MySQL Interview Questions

1) What is MySQL?

MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system

which has more than 11 million installations. It is the world's second
most popular and widely-used open source database. It is interesting
how MySQL name was given to this query language. The term My is
coined by the name of the daughter of co-founder Michael Widenius's
daughter, and SQL is the short form of Structured Query Language. Using
MySQL is free of cost for the developer, but enterprises have to pay a
license fee to Oracle.

Formerly MySQL was initially owned by a for-profit firm MySQL AB, then
Sun Microsystems bought it, and then Oracle bought Sun Microsystems,
so Oracle currently owns MySQL.

MySQL is an Oracle-supported Relational Database Management System

(RDBMS) based on structured query language. MySQL supports a wide
range of operating systems, most famous of those include Windows,
Linux & UNIX. Although it is possible to develop a wide range of
applications with MySQL, it is only used for web applications & online
publishing. It is a fundamental part of an open-source enterprise known
as Lamp.

What is the Lamp?

The Lamp is a platform used for web development. The Lamp uses Linux,
Apache, MySQL, and PHP as an operating system, web server, database
& object-oriented scripting language. And hence abbreviated as LAMP.
2) In which language MySQL has been written?

MySQL is written in C and C++, and its SQL parser is written in yacc.

3) What are the technical specifications of MySQL?

MySQL has the following technical specifications -

o Flexible structure

o High performance

o Manageable and easy to use

o Replication and high availability

o Security and storage management

o Drivers

o Graphical Tools

o MySQL Enterprise Monitor

o MySQL Enterprise Security

o JSON Support

o Replication & High-Availability

o Manageability and Ease of Use

o OLTP and Transactions

o Geo-Spatial Support
4) What is the difference between MySQL and SQL?

SQL is known as the standard query language. It is used to interact with

the database like MySQL. MySQL is a database that stores various types
of data and keeps it safe.

A PHP script is required to store and retrieve the values inside the
database.

SQL is a computer language, whereas MySQL is a software or an

application

SQL is used for the creation of database management systems whereas

MySQL is used to enable data handling, storing, deleting and modifying
data

5) 5. What is the difference between the database and the

table?

There is a major difference between a database and a table. The

differences are as follows:

o Tables are a way to represent the division of data in a database while the
database is a collection of tables and data.

o Tables are used to group the data in relation to each other and create a
dataset. This dataset will be used in the database. The data stored in the
table in any form is a part of the database, but the reverse is not true.
 o A database is a collection of organized data and features used to access
them, whereas the table is a collection of rows and columns used to store
the data.

6) Why do we use the MySQL database server?

First of all, the MYSQL server is free to use for developers and small
enterprises.

MySQL server is open source.

MySQL's community is tremendous and supportive; hence any help

regarding MySQL is resolved as soon as possible.

MySQL has very stable versions available, as MySQL has been in the
market for a long time. All bugs arising in the previous builds have been
continuously removed, and a very stable version is provided after every
update.

The MySQL database server is very fast, reliable, and easy to use. You
can easily use and modify the software. MySQL software can be
downloaded free of cost from the internet.

7) What are the different tables present in MySQL?

There are many tables that remain present by default. But, MyISAM is
the default database engine used in MySQL. There are five types of tables
that are present:
 o MyISAM

o Heap

o Merge

o INNO DB

o ISAM

8) How to install MySQL?

Installing MySQL on our system allows us to safely create, drop, and test
web applications without affecting our live website's data. There are
many ways to use MySQL on our system, but the best way is to install it
manually. The manual installation allows us to learn more about the
system and provides more control over the database. To see the
installation steps of MySQL in Windows goes to the below link:

https://www.javatpoint.com/how-to-install-mysql

Manual installation of MySQL has several benefits:

o Backing up, reinstalling, or moving databases from one location to

another can be achieved in a second.

o It provides more control to how and when MySQL server starts and
closes.

o We can install MySQL anywhere, like in a portable USB drive.

9) How to check the MySQL version?

We can check the MySQL version on Linux using the below command:
 1. mysql -v

If we use the MySQL in windows, opening the MySQL command-line tool

displayed the version information without using any flags. If we want to
know more about the server information, use the below statement:

1. SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "%version%";

It will return the output as below:

In this output, we can see the additional version information about the
installed MySQL software like innodb_version, protocol_version,
version_ssl_library, etc.
10) How to add columns in MySQL?

A column is a series of cells in a table that stores one value for each row
in a table. We can add columns in an existing table using the ALTER
TABLE statement as follows:

1. ALTER TABLE table_name

2. ADD COLUMN column_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER existing_

column];

To read more information, click here.

11) How to delete a table in MySQL?

We can delete a table in MySQL using the Drop Table statement. This
statement removes the complete data of a table, including structure and
definition from the database permanently. Therefore, it is required to be
careful while deleting a table. After using the statement, we cannot
recover the table in MySQL. The statement is as follows:

1. DROP TABLE table_name;

To read more information, click here.

12) How to add foreign keys in MySQL?

The foreign key is used to link one or more tables together. It matches
the primary key field of another table to link the two tables. It allows us
to create a parent-child relationship with the tables. We can add a foreign
key to a table in two ways:

o Using the CREATE TABLE Statement

o Using the ALTER TABLE Statement

Following is the syntax to define a foreign key using CREATE TABLE OR

ALTER TABLE statement:

1. [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]

2. FOREIGN KEY [foreign_key_name] (col_name, ...)

3. REFERENCES parent_tbl_name (col_name,...)

To read more information, click here.

13) How to connect to the MySQL database?

MySQL allows us to connect with the database server in mainly two ways:

Using Command-line Tool

We can find the command-line client tool in the bin directory of

the MySQL's installation folder. To invoke this program, we need to
navigate the installation folder's bin directory and type the below
command:

1. mysql

Next, we need to run the below command to connect to the MySQL

Server:
 1. shell>mysql -u root -p

Finally, type the password for the selected user account root and press
Enter:

1. Enter password: ********

After successful connection, we can use the below command to use the:

1. USE database_name;

Using MySQL Workbench

We can make a connection with database using MySQL Workbench,

simply clicking the plus (+) icon or navigating to the menu bar ->
Database -> Connect to Database, the following screen appears. Now,
you need to fill all the details to make a connection:
Once we finished this setup, it will open the MySQL Workbench screen.
Now, we can double click on the newly created connection to connect
with the database server.

To read more information, click here.

14) How to change the MySQL password?

We can change the MySQL root password using the below statement in
the new notepad file and save it with an appropriate name:

1. ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'NewPassword';

Next, open a Command Prompt and navigate to the MySQL directory.

Now, copy the following folder and paste it in our DOS command and
press the Enter key.

1. C:\Users\javatpoint> CD C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 8.0\bin

Next, enter this statement to change the password:

1. mysqld --init-file=C:\\mysql-notepadfile.txt

Finally, we can log into the MySQL server as root using this new
password. After launches the MySQL server, it is to delete the C:\myswl-
init.txt file to ensure the password change.

To read more information, click here.

15) How to create a database in MySQL Workbench?

To create a new database in MySQL Workbench, we first need to launch

the MySQL Workbench and log in using the username and password. Go
to the Navigation tab and click on the Schema menu. Right-click under
the Schema menu and select Create Schema or click the database icon
(red rectangle), as shown in the following screen.

A new popup screen appears where we need to fill all the details. After
entering the details, click on the Apply button and then the Finish button
to complete the database creation.

To read more information, click here.

16) How to create a table in MySQL Workbench?

Launch the MySQL Workbench and go to the Navigation tab and click on
the Schema menu where all the previously created databases are shown.
Select any database and double click on it. It will show the sub-menus
where we need to select the Tables option.

Select Tables sub-menu, right-click on it and select Create Table option.

We can also click on create a new table icon (shown in red rectangle) to
create a table. It will open the new popup screen where we need to fill all
the details to create a table. Here, we will enter the table name and
column details. After entering the details, click on the Apply button and
then the Finish button to complete the table creation.

To read more information, click here.

17) How to change the table name in MySQL?

Sometimes our table name is non-meaningful. In that case, we need to

change or rename the table name. MySQL provides the following syntax
to rename one or more tables in the current database:
 1. mysql> RENAME old_table TO new_table;

If we want to change more than one table name, use the below syntax:

1. RENAME TABLE old_tab1 TO new_tab1,

2. old_tab2 TO new_tab2, old_tab3 TO new_tab3;

To read more information, click here.

18) How to change the database name in MySQL?

Sometimes we need to change or rename the database name because of

its non-meaningful name. To rename the database name, we need first to
create a new database into the MySQL server. Next, MySQL provides the
mysqldump shell command to create a dumped copy of the selected
database and then import all the data into the newly created database.
The following is the syntax of using mysqldump command:

1. mysqldump -u username -p "password" -R oldDbName > oldDbName.sql

Now, use the below command to import the data into the newly created
database:

1. mysql -u username -p"password" newDbName < oldDbName.sql

19) How to import a database in MySQL?

Importing database in MySQL is a process of moving data from one place

to another place. It is a very useful method for backing up essential data
or transferring our data between different locations. For example, we
have a contact book database, which is essential to keep it in a secure
place. So we need to export it in a safe place, and whenever it lost from
the original location, we can restore it using import options.

In MySQL, we can import a database in mainly two ways:

o Command Line Tool

o MySQL Workbench

To read more information for importing databases, click here.

20) How to change the column name in MySQL?

While creating a table, we have kept one of the column names

incorrectly. To change or rename an existing column name in MySQL, we
need to use the ALTER TABLE and CHANGE commands together. The
following are the syntax used to rename a column in MySQL:

1. ALTER TABLE table_name

2. CHANGE COLUMN old_column_name new_column_name column_definitio

n [FIRST|AFTER existing_column];

Suppose the column's current name is S_ID, but we want to change this
with a more appropriate title as Stud_ID. We will use the below
statement to change its name:

1. ALTER TABLE Student CHANGE COLUMN S_ID Stud_ID varchar(10);

21) How to delete columns in MySQL?

We can remove, drop, or delete one or more columns in an existing table

using the ALTER TABLE statement as follows:

1. ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name1, column_name2

....;

To read more information, click here.

22) How to insert data in MySQL?

We can insert data in a MySQL table using the INSERT STATEMENT. This
statement allows us to insert single or multiple rows into a table. The
following is the basic syntax to insert a record into a table:

1. INSERT INTO table_name ( field1, field2,...fieldN )

2. VALUES ( value1, value2,...valueN );

If we want to insert more than one rows into a table, use the below
syntax:

1. INSERT INTO table(field1, field2,...fieldN)

2. VALUES

3. (value1, value 2, ...),

4. (value1, value2, ...),

5. ...

6. (value1, value2, ...);

To read more information, click here.

23) How to delete a row in MySQL?

We can delete a row from the MySQL table using the DELETE STATEMENT
within the database. The following is the generic syntax of DELETE
statement in MySQL to remove one or more rows from a table:

1. DELETE FROM table_name WHERE Condition_specified;

It is noted that if we have not specified the WHERE clause with the
syntax, this statement will remove all the records from the given table.

To read more information, click here.

24) How to join two tables in MySQL?

We can connect two or more tables in MySQL using the JOIN clause.
MySQL allows various types of JOIN clauses. These clauses connect
multiple tables and return only those records that match the same value
and property in all tables. The following are the four easy ways to join
two or more tables in MySQL:

o Inner Join

o Left Join

o Right Join

o Cross Join

To read more information, click here.

25) How to join three tables in MySQL?

Sometimes we need to fetch data from three or more tables. There are
two types available to do these types of joins. Suppose we have three
tables named Student, Marks, and Details.

Let's say Student has (stud_id, name) columns, Marks has (school_id,
stud_id, scores) columns, and Details has (school_id, address, email)
columns.

1. Using SQL Join Clause

This approach is similar to the way we join two tables. The following
query returns result from three tables:

1. SELECT name, scores, address, email FROM Student s

2. INNER JOIN Marks m on s.stud_id = m.stud_id

3. INNER JOIN Details d on d.school_id = m.school_id;

2. Using Parent-Child Relationship

It is another approach to join more than two tables. In the above tables,
we have to create a parent-child relationship. First, create column X as a
primary key in one table and as a foreign key in another table. Therefore,
stud_id is the primary key in the Student table and will be a foreign key
in the Marks table. Next, school_id is the primary key in the Marks table
and will be a foreign key in the Details table. The following query returns
result from three tables:

1. SELECT name, scores, address, email

 2. FROM Student s, Marks m, Details d

3. WHERE s.stud_id = m.stud_id AND m.school_id = d.school_id;

To read more information about the foreign key, click here.

26) How to update the table in MySQL?

We can update existing records in a table using the UPDATE statement

that comes with the SET and WHERE clauses. The SET clause changes
the values of the specified column. The WHERE clause is optional, which
is used to specify the condition. This statement can also use to change
values in one or more columns of a single row or multiple rows at a time.
Following is a generic syntax of UPDATE command to modify data into
the MySQL table:

1. UPDATE table_name

2. SET field1=new-value1, field2=new-value2, ...

3. [WHERE Clause]

To read more information, click here.

27) What is MySQL Workbench?

MySQL Workbench is a unified visual database designing or GUI tool used

for working on MySQL databases. It is developed and maintained by
Oracle that provides SQL development, data migration, and
comprehensive administration tools for server configuration, user
administration, backup, etc. We can use this Server Administration to
create new physical data models, E-R diagrams, and SQL development. It
is available for all major operating systems. MySQL provides supports for
it from MySQL Server version v5.6 and higher.

It is mainly available in three editions, which are given below:

o Community Edition (Open Source, GPL)

o Standard Edition (Commercial)

o Enterprise Edition (Commercial)

To read more information, click here.

28) How to drop the primary key in MySQL?

MySQL primary key is a single or combination of the field used to identify

each record in a table uniquely. A primary key column cannot be null or
empty. We can remove or delete a primary key from the table using the
ALTER TABLE statement. The following syntax is used to drop the primary
key:

1. ALTER TABLE table_name DROP PRIMARY KEY;

To read more information, click here.

29) How to create a Stored Procedure in MySQL?

A stored procedure is a group of SQL statements that we save in the

database. The SQL queries, including INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc. can
be a part of the stored procedure. A procedure allows us to use the same
code over and over again by executing a single statement. It stores in
the database data dictionary.

We can create a stored procedure using the below syntax:

1. CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name [ (parameter datatype [, parameter

datatype]) ]

2. BEGIN

3. Body_section of SQL statements

4. END;

This statement can return one or more value through parameters or may
not return any result. The following example explains it more clearly:

1. DELIMITER $$

2. CREATE PROCEDURE get_student_info()

3. BEGIN

4. SELECT * FROM Student_table;

5. END$$

To read more information, click here.

30) How to execute a stored procedure in MySQL?

We can execute a stored procedure in MySQL by simply CALL query. This

query takes the name of the stored procedure and any parameters we
need to pass to it. The following is the basic syntax to execute a stored
procedure:

1. CALL stored_procedure_name (argument_list);

Let's understand it with this example:

1. CALL Product_Pricing (@pricelow, @pricehigh);

Here, a stored procedure named Product_Pricing calculates and returns

the lowest and highest product prices.

31) How to create a View in MySQL?

A view is a database object whose values are based on the base table. It
is a virtual table created by a query by joining one or more tables. It is
operated similarly to the base table but does not contain any data of its
own. If any changes occur in the underlying table, the same changes
reflected in the View also.

Following is the general syntax of creating a VIEW in MySQL:

1. CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW view_name AS

2. SELECT columns

3. FROM tables

4. [WHERE conditions];

To read more information, click here.

32) How to create a Trigger in MySQL?

A trigger is a procedural code in a database that automatically invokes

whenever certain events on a particular table or view in the database
occur. It can be executed when records are inserted into a table, or any
columns are being updated. We can create a trigger in MySQL using the
syntax as follows:

1. CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name

2. [before | after]

3. {insert | update | delete}

4. ON table_name [FOR EACH ROW]

5. BEGIN

6. --variable declarations

7. --trigger code

8. END;

To read more information, click here.

33) How to clear screen in MySQL?

If we use MySQL in Windows, it is not possible to clear the screen before

version 8. At that time, the Windows operating system provides the only
way to clear the screen by exiting the MySQL command-line tool and
then again open MySQL.

After the release of MySQL version 8, we can use the below command to
clear the command line screen:

1. mysql> SYSTEM CLS;

34) How to create a new user in MySQL?

A USER in MySQL is a record in the USER-TABLE. It contains the login

information, account privileges, and the host information for MySQL
account to access and manage the databases. We can create a new user
account in the database server using the MySQL Create User statement.
It provides authentication, SSL/TLS, resource-limit, role, and password
management properties for the new accounts.

The following is the basic syntax to create a new user in MySQL:

1. CREATE USER [IF NOT EXISTS] account_name IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

To read more information, click here.

35) How to check USERS in MySQL?

If we want to manage a database in MySQL, it is required to see the list

of all user's accounts in a database server. The following command is
used to check the list of all users available in the database server:

1. mysql> SELECT USER FROM mysql.user;

To read more information, click here.

36) How to import a CSV file in MySQL?

MySQL allows us to import the CSV (comma separated values) file into a
database or table. A CSV is a plain text file that contains the list of data
and can be saved in a tabular format. MySQL provides the LOAD DATA
INFILE statement to import a CSV file. This statement is used to read a
text file and import it into a database table very quickly. The full syntax
to import a CSV file is given below:

1. LOAD DATA INFILE 'C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/Uploads/filen

ame.csv'

2. INTO TABLE tablename

3. FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','

4. OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'

5. LINES TERMINATED BY '\r\n'

6. IGNORE 1 ROWS;

To read more information, click here.

37) How to insert Date in MySQL?

MySQL allows us to use the INSERT STATEMENT to add the date in

MySQL table. MySQL provides several data types for storing dates such
as DATE, TIMESTAMP, DATETIME, and YEAR. The default format of the
date in MySQL is YYYY-MM-DD. Following is the basic syntax to insert
date in MySQL table:

1. INSERT INTO table_name (column_name, column_date) VALUES ('DATE:

Manual Date', '2008-7-04');

If we want to insert a date in the mm/dd/yyyy format, it is required to

use the below statement:
 1. INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (STR_TO_DATE(date_value, format_spe

cifier));

38) How to check database size in MySQL?

MySQL allows us to query the information_schema.tables table to get the

information about the tables and databases. It will return the information
about the data length, index length, collation, creation time, etc. We can
check the size of the database on the server using the below syntax:

1. SELECT table_schema AS 'Database Name',

2. SUM(data_length + index_length) 'Size in Bytes',

3. ROUND(SUM(data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024, 2) 'Size in MB'

4. FROM information_schema.tables

5. WHERE table_schema = 'testdb'

6. GROUP BY table_schema;

It will return the output as follows:

If we want to check the size of the table in a specific database, use the
following statement:
 1. SELECT table_name AS 'Table Name',

2. ROUND(((data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024), 2) AS 'Size in MB'

3. FROM information_schema.TABLES

4. WHERE table_schema = 'testdb'

5. ORDER BY (data_length + index_length) DESC;

It will return the output as follows:

39) How does indexing works in MySQL?

Indexing is a process to find an unordered list into an ordered list. It

helps in maximizing the query's efficiency while searching on tables in
MySQL. The working of MySQL indexing is similar to the book index.

Suppose we have a book and want to get information about, say,

searching. Without indexing, it is required to go through all pages one by
one, until the specific topic was not found. On the other hand, an index
contains a list of keywords to find the topic mentioned on pages. Then,
we can flip to those pages directly without going through all pages.
40) Who owns MySQL?

MySQL is the most popular free and open-source database software

which comes under the GNU General Public License. In the beginning, it
was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB. Now, it is
bought by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle Corporation), who is
responsible for managing and developing the database.

To read more information, click here.

41) How to view the database in MySQL?

Working with the MySQL server, it is a common task to view or list the
available databases. We can view all the databases on the MySQL server
host using the following command:

1. mysql> SHOW DATABASES;

To read more information, click here.

42) How to set auto increment in MySQL?

Auto Increment is a constraint that automatically generates a unique

number while inserting a new record into the table. Generally, it is used
for the primary key field in a table. In MySQL, we can set the value for an
AUTO_INCREMENT column using the ALTER TABLE statement as follows:

1. ALTER TABLE table_name AUTO_INCREMENT = value;

43) How to find the second highest salary in MySQL?

MySQL uses the LIMIT keyword, which can be used to limit the result set.
It will allow us to get the first few rows, last few rows, or range of rows.
It can also be used to find the second, third, or nth highest salary. It
ensures that you have use order by clause to sort the result set first and
then print the output that provides accurate results. The following query
is used to get the second highest salary in MySQL:

1. SELECT salary

2. FROM (SELECT salary FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 2)

AS Emp ORDER BY salary LIMIT 1;

There are some other ways to find the second highest salary in MySQL,
which are given below:

This statement uses subquery and IN clause to get the second highest
salary:

1. SELECT MAX(salary)

2. FROM employees

3. WHERE salary NOT IN ( SELECT Max(salary) FROM employees);

This query uses subquery and < operator to return the second highest
salary:

1. SELECT MAX(salary) From employees

2. WHERE salary < ( SELECT Max(salary) FROM employees);

44) What is the difference between TRUNCATE and
DELETE in MySQL?
o TRUNCATE is a DDL command, and DELETE is a DML command.

o It is not possible to use Where command with TRUNCATE QLbut you can
use it with DELETE command.

o TRUNCATE cannot be used with indexed views, whereas DELETE can be

used with indexed views.

o The DELETE command is used to delete data from a table. It only deletes
the rows of data from the table while truncate is a very dangerous
command and should be used carefully because it deletes every row
permanently from a table.

45) How many Triggers are possible in MySQL?

There are only six Triggers allowed to use in the MySQL database.

1. Before Insert

2. After Insert

3. Before Update

4. After Update

5. Before Delete

6. After Delete

46) What is the heap table?

Tables that are present in memory is known as HEAP tables. When you
create a heap table in MySQL, you should need to specify the TYPE as
HEAP. These tables are commonly known as memory tables. They are
used for high-speed storage on a temporary basis. They do not allow
BLOB or TEXT fields.

47) What is BLOB and TEXT in MySQL?

BLOB is an acronym that stands for a large binary object. It is used to

hold a variable amount of data.

There are four types of the BLOB.

1. TINYBLOB

2. BLOB

3. MEDIUMBLOB

4. LONGBLOB

The differences among all these are the maximum length of values they
can hold.

TEXT is a case-insensitive BLOB. TEXT values are non-binary strings

(character string). They have a character set, and values are stored and
compared based on the collation of the character set.

There are four types of TEXT.

1. TINYTEXT

2. TEXT

3. MEDIUMTEXT

4. LONGTEXT
48) What is a trigger in MySQL?

A trigger is a set of codes that executes in response to some events.

49) What is the difference between the heap table and the
temporary table?

Heap tables:

Heap tables are found in memory that is used for high-speed storage
temporarily. They do not allow BLOB or TEXT fields.

Heap tables do not support AUTO_INCREMENT.

Indexes should be NOT NULL.

Temporary tables:

The temporary tables are used to keep the transient data. Sometimes it
is beneficial in cases to hold temporary data. The temporary table is
deleted after the current client session terminates.

Main differences:

The heap tables are shared among clients, while temporary tables are not
shared.

Heap tables are just another storage engine, while for temporary tables,
you need a special privilege (create temporary table)
50) What is the difference between FLOAT and DOUBLE?

FLOAT stores floating-point numbers with accuracy up to 8 places and

allocate 4 bytes. On the other hand, DOUBLE stores floating-point
numbers with accuracy up to 18 places and allocates 8 bytes.

51) What are the advantages of MySQL in comparison to

Oracle?
1. MySQL is a free, fast, reliable, open-source relational database while
Oracle is expensive, although they have provided Oracle free edition to
attract MySQL users.

2. MySQL uses only just under 1 MB of RAM on your laptop, while Oracle 9i
installation uses 128 MB.

3. MySQL is great for database enabled websites while Oracle is made for
enterprises.

4. MySQL is portable.

52) What are the disadvantages of MySQL?

1. MySQL is not so efficient for large scale databases.

2. It does not support COMMIT and STORED PROCEDURES functions version

less than 5.0.

3. Transactions are not handled very efficiently.

4. The functionality of MySQL is highly dependent on other addons.

5. Development is not community-driven.

53) What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR?
1. CHAR and VARCHAR have differed in storage and retrieval.

2. CHAR column length is fixed, while VARCHAR length is variable.

3. The maximum no. of character CHAR data types can hold is 255
characters, while VARCHAR can hold up to 4000 characters.

4. CHAR is 50% faster than VARCHAR.

5. CHAR uses static memory allocation, while VARCHAR uses dynamic

memory allocation.

54) What is the difference between MySQL_connect and

MySQL_pconnect?

Mysql_connect:

1. It opens a new connection to the database.

2. Every time you need to open and close the database connection,
depending on the request.

3. Opens page whenever it is loaded.

Mysql_pconnect:

1. In Mysql_pconnect, "p" stands for persistent connection, so it opens the

persistent connection.

2. The database connection cannot be closed.

3. It is more useful if your site has more traffic because there is no need to
open and close connection frequently and whenever the page is loaded.
55) What does "i_am_a_dummy flag" do in MySQL?

The "i_am_a_dummy flag" enables the MySQL engine to refuse any

UPDATE or DELETE statement to execute if the WHERE clause is not
present. Hence it can save the programmer from deleting the entire table
my mistake if he does not use WHERE clause.

56) How to get the current date in MySQL?

To get current date, use the following syntax:

1. SELECT CURRENT_DATE();

57) What are the security alerts while using MySQL?

Install antivirus and configure the operating system's firewall.

Never use the MySQL Server as the UNIX root user.

Change the root username and password Restrict or disable remote

access.

58) How to change a password for an existing user via

mysqladmin?

Mysqladmin -u root -p password "newpassword".

59) What is the difference between UNIX timestamps and
MySQL timestamps?

Actually, both Unix timestamp and MySQL timestamp are stored as 32-bit
integers, but MySQL timestamp is represented in the readable format of
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS format.

60) How to display the nth highest salary from a table in a

MySQL query?

Let us take a table named the employee.

To find Nth highest salary is:

select distinct(salary)from employee order by salary desc limit n-1,1

if you want to find 3rd largest salary:

select distinct(salary)from employee order by salary desc limit 2,1

61) What is the MySQL default port number?

MySQL default port number is 3306.

62) What is REGEXP?

REGEXP is a pattern match using a regular expression. The regular

expression is a powerful way of specifying a pattern for a sophisticated
search.
Basically, it is a special text string for describing a search pattern. To
understand it better, you can think of a situation of daily life when you
search for .txt files to list all text files in the file manager. The regex
equivalent for .txt will be .*\.txt.

63) How many columns can you create for an index?

You can a create maximum of 16 indexed columns for a standard table.

64) What is the difference between NOW() and

CURRENT_DATE()?

NOW() command is used to show current year, month, date with hours,
minutes, and seconds while CURRENT_DATE() shows the current year
with month and date only.

65) What is the query to display the top 20 rows?

SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT 0,20;

66) Write a query to display the current date and time?

If you want to display the current date and time, use -

SELECT NOW();

If you want to display the current date only, use:

SELECT CURRENT_DATE();

67) What is the save point in MySQL?

A defined point in any transaction is known as savepoint.

SAVEPOINT is a statement in MySQL, which is used to set a named

transaction savepoint with the name of the identifier.

68) What is SQLyog?

SQLyog program is the most popular GUI tool for admin. It is the most
popular MySQL manager and admin tool. It combines the features of
MySQL administrator, phpMyadmin, and others. MySQL front ends and
MySQL GUI tools.

69) How do you backup a database in MySQL?

It is easy to back up data with phpMyAdmin. Select the database you

want to backup by clicking the database name in the left-hand navigation
bar. Then click the export button and make sure that all tables are
highlighted that you want to back up. Then specify the option you want
under export and save the output.
70) What are the different column comparison operators in
MySQL?

The =, <>, <=, <, >=, >, <<, >>, < = >, AND, OR or LIKE operator
are the comparison operators in MySQL. These operators are generally
used with SELECT statement.

71) Write a query to count the number of rows of a table in

MySQL.

SELECT COUNT user_id FROM users;

72) Write a query to retrieve a hundred books starting from

20th.

SELECT book_title FROM books LIMIT 20, 100;

73) Write a query to select all teams that won either 1, 3, 5,

or 7 games.

SELECT team_name FROM team WHERE team_won IN (1, 3, 5, 7);

74) What is the default port of MySQL Server?

The default port of MySQL Server is 3306.

75) How is the MyISAM table stored?

MyISAM table is stored on disk in three formats.

o '.frm' file : storing the table definition

o '.MYD' (MYData): data file

o '.MYI' (MYIndex): index file

76) What is the usage of ENUMs in MySQL?

ENUMs are string objects. By defining ENUMs, we allow the end-user to

give correct input as in case the user provides an input that is not part of
the ENUM defined data, then the query won't execute, and an error
message will be displayed which says "The wrong Query". For instance,
suppose we want to take the gender of the user as an input, so we
specify ENUM('male', 'female', 'other'), and hence whenever the user
tries to input any string any other than these three it results in an error.

ENUMs are used to limit the possible values that go in the table:

For example:

CREATE TABLE months (month ENUM 'January', 'February', 'March');

INSERT months VALUES ('April').

77) What are the advantages of MyISAM over InnoDB?

MyISAM follows a conservative approach to disk space management and

stores each MyISAM table in a separate file, which can be further
compressed if required. On the other hand, InnoDB stores the tables in
the tablespace. Its further optimization is difficult.

78) What are the differences between

MySQL_fetch_array(), MySQL_fetch_object(),
MySQL_fetch_row()?

Mysql_fetch_object is used to retrieve the result from the database as

objects, while mysql_fetch_array returns result as an array. This will
allow access to the data by the field names.

For example:

Using mysql_fetch_object field can be accessed as $result->name.

Using mysql_fetch_array field can be accessed as $result->[name].

Using mysql_fetch_row($result) where $result is the result resource

returned from a successful query executed using the mysql_query()
function.

Example:

1. $result = mysql_query("SELECT * from students");

2. while($row = mysql_fetch_row($result))

3. {

4. Some statement;

5. }
79) What is the difference between mysql_connect and
mysql_pconnect?

Mysql_connect() is used to open a new connection to the database, while

mysql_pconnect() is used to open a persistent connection to the
database. It specifies that each time the page is loaded,
mysql_pconnect() does not open the database.

80) What is the use of mysql_close()?

Mysql_close() cannot be used to close the persistent connection.

However, it can be used to close a connection opened by
mysql_connect().

81) What is MySQL data directory?

MySQL data directory is a place where MySQL stores its data. Each
subdirectory under this data dictionary represents a MySQL database. By
default, the information managed my MySQL = server mysqld is stored in
the data directory.

82) How do you determine the location of MySQL data

directory?

The default location of MySQL data directory in windows is C:\mysql\data

or C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.0 \data.
83) What is the usage of regular expressions in MySQL?

In MySQL, regular expressions are used in queries for searching a pattern

in a string.

o * Matches 0 more instances of the string preceding it.

o + matches one more instances of the string preceding it.

o ? Matches 0 or 1 instances of the string preceding it.

o . Matches a single character.

o [abc] matches a or b or z

o | separates strings

o ^ anchors the match from the start.

o "." Can be used to match any single character. "|" can be used to match
either of the two strings

o REGEXP can be used to match the input characters with the database.

Example:

The following statement retrieves all rows where column employee_name

contains the text 1000 (example salary):

1. Select employee_name

2. From employee

3. Where employee_name REGEXP '1000'

4. Order by employee_name
84) What is the usage of the "i-am-a-dummy" flag in
MySQL?

In MySQL, the "i-am-a-dummy" flag makes the MySQL engine to deny

the UPDATE and DELETE commands unless the WHERE clause is present.

85) Which command is used to view the content of the

table in MySQL?

The SELECT command is used to view the content of the table in MySQL.

Explain Access Control Lists.

An ACL is a list of permissions that are associated with an object. MySQL

keeps the Access Control Lists cached in memory, and whenever the user
tries to authenticate or execute a command, MySQL checks the
permission required for the object, and if the permissions are available,
then execution completes successfully.

86) What is InnoDB?

InnoDB is a storage database for SQL. The ACID-transactions are also

provided in InnoDB and also includes support for the foreign key. Initially
owned by InnobaseOY now belongs to Oracle Corporation after it
acquired the latter since 2005.
87) What is ISAM?

It is a system for file management developed by IBM, which allows

records to access sequentially or even randomly.

88) How can we run batch mode in MySQL?

To perform batch mode in MySQL, we use the following command:

1. mysql;

2. mysql mysql.out;

89) What are federated tables?

Federated tables are tables that point to the tables located on other
databases on some other server.

90) What is the difference between primary key and

candidate key?

To identify each row of a table, we will use a primary key. For a table,
there exists only one primary key.

A candidate key is a column or a set of columns, which can be used to

uniquely identify any record in the database without having to reference
any other data.
91) What are the drivers in MySQL?

Following are the drivers available in MySQL:

o PHP Driver

o JDBC Driver

o ODBC Driver

o C WRAPPER

o PYTHON Driver

o PERL Driver

o RUBY Driver

o CAP11PHP Driver

o Ado.net5.mxz

92) What are DDL, DML, and DCL?

Majorly SQL commands can be divided into three categories, i.e., DDL,
DML & DCL. Data Definition Language (DDL) deals with all the database
schemas, and it defines how the data should reside in the database.
Commands like CreateTABLE and ALTER TABLE are part of DDL.

Data Manipulative Language (DML) deals with operations and

manipulations on the data. The commands in DML are Insert, Select, etc.

Data Control Languages (DCL) are related to the Grant and permissions.
In short, the authorization to access any part of the database is defined
by these.