PLUMBING

B u i l d i n g s e r v i c e s - 1 by chaitra k.b
WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
DEFINITION
Carries water from the water source, street main or a pump to the building and to various points in the
building at which water is used.
• COLD WATER SUPPLY
• HOT WATER SUPPLY

Types Of Cold Water

System Two Types
1. Direct system - Water is supplied
direct from mains to fixtures

2. Indirect system - Water going to

overhead tank and then the water is
supplied to different floors by gravity
Direct Water Supply System
Advantages: –
• Direct Water Supply System – saving in pipe work especially in multistory buildings.
• This is due to cold water distribution pipe from the cistern being omitted
• Fresh Drinking water may be obtained at any point
Disadvantages:
• There is a danger of foul water from the sanitary fittings being siphoned back into the main water
• During peak periods there is a tendency for the lowering of pressure
• If there is a mains burst there is no store of water

Indirect Water Supply System

Advantages: –
• There is no risk of back siphon age with this system
• There is no tendency of pipe bursting due to the low pressure in the pipe work
• In case of an interruption in the mains supply there is an adequate store of water
Disadvantages:
• Longer pipe runs are required
• A larger storage cistern is necessary
• Fresh Drinking water is only available at the kitchen sink (or single point)
PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
SERVICE PIPE
The pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply to the water distribution system of the building
served.

DISTRIBUTION PIPE/ SUPPLY PIPE

A pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water from the water service pipe to the point of
utilization.

RISER
A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey water to branches or to a group of fixtures.

FIXTURE BRANCH
The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water distributing pipe.

FIXTURE SUPPLY
A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
TYPES OF FITTINGS/PLUMBING FIXTURES IN BRIEF
TYPES OF PIPES:

1.Plastic pipes:
a.LDPE (Low Density polyethylene)
b.HDPE (High Density polyethylene)
c.PVC

2.Galvanised iron (GI) pipes

3.Asbestos Pipes
4.Cast iron (CI) Pipes
5.RCC Spun pipes
6.Copper pipes
HOT WATER SUPPLY
Localised Hot Water Systems
A system in which water is heated locally to its needs.
Instantaneous water heaters
• heats flowing water
• water flows through a heating element
• controlled by a flow switch
• 0.05 litres output flow Storage tank water heaters
• stores heated water in a tank
• water flows through electric immersion heater
• controlled by thermostat
• temperature and pressure relief valves
Centralised Hot Water Systems
A system in which water is heated and stored
centrally within the building, supplying water
through a system of pipework.
Centralised systems consists of: -
Water heaters –
Hot water storage cylinders
Cold water storage cistern/Expansion vessel

Water heating system + Pipework system

Centralised systems can be separated into:

Vented systems
Unvented systems
Centralised Hot Water Systems
As water expands when heated, some sort of device must incorporated to accommodate expansion of the hot
water storage cylinder. Expansion vessels are installed to provide an outlet to allow air to escape.

Vented Unvented
• cold water supplied from storage tank • cold water supplied directly from mains
• lower water pressures • higher water pressures
Vented Hot Water Heating Systems (Centralised)
Vented hot water cylinder has a cold water is supplied from a storage tank.
• to enable trapped air to escape
• to act as expansion tank - accommodate expansion of hot water

Directly Indirectly
• uses the principle of convection • uses an expansion and feed cistern
• heated directly in the storage vessel • water flowed into boiler through primary flow and return pipes
• heat energy is transferred indirectly
 Types of Hot Water Heaters
Electric Immersion Gas Fired Solar
• most common type of water • used in both instantaneous and • includes storage tanks and
heater in Malaysia storage water heaters solar collectors
• used in both instantaneous and • continuous pilot flame ignites • solar energy used to heat up
storage water heaters gas flowing through burner water
• immersion heater placed in • heat from flame transferred to • solar energy converted to heat
water (transfers heat) water
• all electricity converted to heat
Tank and Tankless

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flushing water
Water main flushing is the process of cleaning or “scouring” the interior of water distribution mains (pipes) by
sending a rapid flow of water through the mains. Distribution mains convey water to homes, businesses and
hydrants in your neighborhood.
Mechanical flush from a cistern Plastic material
Manual flush (pour flush)
Piping in sunken areas
Sunken slabs are used in the toilets, bathrooms and washing place where we have our washing machines. The purpose of
having a sunken slab is to conceal all the pipes below the floor. Since the pipes that carry water are concealed below the floor,
care has to be taken to avoid leakage problems.
• The concrete of the R.C.C. (floor and sunken slab) should mixed
with a waterproofing material to get a denser, watertight concrete.
• Then cement and waterproofing material should be diluted in water
and splashed onto the RCC sunken slab. Over that a layer of plaster
should be provided using a mortar plasticizer with the cement
mortar.
• Brick laying of walls and plastering (prior to tiling) of the walls and
floor should be done with cement mortar mixed with a mortar
plasticizer.
• Tile fixing for the floor and walls tiles should be done with non-
shrink, waterproof tile adhesives to make the tiled area waterproof.
• Sanitary pipe joints should be sealed with sealants specially
manufactured for Sealing Sanitary joints firmly so that no water can
leak through.
false ceiling areas
A dropped ceiling is often a secondary ceiling, hung below the main (structural) ceiling. It may also be referred to as a
drop ceiling, T-bar ceiling, false ceiling, suspended ceiling, grid ceiling, drop in ceiling, or drop out ceiling .
The area above the dropped ceiling is called plenums pace.
Functions
Visual - color, texture, pattern, shape
Types :
Control diffusion of: • Exposed Structural & MPE
light
sound
• Tightly Attached
Conceal MPE • Suspended
Accommodate: lights, diffusers, communication,
sprinkler… • Interstitial
May assist with
fire resistance
distribution / return of HVAC
Exposed Structure & MPE
Industrial, warehouse, …
▪ Economy & ease of maintenance Timber, trusses, etc.
▪ Often for appearance

Flat Plate
Painted - hotels & apartments
Minimal MPE services in ceiling
Economy and reduces story height

Suspended from the Structure

Generally by wires
Materials: drywall, plaster, fibrous (acoustic)
shaft sizes
SHAFT WALLS. Walls that enclose elevator shafts, stairwells and other vertical shafts are the lifeline of a building.
Should a fire occur, firefighters control the use of elevators, leaving stairwells as the only ....
Panels offered in a range of sizes, rigid base for fire-rated gypsum veneer plaster systems

Size of Shaft: When it comes to deciding what size hoist way you require, will depend on knowing what your
needs are for your build. Ask yourself will I want to fit a wheelchair, do I want automatic doors, and how much
space am I willing to give up in my home. Average size of a residential elevator hoist way is around 5’x5’ square
inside dimensions, this size will ensure being able to fit a wide variety of models and sizes for your build.
Single stack, two stack
Two-pipe System - Independent Stacks For Soil And Waste Water With Asp.
One-pipe System- Combined Stack For Soil And Waste Water With Anti Siphonage Pipe.
Single Stack System- Combined Stack For Soil And Waste Water With Out Anti Siphonage Pipe.
Single Stack(partially Ventilated) System- Via Media Between One Pipe And
Single Stack. Only Soil Traps Are Ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
Advantages.
• Largely Replaced Two Pipe System In Most Developed
Countries.
• Fast Becoming Preferred System In Other Parts Of The World.
• High Quality Pipes, fittings And Installation Techniques Available
These Days.
• Constant Flow Of water Ensures Reduction In Blockage
Problem.
• Eliminated Gully Traps. Thus Precludes The Need To Clean
Them.
• Require Lesser Shaft/Duct Space.
• Highly Economical In Terms Of Cost.
• Quick To Construct And Commision.

Disadvantages.
• Danger Of Back Flow Of Sewage In Waste Fittings
TWO / DOUBLE PIPE SYSTEM
CROSS VENTILATION
When placing ventilation openings, you are placing inlets and outlets to optimize the path air follows through the building.
Windows or vents placed on opposite sides of the building give natural breezes a pathway through the structure. This is
called cross-ventilation.
 Drainage – floor traps, drains, P-trap, bottle traps, Single stack, two stack, cross
venting, fixture venting

bottle traps

The bottle trap is an essential element of the basin's plumbing that keeps the bathroom hygienic and odor-free. When we
use the basin, the used water goes down the basin waste, into the drainage pipe, and then into the sewer, where a lot of
other waste and dirt is accumulating
FIXTURE VENTING
In modern plumbing, a drain-waste-vent (or DWV) is part of a system that removes sewage and grey water from a building,
and regulates air pressure in the waste-system pipes to aid free flow.
Flow control Valves – Gate valve, Globe valves, butterfly valves,
Pressure Reducing valves & station, Pip
Valves are the devices used for controlling the flow
of liquid in a pipe line. Gate valve
•With the use of Valve any section of pipe line can
be isolated for the purpose of inspection,
repairs etc.
•Different types of valves are:
1.LINE VALVES - Sluice Valves
- Globe Valves
2.SCOUR VALVES
3.AIR VALVES
4.RELIEF VALVES
5.REFLUX VALVES
6.FLOAT VALVES
7. FIRE HYDRANTS
VALVES
8.TAPS & STOP COCKS
GLOBAL VALVE
Is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a
pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type
element and a stationary ring seat in a
generally spherical body

Globe valves are named for their spherical

body shape with the two halves of the body
being separated by an internal baffle. This
has an opening that forms a seat onto which
a movable plug can be screwed in to close (or
shut) the valve. The plug is also called a disc
or disk. In globe valves, the plug is connected
to a stem which is operated by screw action
using a hand wheel in manual valves.
Typically, automated globe valves use smooth
stems rather than threaded and are opened
and closed by an actuator assembly.
 BUTTERFLY VALVE

A valve consisting of a rotating circular plate or a pair of hinged

semicircular plates, attached to a transverse spindle and
mounted inside a pipe in order to regulate or prevent flow.
Open close valve Automatic valve
PRESSURE REDUSING VALVE & STATION

A pressure regulator is a control valve that reduces

the input pressure of a fluid to a desired value at
its output. Regulators are used for gases and
liquids, and can be an integral device with an
output pressure setting, a restrictor and a sensor
all in the one body, or consist of a separate
pressure sensor, controller and flow ...
Reference
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/wqachapter2.pdf
www.dictionary.com/browse/non-domestic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply
https://www.slideshare.net/reddyas/12-water-softening?next_slideshow=1

BOOk- water supply & sanitation engineering by G.S Birdie & J.S
Bridie