Amalgam Structure and Properties PPT With Audio

DENTAL
AMALGAM
Stephen C. Bayne
Department of Operative Dentistry
School of Dentistry
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450
 2006, Bayne and Thompson

DENTAL AMALGAM
Where is it?
AMALGAM TERMINOLOGY
AMALGAM = an alloy containing Hg as the major ingredient.
DENTAL AMALGAM = an alloy of Hg with Ag-Sn.
DENTAL AMALGAM ALLOY = a Ag-Sn alloy (to be mixed with Hg).
ALLOY PRODUCTION
Melting / Casting / Comminution  IRREGULAR Particles
“Cast ingots --> filed into powder”

Irregular particles = lathe cut = filings
Polycrystalline particles
Homogenized by HT to remove coring
Annealing HT to relieve cold work in filings
Melting / Spray Atomization  SPHERICAL PARTICLES
Hot alloy sprayed into cold air

Particles spherodize and solidify
Spheres are acid-washed
Generally spheres are HT
Hg / Alloy RATIOS
50:50
42:58
ALLOY MANIPULATION
Manual Trituration Procedures:
Alloy + Hg  mortar + pestle  manual mixing
Mechanical Trituration Procedures:

Powdered alloy + Hg  capsule + pestle  amalgamator
Pelleted alloy + Hg  capsule + pestle  amalgamator
Powdered alloy + Hg  pre-capsulated  amalgamator

CLASSIFICATION
• Copper content = low copper, high copper
• Particle size (and shape) = irregular, spherical
• Number of particle types = 1 or 2
• Zinc content = Zn-containing, Zn-free
Application of system of nomenclature

Alloy Copper Particle Number of Zinc
Name: Content: Shape: Particles: Content:
New True Dentalloy Low Irregular 1 Particle No
Velvalloy Low Irregular 1 Particle No
“Dispersalloy” High Both 2 Particles Yes
“Tytin” High Spherical 1 Particle No
Rx and MICROSTRUCTURE
Ag Primary reactant
Sn Creates solubility, fluidity
Cu Reacts with Sn
Zn Alloy processing aid
Irregular
Alloy Hg Reactant with Ag (and Sn)
Spherical
Alloy
SETTING REACTIONS
Low-Copper Dental Amalgam:
I/S-Alloy + Hg  Residual Alloy + Matrix-1 + Matrix-2
Ag-Sn + Hg  Ag-Sn + Ag-Hg + Sn-Hg
Ag3Sn + Hg  Ag3Sn + Ag2Hg3 + Sn7-8Hg
 + Hg  + 1+ 2
1-Particle High-Copper Dental Amalgam:

S-Alloy + Hg  Residual Alloy + Matrix-1 + Matrix-2
Ag3Sn/Cu+ Hg  Ag3Sn/Cu + Ag2Hg3 + CuSn + Cu3Sn
 + Hg  + 1+  + 
2-Particle High-Copper Dental Amalgam:
I-Alloy + Hg  Residual Alloy + Matrix-1 + Matrix-2
 + Hg  Ag3Sn)+ 1+ (2)
S-Alloy + Hg  Residual Alloy + Matrix-1 + Matrix-2
Alloy + Hg  Alloy (Ag-Cu) + 1+  + 
+ Hg  + +
 1 2
Penetrating Corrosion
+ Hg  + +
 + spheres  1 +
69 Ag
18 Sn
12 Cu
1 Zn
DISPERSALLOY
PHASE DIAGRAMS
Ag3Sn + Hg >>>
Ag2Hg3 = 1
(26Ag-74Hg)
1 +
Ag Hg
Overview of Manipulation
Placement and Carving Burnishing Polishing

TIME Condensation
Onset of Onset of Onset of End of 24 hours

MIXING WORKING SETTING SETTING
Selection / Proportioning / Amalgamation / Manipulation / Polishing

Amalgamators
SPEED TIME
ENERGY = Speed x Time

Excess Hg-rich matrix
eliminated by condensation.
Ag-Hg crystal Residual alloy

reaction products
Unset amalgam Setting amalgam
A B
DIMENSIONAL CHANGES
Dimensional changes on setting:
CONTRACTION during alloy dissolution
EXPANSION during impingement of reaction product crystals
(EXPANSION if side reactions due to H2O contamination)
EXP (+)
ADA =
± 20 m TIME
CONT (--)
Dimensional changes on depend on reaction variables:

Particle size, Hg/alloy ratio, trituration time, condensation, ...
AMALGAM PROPERTIES
A. Introduction:
1. Specifications for Amalgam Properties
a. ADA / ANSI and ISO
b. Determination of “safety and efficacy”
2. Clinical Performance
a. Longevity = 20-25 yrs ideally, 8-12 yrs practically
b. Modes of failure = caries, marginal fracture, bulk
B. Properties: UNITED WORLD
STATES
1. Physical
2. Mechanical ADA FDI
3. Chemical
4. Biological ANSI ISO
Physical Properties
1. Thermal conductivity = [High]

2. Electrical conductivity = [High]
3. Coefficient of thermal expansion = 25 ppm/ºC
4. Radiopacity = [>2 mm Aluminum]
5. Color = [Lustrous, shiny, white]
Mechanical Properties
Compressive Strength (psi) Tensile Strength (psi)

15-min 1-hr 24-hr 15-min 1-hr 24-hr
LOW COPPER:
Velvalloy 5,400 17,400 56,200 625 1,900 9,000
Spheralloy 5,800 18,500 56,900 450 1,550 8,800
HIGH COPPER:
Optalloy II 9,100 23,800 55,900 1,000 2,350 7,250
Dispersalloy 6,200 22,400 59,900 575 1,750 6,990
Indiloy 4,600 26,300 64,500 450 2,400 6,500
Sybraloy 23,800 50,000 72,700 2,190 4,700 6,600
Tytin 10,200 40,800 79,100 990 4,000 9,300
Mechanical Properties
TYTIN (Kerr Dental Mfg) = “tie up the tin”
High-Copper, Spherical, 1 Particle, Zn-free
42% Hg mixed with alloy
Fast-setting
High early strength
Fracture
Surface
Polished
Surface
Chemical Properties
CHEMICAL
(b)
CORROSION: AgS
(a)
Sn-O-Cl
Sn-O
Clean Surface,
High O2 Potential Plaque
(CATHODIC) Buildup
Plaque Buildup,
Low O2 Potential
(ANODIC)
(a) (b)
ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION:
• Galvanic corrosion
• Local galvanic corrosion (structure selective)
• Crevice corrosion (concentration cell)
• Stress corrosion
Biological Properties
Mercury Toxicity:
OSHA maximum TLV = 50 g/m3 (vapor) per 40 hr work week.
Transient intraoral release (<35 g/m3).
Mercury Hypersensitivity:
Low level allergic reaction.
Estimated to be < 1 / 100,000,000
Amalgam Tatoo:
Can occur during amalgam removal if no rubber dam.
Embedded amalgam particles corrode and locally discolor gum.
No known adverse reactions.
Clinical Performance
Reasons for Failure:
Low-copper amalgam – marginal fracture and secondary caries.
High-copper amalgam – marginal fracture and bulk fracture.
Penetrating Superficial Corrosion
Corrosion Corrosion Products
Internal corrosion Corrosion at margins Sn-O-Cl and Sn-O
Jorgensen theory of mercuroscopic expansion (and marginal fracture)

Clinical Evaluation
Hi-Cu Low-Cu
Mahler scale:
Hi-Cu, +Zn
Hi-Cu, no Zn
Low-Cu, +Zn
??? Low-Cu, no Zn
THANK YOU

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DENTAL

 2006, Bayne and Thompson

Melting / Casting / Comminution  IRREGULAR Particles

“Cast ingots --> filed into powder”

Melting / Spray Atomization  SPHERICAL PARTICLES

Hot alloy sprayed into cold air

Mechanical Trituration Procedures:

Powdered alloy + Hg  pre-capsulated  amalgamator

Application of system of nomenclature

1-Particle High-Copper Dental Amalgam:

Placement and Carving Burnishing Polishing

Onset of Onset of Onset of End of 24 hours

Selection / Proportioning / Amalgamation / Manipulation / Polishing

ENERGY = Speed x Time

Ag-Hg crystal Residual alloy

Unset amalgam Setting amalgam

Dimensional changes on depend on reaction variables:

1. Thermal conductivity = [High]

Compressive Strength (psi) Tensile Strength (psi)

Internal corrosion Corrosion at margins Sn-O-Cl and Sn-O

Jorgensen theory of mercuroscopic expansion (and marginal fracture)

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