The Use of Artificial Intelligence

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The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in finance promises to help solve many long-standing barriers to

financial inclusion. The formal financial sector has been beyond reach for low-income users and remotely
located users in India for numerous reasons. As we battle a global pandemic which could further isolate
people excluded from formal finance or those who are geographically dispersed, any methods that can
assist in overcoming these barriers become even more critical to understand. Some of the most enduring
barriers to accessing formal financial services for low-income users include a lack of formal records of
income and expenditure, of proper credit history, or the relatively high unit cost to provide services at the
last mile 

In 1956, a group of experts at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project convened to assess if it were
possible to make a machine simulate every aspect of human intelligence and learning. They coined the
term “Artificial Intelligence” (AI) referring to machines that can “use language, form abstractions and
concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves” (McCarthy et al.,
1955).
More recently, the Financial Stability Board’s (FSB) definition conceptualised AI as IT systems that can
display intelligence to ask questions, discover and test hypotheses, and make decisions automatically based
on advanced analytics by operating on extensive data sets (Financial Stability Board, 2017).
These definitions reveal the wide range of applications and processes that can be encompassed within the
term AI. A useful categorisation of AI that aids this analysis is into three types based on the degree of
intelligence it can display:
a. Artificial Super Intelligence, where computers have surpassed human intelligence in all domains.
b. Artificial General Intelligence, where computers are as intelligent as humans in all domains.
c. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), where computers can show human-like intelligence in narrow
domains defined by a human programmer (Marda, 2018).
Most of the AI that is in use today demonstrates narrow intelligence where the algorithms [1] use different
computing and statistical methods to intuitively detect and learn patterns in training data and enhance their
own performance. This includes machine-learning (ML) algorithms which use large amounts of training
data to recognise patterns (Surden, 2014), and more recent developments like deep learning and natural
language processing that are based on similar but more complex pattern recognition, programming and
automation methods (Taulli, 2019).
Given this landscape and the current state of play, the AI mentioned in this post largely relate to artificial
narrow intelligence.

Artificial intelligence and credit in India


Indian FinTechs have quickly adopted AI algorithms in their business processes. Many FinTech providers
like Capital Float, Flexiloans and Lendingkart are using AI in their user-facing activities for a variety of
purposes including risk analysis, credit underwriting, providing wealth management advice and fraud
detection (Agarwal, 2019a).
Our review of digital credit lenders revealed that many digital credit firms in particular claim to use AI
algorithms for risk-modelling and credit underwriting decisions. This review is based on our analysis of
websites, news reports and research reports relating to the use of AI in lending in India. Within the Indian
landscape, these news reports and articles suggest that FinTech providers in India appear to be using AI in
their credit lending processes to:

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