [(150 – 2.5 x 18) x 8] 2 = 1680 mm2,

Atg = (60 x 8) = 480 mm2,

Atn = (60 – 1.0 x 18) x 8 = 336 mm2

Therefore, Tdb1 = 411.69 kN and Tdb2 = 388.44 kN Hence Tdb = 388.44 kN

Design tensile strength Td

The tensile design strength Td is the least of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb

Hence, Td = Tdn = 193.54 kN

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
Problem 2
A single unequal angle 100 x 75 x 8 mm is connected to a 12 mm thick gusset plate at the ends with 6 numbers of 20 mm diameter bolts to
transfer tension as shown in Fig. 13. Determine the design tensile strength of the angle if the gusset is connected to the 100 mm leg. The yield
strength and ultimate strength of the steel used are 250 MPa and 400 MPa. The diameter of the bolts used is 20 mm.

40
100 x 75 x8
60

30 50 50 50 50 50 12 75

Fig. 13 Details of end connection

Solution
The design tensile strength Td of the angle is calculated based on the following criteria.

(i) Gross section yielding

The design strength Tdg of angle limited to the yielding of gross cross section Ag
is given by
Tdg = fy Ag /m0

Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = (100 + 75 – 8) 8 = 1336 mm2, m0 = 1.10

Hence Tdg = 303.64 kN

(ii) Net section rupture

The design strength Tdn of angle governed by rupture of net cross sectional area is given by

Tdn =0.9 fu Anc / m1 + Ago fy /m0

 = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (fy /fu) (bs /Lc )  (fu m0 / fy m1)

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept
Here fu = 400 MPa, fy = 250 MPa, m1 = 1.25, and m0 = 1.10 of CV,ACSCE
w = 75 mm, t = 8 mm, bs = (75 + 60 – 8) = 127 mm, Lc = 250 mm Further, diameter of bolt hole = 20 + 2 = 22 mm.
 Anc = (100 – 8/2 – 22) 8 = 592 mm2, Ago= (75 – 8/2) 8 = 568 mm2
Hence,  = 1.17. Since 0.7    1.41 ,  = 1.17

Hence, Tdn = 321.53 kN

(iii) Block shear failure

40

30 50 50 50 50 50
Fig. 14 Failure of plate in block shear

The design strength Tdg of connection shall be taken as smaller of

Tdb1 = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + 0.9 Atn fu /m1 ) , OR

Tdb2 = ( 0.9 Avn fu /( 3 m1) + Atg fy /m0 ) Here, Avg

= 280 x 8 = 2240 mm2,

Avn = (280 – 5.5 x 22) x 8 = 1272 mm2,

Atg = 40 x 8 = 320 mm2,

Atn = (40 – 0.5 x 22) 8 = 232 mm2

Therefore, Tdb1 = 360.74 kN and Tdb2 = 284.23 kN Hence Tdb =

284.23 kN

Design tensile strength Td

The tensile design strength Td is the least of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb

Hence, Td = Tdb = 284.23 kNDr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE

Problem 3
A tie member in a bracing system consists of two angles 75 x 75 x 6 mm bolted to a 10 mm thick gusset plate
one on each side using a single row of bolts and tack bolted. Determine the tensile capacity of the member and
the number of bolts required to develop full capacity of the member. The yield strength and ultimate strength of
the material is 250 MPa and 410 MPa, respectively.

75 x 75 x 6

75 6 75
Fig. 15 Details of connection at end

Solution
The design tensile strength Td of the angles is calculated based on the following criteria.

(i) Gross section yielding

The design strength Tdg of angles limited to the yielding of gross cross section
Ag is given by

Tdg = fy Ag /m0

Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = 2 x 866 = 1732 mm2, m0 = 1.10.

Hence Tdg = 393.64 kN

(ii) Net section rupture

The design strength Tdn of angle governed by rupture of net cross sectional area. Since the number of
rivets is not known, the rupture strength of net section is approximately calculated as

Tdn =  An fu /m1
Assuming a single line of 4 numbers 20 mm dia bolts, α = 0.8. Dia of the bolt hole = 20 +
2 = 22mm Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
2
 Also, fu = 410 MPa and m1 = 1.25

Hence, Tdn = 384.15 kN

Design of bolts
Bolts are in double shear.
Hence, strength of single 20 mm dia bolt = 2 x 45.3 = 90.6 kN
For the strength of connection to be larger than the strength of member, Number of bolts required = 384.15 / 90.6 = 4.24
Hence provide 5 numbers of 20 mm bolts. Hence the connection is safe.
Assume edge and end distances = 35 mm and pitch = 50 mm

(iii) Block shear failure

The design strength Tdg of connection shall be taken as smaller of

Tdb1 = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + 0.9 Atn fu /m1 ) , OR

Tdb2 = ( 0.9 Avn fu /( 3 m1) + Atg fy /m0 )

35 50 50 50 50 35
Fig. 16 Failure of angle in block shear

Consider one angle. Here,

Avg = 235 x 6 = 1410 mm2, Avn = (235 – 4.5 x 22) x 6 = 816 mm2,

Atg = 35 x 6 = 210 mm2, Atn = (35 –22/2) 6 = 144 mm2

Therefore, Tdb1 = 227.50 kN and Tdb2 = 186.80 kN Hence Tdb = 186.80 kN

Considering the two angles, the block shear strength is

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept
Tdb = 186.80 x 2 = 373.60kN of CV,ACSCE
Tensile capacity of member Td
The tensile capacity Td is the least of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb.

Here, Tdg = 393.64 kN, Tdn = 384.15 kN and Tdb = 373.60 kN Hence, Td = Tdb = 373.60 kN

Problem 4
Design a suitable angle section to carry a factored tensile force of 210 kN assuming a single row of M20 bolts. The yield strength and
ultimate strength of the material is 250 MPa and 410 MPa, respectively. The length of the member is 3 m.

Solution Step 1:
Obtain the net area, An, required to carry the design load Tu from the equation using the ultimate stress.

Tu = fu An / m1
Here, Tu = 210 kN, fu = 410 MPa, and m1 = 1.25 Therefore, An = 619.8 mm2

Increase the net area, An, by 25 percent to obtain the gross area. Hence, Ag= 774.8 mm2

Step 2:
Obtain the gross area, Ag, required to carry the design load Tu from the equation using the yield stress.

Tu = fy Ag /m0

Here, Tu = 210 kN, fy = 250 MPa, and m0 = 1.10 Therefore, Ag = 924.0 mm2

Step 3:
From steps 1 and 2,
Required gross area Ag,req. = 924.0 mm2 (max. value)
Select an angle 65 x 65 x 8 with Ag = 976 mm2 ( > 924.0 mm2)

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
Step 4:
The strength of 20 mm diameter bolts in single shear = 45.3 kN
Hence required number of bolts = 210/45.3 = 4.64 Provide 5 bolts at a pitch
of 60 mm

Step 5:
The design strength Tdg of plate limited to the yielding of gross cross section Ag
is given by
Tdg = fy Ag /m0 Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = 976
mm2 and m0 = 1.10 Hence Tdg = 221.80 kN

Step 6:
The design strength Tdn of angle governed by rupture of net cross sectional
area, An, is given by
Tdn =0.9 fu Anc / m1 + Ago fy /m0
 = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (fy /fu) (bs /Lc )  (fu m0 / fy m1)
Here fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 MPa, m1 = 1.25, and m0 = 1.10
w = 65 mm, t = 8 mm, bs = (65 + 35 – 8) = 92 mm,
Lc = 4 x 60 = 240 mm
Further, diameter of bolt hole = 20 + 2 = 22 mm
Anc = (65 – 8/2 – 22) 8 = 312 mm2, Ago= (65 – 8/2) 8 = 488 mm2
Hence,  = 1.26. Since 0.7    1.44 ,  = 1.26
Hence, Tdn = 231.85 kN

Step 7:

The design strength Tdg of connection shall be taken as smaller of

Tdb1 = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + 0.9 Atn fu /m1 ) , OR

Tdb2 = ( 0.9 Avn fu /( 3 m1) + Atg fy /m0 ) Assuming an edge distance

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
of 40 mm,
 Atg = 30 x 8 = 240 mm2, Atn = (30 – 22/2) x 8 = 152 mm2,
Therefore, Tdb1 = 338.79 kN and Tdb2 = 301.33 kN Hence Tdb = 301.33 kN

Step 8:
The tensile capacity of member ISA 65 x 65 x 8 with 5 bolts of 20 mm diameter
is the least of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb.

Therefore, T = Tdg = 221.80 kN > 210 kN.

Hence the angle and the connection is safe.

Step 9:
Check for stiffness.
L = 3000 mm, rmin = 12.5 mm L/ rxx = 240 < 250
Hence the section is safe.

Problem 5
A single unequal angle 100 x 75 x 6 mm is connected to a 8 mm thick gusset plate at the ends by 4 mm welds as shown in Fig. 17. The
average length of the weld is 225 mm. Determine the design tensile strength of the angle if the gusset is connected to the 100 mm
leg. The yield strength and ultimate strength of the steel used are 250 MPa and 400 MPa.
4 mm, weld

100 100 x 75 x 8
C z= 30.1
4 mm, weld

8 75
Fig. 17 Details of connection at end

Solution
The design tensile strength Td of the angle is calculated based on the following criteria.

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
 (i) Gross section yielding
The design strength Tdg of angle limited to the yielding of gross cross section Ag
is given by
Tdg = fy Ag /m0

Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = 1010 mm2, m0 = 1.10 Hence Tdg = 229.55 kN
(ii) Net section rupture
The design strength Tdn of plate governed by rupture of net cross sectional area is given by

Tdn =0.9 fu Anc / m1 + Ago fy /m0

 = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (fy /fu) (bs /Lc )  (fu m0 / fy m1)

Here fu = 400 MPa, fy = 250 MPa, m1 = 1.25, and m0 = 1.10

w = 75 mm, t = 6 mm, bs = 75 mm, Lc = 225 mm

Anc = (100 – 6/2) 6= 582 mm2, Ago= (75 – 6/2) 6 = 432 mm2
Hence,  = 1.20. Since 0.7    1.41 ,  =1.20 Hence, Tdn = 306.39 kN
(iii) Block shear failure
The design strength Tdg of connection shall be taken as smaller of

Tdb1 = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + 0.9 Atn fu /m1 ) , OR

Tdb2 = ( 0.9 Avn fu /( 3 m1) + Atg fy /m0 ) Here, Avg = (225 x

8) 2 = 3600 mm2,

Avn = Avg = 3600 mm2,

Atg = 100 x 8 = 800 mm2,

Atn = Atg = 800 mm2

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
Therefore, Tdb1 = 702.78 kN and Tdb2 = 780.41 kN
 Hence Tdb = 702.78 kN

Design tensile strength Td

The tensile design strength Td is the least of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb.

Hence, Td = Tdg = 229.55 kN Proportioning of

weld
Tensile capacity = 229.55 kN, Capacity of 4 mm weld = 0.53 kN/mm Hence,
Length of weld on upper side of angle = (229.55 x 30.1/100)/0.53
= 130 mm, say 140 mm
Length of weld on bottom side of angle = (229.55 x 69.9/100)/0.53
= 302.7 mm, say 310 mm
Problem 6
A tie member of a roof truss consists of 2 ISA 100x75x8 mm. The angles are connected to either side of a 10
mm gusset plates and the member is subjected to a working pull of 300 kN. Design the welded connection.
Assume connections are made in the workshop.

Solution Step 1:
To obtain the thickness of weld:
Working Load = 300 kN
Factored Load = 300 x 1.5 = 450 kN
At the rounded toe of the angle section,
size of weld should not exceed = ¾ x thickness s = ¾ x 8 = 6 mm
At top the thickness should not exceed
s = t – 1.5 = 8 – 1.5 = 6.5 mm

Hence provide s = 6 mm weld.

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
Step 2:
To obtain the total length of the weld required:
Each angle carries a factored pull of 450/2 = 225 kN Let Lw be the total length of the weld required.

Assuming normal weld, t = 0.7 x 6 mm

Design strength of the weld = Lw t fu/√3 x 1/1.25

= Lw x 0.7 x 6 x 410/√3 x 1/1.25 Equating it to the factored load,

Lw x 0.7 x 6 x 410/√3 x 1/1.25 = 225 x 103 Lw = 283 mm

Step 3:
To obtain the length of top and lower weld:
Centre of gravity of the section is at a distance 31 mm from top. Let L1 be the length of top weld and L2 be the
length of lower weld. To make centre of gravity of weld to coincide with that of angle,
L1 x31 = L2 ( 100-31) L1 = (69/31) x L2
Required L1 + L2 = 283

L2 ((69/31) + 1) = 283
L2 = 87 mm L1
Hence,
=195 mm
Provide 6 mm weld of L1 =195 mm and L2 = 87 mm as shown in the Fig. 18

L1 6 mm, weld

Cxx =31 mm Cxx

ISA 10075, 8 mm

L2
Fillet at roundedend

Fig. 18 Details of weld at the end connection

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
Problem 7
A tie member consists of 2 ISMC 250. The channels are connected on either side of a 12 mm thick gusset plate. Design the welded joint
to develop the full strength of the tie. However the overlap is to be limited to 400 mm.

Solution Step 1:
Obtain the tensile design strength of each channel:
For ISMC 250, [from steel tables] Thickness of weld = 7.1 mm Thickness of flange =
14.1 mm Sectional area = 3867 mm2
Tensile design strength of each channel = Ag fy/ 1.1
= 3867 x 250 /1.1
= 878864 N
Step 2:
Obtain the weld thickness:
Minimum thickness = 3 mm
Maximum thickness = 0.7 t =0.7 x 7.1 = 4.97 mm Provide s = 4 mm weld.

Throat thickness, t = 0.7 x 4 = 2.8 mm

Step 3:
Obtain the strength of weld:
Weld strength = (Lw t fu/√3) x 1 /  mw
= Lw x 2.8 x (410/√3) x 1/1.25
Equating strength of weld to tensile strength of the channel, we get Lw x 2.8 x (410/√3) x 1/1.25 = 878804
i.e, Lw = 1658 mm

Since allowable length is limited to 400 + 400 mm it needs slot weld. The arrangement can be as shown in the Fig.19 with slots of
length ‘x’. Then
400 + 400 + (250-2x30) + 4x = 1658
i.e., x = 167 mm
Provide x = 170 mm as shown in the Fig. 19.
Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
 4 mm, weld

60
x 30 70 250
ISMC 250 30

60

Gusset Plate

Fig. 19 Details of welding at the connection

Problem 8
A single angle member carries a factored axial force of 400 kN. Design the member and the connection with a gusset plate and a lug
angle. The yield strength and ultimate strength of the material is 250 MPa and 410 MPa, respectively.

Solution
Sizing of Single Angle
Factored load = 400 kN
For preliminary sizing of single angle use the relation (Cl. 6.3.3 of IS 800 : 2007)

where Tdn = 500 kN, α = 0.8 (  4 bolts), fu = 410 MPa and m1 = 1.25 Hence, Required net area is An = 1524.4 mm2
The gross area is arrived by increasing the net area by 15% (say) Therefore, Required gross area is Ag = 1753.1
mm2
Therefore provide ISA 125 x 75 x 10 Hence actual gross area Ag = 1902 mm2
Here, the 125 mm side is connected to the gusset and 75 mm side is the outstanding leg.
The design strength Tdg of angle limited to the yielding of gross cross section Ag is given by

Tdg = fy Ag /m0 Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE

Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = 1902 mm2, m0 = 1.10 Hence Tdg = 432.30 kN > 400 kN O.K.
Sizing of Lug Angle
Total factored load = 400 kN
Gross area of outstanding leg in single angle = [ 75 – (10/2)] x 10
= 700 mm2
Load carried by the outstanding leg of the single angle is proportional to its area in comparison with the total area.

Hence, load carried by outstanding leg = (700/1902) x 400 = 147.2 kN

Lug angle should be designed to take a load not less than 20% in excess of load carried by outstanding leg (Cl. 10.12.2 of IS 800 : 2007)

Hence, Load considered for lug angle = 1.2 x 147.2 = 176.64 kN

For preliminary sizing of lug angle use the relation (Cl. 6.3.3 of IS 800 : 2007)

where Tdn = 176.64 kN, α = 0.8 (  4 bolts), fu = 410 MPa and m1 = 1.25 Hence, Required net area is An = 673.17 mm2
The gross area is arrived by increasing the net area by 15% (say) Therefore, Required gross area is Ag = 774.15 mm2
Therefore provide ISA 75 x 75 x 8 Hence actual gross area Ag = 1140 mm2

Design of connections
Assume one row of 20 mm diameter bolt. Use a pitch of 2.5 x 20 = 50 mm, and an edge distance of 30 mm (Cl. 10.2.2 and Cl. 10.2.4.2 of
IS 800 : 2007)
Strength of 20 mm bolt in single shear = 45.30 Kn

a) Connection of main angle member with gusset

Load carried by the connecting leg of the main member is proportional to its area in comparison with the total area.

Gross area of connected leg = [125 – (10/2)] x 10 = 1200 mm2

Hence, load carried by connecting leg = (1200/1902) x 400 = 252.37 kN Required number of 20 mm bolts = 252.37/45.30 =
5.57, say 6 nos.

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
b) Connection of lug angle with gusset

Load carried by outstanding leg = 147.2 kN

The connection should be designed to take a load not less than 20% in excess of load carried by outstanding leg (Cl. 10.12.2 of IS 800 : 2007)

Hence load considered in the design for connection = 1.2 x 147.2

= 176.74 kN

Required number of 20 mm bolts = 176.74/45.30 = 3.89, say 5 nos.

c) Connection of main angle member with lug angle

Load carried by outstanding leg = 147.2 kN

The connection should be designed to take a load not less than 40% in excess of load carried by outstanding leg (Cl. 10.12.2 of IS 800 : 2007)

Hence load considered in the design for connection = 1.4 x 147.2

= 206.08 kN

Required number of 20 mm bolts = 206.08/45.30 = 4.55, say 5 nos.

Gusset
The details of the connection are shown in Fig. 20.
Main angle ISA 125x75x10

Lug angle
I SA 125x75x10

Fig. 20 Details of connection of main angle with lug angle and gusset

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE
9.0 References
1. Subramanian, N., Design of steel structures, Oxford university press, New Delhi, 2009.

2. Bhavikatti, S.S., Design of steel structures, I.K.I. Publishing house, New Delhi, 2010.
3. IS 800 – 2007, Code of practice for General construction in steel, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi, 2007.

Dr.S.KAVITHA,Dept of CV,ACSCE