ECE

Engr. Marcelo V. Rivera

Thales of Miletus (636 B.C. — 546 B.C.)
Greek mathematician, philosopher and astronomer. Discovered that
amber rubbed with silk produces sparks and attracts particles of fluff and
straw.
William Gilbert (1540 —1603)
Described accurately the earth's magnetism and behavior of magnets.
Invented electroscope for measuring electrostatic effects.
Benjamin Franklin (1706 —1790)
First to identify lightning as an electrical discharge. Introduced the Law
of Conservation of Charge and determined that there are positive and
negative charges.
Charles A. De Coulomb (1736 —1806)
Discovered that the force of attraction or repulsion between two electric
charges is directly proportional to their product and inversely
proportional to the square of their distances. Designed a device called
"Torsion Balance" used to measure electric and magnetic forces.
Karl F. Gauss (1777 — 1855)
Enunciated the divergence theorem relating a volume and its surfaces.
Alessandro C. Volta (1745 —1827)
Invented the Voltaic Cell and electric battery.
Hans C. Oersted (1777 — 1851)
Discovered the effect of an electric current on magnetic needle.
(Electricity could produce magnetism)
Andre M. Ampere (1776 — 1836)
Invented the solenoid coil for producing magnetic fields. a Proved that
surrounding every electrical circuit is a magnetic field.
Joseph Henry (1797 —1878)
Invented the first practical telegraph. Discovered self inductance. o First used the
earth as a return conductor (grounding).
Georg S. Ohm (1787 —1854)
Formulated Ohm's Law relating current, resistance and voltage.
Michael Faraday (1791 —1867)
Demonstrated that a changing magnetic field could produce an electric current.
James P. Joule (1818 —1889)
Established that heating is directly proportional to the square of the current.
Heinrich Hertz (1867 — 1894)
Father of Radio. Generated and detected radio waves of about 5m in
length.
James C. Maxwell (1831 — 1879)
Founded electromagnetic theory. Published the first unified theory of
electricity and magnetism and founded the science of electromagnetics.
He postulated that light is electromagnetic in nature and that
electromagnetic radiation of other wavelength exists.
Gugliermo Marconi (1874— 1937)
Made radio practical
Thomas A. Edison (1856 — 1943)
Invented incandescent light bulb and build first electric power
systems.
Nicola Tesla (1856 —1943)
Demonstrated the value of alternating current.
Albert Einstein (1879 —1955)
Made Maxwell's equation universal though his theory of relativity.
Is the study of the forces between charged particles resulting in
energy conversion for signal transmission and reception. These
forces vary in magnitude and direction in time throughout space, so
it is a heavy user of vectors, differential and integral calculus.
A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude. Quantities such
as time, mass, distance, temperature, entropy, electric
potential, and population are scalars.

A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

Vector quantities include velocity, force, displacement, and
electric field intensity.
Our introduction to vectors is geometric.
We conceive of a vector as a directed line segment PQ.
P - initial point
Q - terminal point
PQ is denoted by A, or A
A
- Norm or length of the vector.
- It is denoted by PQ , PQ , A , A , A , or A .
1. Two vectors A and B are equal if they have the same magnitude
and direction regardless of their initial points. Thus A = B.
2. A vector having direction opposite to that of vector A but with the
same magnitude is denoted by −A.
3a. The sum or resultant of vectors A and B is another vector say C
formed by placing the initial point of B on the terminal point of A and
joining the initial point of A to the terminal point of B.
3b. The sum C is written C = A + B. The definition here is equivalent
to the parallelogram law for vector addition.
3c. Extensions to sums of more than two vectors are immediate. For
example, to obtain the sum or resultant E of the vectors A, B, C, & D.
4. The difference of vectors A and B, represented by A−B, is that
vector C which added to B gives A.
5. Multiplication of a vector A by a scalar m produces a vector mA
with magnitude 𝑚 times the magnitude of A and direction the same
as or opposite to that of A according as m is positive or negative. If
m=0, mA=0, the null vector.
If A, B and C are vectors, and m and n are scalars, then:
1. A+B = B+A Commutative Law for Addition
2. A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C Associative Law for Addition
3. m(nA) = (mn)A = n(mA) Associative Law for Multiplication
4. (m+n)A = mA+nA Distributive Law
5. m(A+B) = mA+mB Distributive Law

Note that in these laws only multiplication of a vector by one or

more scalars is defined.
In order to describe a vector accurately, some specific lengths,
directions, angles, projections, or components must be given. There
are three simple methods of doing these:

1. The Cartesian or Rectangular Coordinate System. (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

2. The Cylindrical Coordinate System. (r, 𝜙, z)
3. The Spherical Coordinate System. (R, 𝜃, 𝜙)
In the Cartesian coordinate system, we set up three coordinate axes
mutually perpendicular to each other, and call them the x, y, and z
axes. A point is located by giving its x, y, and z coordinates. These are,
respectively the distances from the origin to the
intersection of a perpendicular dropped from the
point to x, y, and z axes.
The rectangular unit vectors i, j, and k are unit vectors having the
direction of the positive x, y, and z axes of a rectangular coordinate
system.
On some reference material, the unit vectors are represented as a𝑥 ,
a𝑦 and a𝑧 .
Any vector A in 3 dimensions can be represented with initial
point at the origin O of a rectangular coordinate system.
Let (A1, A2, A3) be the rectangular
coordinates of the terminal point of
vector A with initial point at O.
The vectors A1i, A2j, and A3k are called the rectangular component
vectors, or simply component vectors, of A in the x, y, and z
directions respectively. A1, A2, and A3
are called the rectangular components,
or simply components, of A in the x, y,
and z directions respectively.
Unit vectors are vectors having unit length.

The unit vector in A direction if A is any vector with length A>0

𝐀
is: a =
𝐀
 𝐀 = 𝐴1 a1 + 𝐴2 a2 + 𝐴3 a3
𝐀 = 𝐴1 2 + 𝐴2 2 + 𝐴3 2
A A
a= =
A
𝐴1 2 + 𝐴2 2 + 𝐴3 2
2 2 2
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
aA = + + =1
𝐴1 2 + 𝐴2 2 + 𝐴3 2 𝐴1 2 + 𝐴2 2 + 𝐴3 2 𝐴1 2 + 𝐴2 2 + 𝐴3 2
Position vector (𝒓) - or radius vector from origin 𝑂 to the point P(x, y,
z) is written:
𝑟 = 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 + 𝑧𝒌

Distance vector – or separation vector is the displacement from one

point to another.
𝑟𝑃𝑄 = 𝑟𝑄 − 𝑟𝑃
= 𝑥𝑄 − 𝑥𝑃 a𝑥 + 𝑦𝑄 − 𝑦𝑃 a𝑦 + 𝑧𝑄 − 𝑧𝑃 a𝑧
Both P & A may be represented in the same manner as (x, y, z) and
(Ax, Ay, Az), respectively, the point P is not a vector;
only its position vector 𝑟𝑃 is a vector. Vector A may
depend on point P, however. For example, if
𝐴 = 2𝑥𝑦a𝑥 + 𝑦 2 a𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 2 a𝑧 & P is (2, -1,4), then
A at P would be −4a𝑥 + a𝑦 − 32a𝑧 .
A vector field is said to be constant or uniform if it
does not depend on space variables x, y, and z.
For example, vector 𝐵 = 3a𝑥 − 2a𝑦 + 10a𝑧 is a
uniform vector while vector A is not uniform.
If to each point (x, y, z) of a region R in space, there corresponds
a number or scalar P(x, y, z), then P is called a "scalar function of
position" or scalar point function and we can say that a scalar
field P has been defined in R.

Ex. 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑧 3 at 4,2,3 = 119

If to each point (x, y, z) of a region R in space corresponds to a
vector V(x, y, z), then V is called a "vector function of position" or
"vector point function" and we can say that a vector field V is
defined in R.

Ex. 𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦a𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 3 a𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑧a𝑧

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx,By,Bz)

C=A+B

C = (Ax + Bx)ax + {Ay + By)ay + (Az + Bz)az

D=A-B

D = A-B = A + (-B) = (Ax - Bx)ax + (Ay - By)ay + (Az - Bz)az

Find the distance between 𝑃(−3, 4, −5) and 𝑄(0, 8, 7).
13
Given 𝑃 = 2𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 10𝑘; 𝑄 = −𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 9𝑘 and 𝑐 = 2.
Find a) 𝑃 + 𝑄, b) 𝑃 − 𝑄, and c) 𝑐𝑃.
a) 𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 𝑘
b) 3𝑖 − 7𝑗 + 19𝑘
c) 4𝑖 − 10𝑗 + 20𝑘
Find the norm of a vector of A= 𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘.
A = 3
Given A= 2𝑖 − 3𝑗. Find the unit vector in A direction.
2 3
𝑖− 𝑗
13 13
Specify the unit vector extending from the origin toward the
point G(2, −2, −1).
 2 2 1
𝑎𝐺 = 𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘
3 3 3
Given points M(−1, 2, 1), N(3, −3, 0), and P(−2, −3, −4), find
a) 𝑅𝑀𝑁
b) 𝑅𝑀𝑁 + 𝑅𝑀𝑃
c) 𝑟𝑀
d) a𝑀𝑃
e) 2𝑟𝑃 − 3𝑟𝑁
Given points M(−1, 2, 1), N(3, −3, 0), and P(−2, −3, −4), find
a) 𝑅𝑀𝑁
b) 𝑅𝑀𝑁 + 𝑅𝑀𝑃
c) 𝑟𝑀
d) a𝑀𝑃
e) 2𝑟𝑃 − 3𝑟𝑁
a) 4𝑖 − 5𝑗 − 𝑘
b) 3𝑖 − 10𝑗 − 6𝑘
c) 2.45
d) 0.14𝑖 − 0.7𝑗 − 0.7𝑘
e) 15.56
Points P and Q are located at (0, 2, 4) and (-3, 1, 5). Calculate
(a) The position vector P
(b) The distance vector from P to Q
(c) The distance between P and Q
(d) A vector parallel to PQ with magnitude of 10
Points P and Q are located at (0, 2, 4) and (-3, 1, 5). Calculate
a) 2a𝑦 + 4a𝑧
b) -3a𝑥 - a𝑦 + a𝑧
c) 3.317
d) ±(-9.045a𝑥 - 3.015a𝑦 + 3.015a𝑧 )
Given the vectors M=—10a𝑥 +4a𝑦 —8a𝑧 , and N=8a𝑥 +7a𝑦 —2a𝑧 find:
a) a unit vector in the direction of —M + 2N;
b) the magnitude of 5a𝑥 + N — 3M;
c) |M||2N|(M+N).