Lesson 1

Alphabet

Upper/lower case Name Sound Pronunciation

Α, α alpha [ɑ] a (father)
Β, β beta [b] b (bet)
Γ, γ gamma [g]1 g (get)
Δ, δ delta [d] d (dog)
Ε, ε epsilon [é] e (get)
Ζ, ζ zeta [dz, z] dz (cords), z (zero)
Η, η eta [e] e (obey)
Θ, θ theta [tʰ] t (top, theology)
Ι, ι iota [ɪ, i:] i (hit), i (machine), y (yellow)
Κ, κ kappa [k] k (keep)
Λ, λ lambda [l] l (lamp)
Μ, μ mu [m] m (mile)
Ν, ν nu [n] n (new)
Ξ, ξ xi [kʰs] x (axe)
Ο, ο omicron [o] o (top) short
Π, π pi [p] p (put)
Ρ, ρ rho [r] r (rod)
Σ, σ, ς2 sigma [s] s (sit)
Τ, τ tau [t] t (talk)
Υ, υ upsilon [u] u (universe), oo (book)
Φ, φ phi [pʰ] ph (phone)
Χ, χ chi [kʰ] ch (Scottish loch) guttural
Ψ, ψ psi [ps] ps (lips)
Ω, ω omega [ɔ:] o (note) long o

Upper case appears in the beginning of a paragraph, direct speech, proper names, geographical
locations and names of nations.

Words in Greek can end on any vowel and on only three consonants: ν, ρ, ς. Exceptions are
words of foreign origin such as Jewish personal names and geographical locations in the Greek
Scripture.

Vowels
Greek has seven vowels. ε and o are always short, η and ω are always long, α, ι, υ may be either
short or long.

1
Γ, γ (gamma) is pronounced as hard g (as in gift), never as soft g (as in gem). Before γ, κ, χ, ξ it sounds as [n].
For example: a;ggeloj [ángelos] angel, not [ággelos]; a;gkura [ánkura] anchor.
2
Sigma has two forms. It is written ς at the end of the word and σ elsewhere. For example: avpo,stoloj [apóstolos]
apostle; seismόj [seismόs] earthquake. The final ς is called stigma.
Diphthongs
A diphthong is a combination of two vowels that makes one syllable. There are “proper” and
“improper” diphthongs.
Proper diphthongs consist of a short vowel and ι or υ.
Diphthong Pronunciation Example Meaning
αι Aisle αἰών age
οι Oil οἶνος wine
ει Eight χείρ hand
υι Queen υἱός son
αυ Mouse Παῦλος Paul
ευ βασιλεύς king
ηυ ηὗρον I found
Even though the diphthong ηυ starts with a long vowel, it is proper.

Improper diphthongs are a combination of a long vowel and ι. In this case ι is written beneath the
vowel (ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ) and is called iota subscript. It is silent and is not pronounced.
For example: λῃστής [lestés] robber, bandit; αὐτῷ [autό] him.
The digraph ου also makes one sound [-oo-] as in boutique. For example: Ἰησοῦς.

Breathing marks
If a word starts with a vowel, diphthong or ρ it always has a breathing mark written above the
first letter (for vowels and rho) or the second letter (for the diphthongs).
The breathing mark can be either rough or smooth.
The rough breathing mark ( ῾ ) indicates that the first sound will have an initial “h” sound.
The smooth breathing mark ( ᾿ ) indicates that this initial “h” sound is absent.
Example: ἕν [hén] one
ἐν [en] in
ἡμέρα [heméra] day
ἕξ [héks] six
ἀνήρ [anér] man, husband
Initial ρ and υ always have the rough breathing mark. If a word has two ρρ letters in it, the first
one has a smooth and the second a rough breathing mark, respectively. The breathing mark
above ρ is silent.
Examples: ὕδωρ [húdor] water
ῥῆμα [réma] word
ἐῤῥωμένος [erroménos] strong, vigorous

Greek Accents
There are three kinds of accents in Greek: acute ( ´ ), grave ( ` ), and circumflex ( ῀ ). Accents are
posted above a vowel and help with word pronunciation.

Punctuation signs
The period (.) and comma (,) are used similarly to English.
(;) serves as a question mark.
(͘˙) serves as a colon and semicolon.
Exercises
 1. Learn and memorize the alphabet.

2. Learn to write Greek lower-case letters.

3. Read the following words paying attention to accents. Name every letter in these words.
Notice any similarities between the Greek and English words.
ἀπόστολος apostle
φωνή sound (phone)
καρδία heart (cardiac)
φόβος fear (phobia)
λόγος word (logical)
ζωή life (zoology)
Πέτρος Peter
θεός God (theology)
γυνή woman (gynecology)
πατήρ father (paternal)
ψυχή soul (psychology)
πόλις city (megapolis, political)
Χριστός Christ
 Lesson 2

Verbs: Present Active Indicative

The Greek verb has following grammatical categories: tense, voice, mood, person and number.

1. Tense.
There are three tenses in Greek: present, past and future. The other “tenses” (aorist, perfect,
pluperfect and future perfect) are just alternative forms of these major ones.

2. Voice.
There are three voices in Greek: active, passive and middle. The voice shows the direction of the
action.
Active voice indicates that the subject carries out the action. It originates from the subject.
Passive voice indicates that the action is done on or to the subject. It is directed at the subject.
Middle voice indicates that the subject carries out the action directed at itself.

Active God forgives sins.

Passive Sinners are forgiven by God.
Middle He washed his hands.

When we read Matt.27:24, “and washed his hands”, we see that the word “his” is not in the text
and was added by translators. The only way to understand whose hands Pilate washed is by
looking at the tense of the verb: middle. So the action is directed at Pilate himself – he washed
his own hands.

3. Mood.
Mood refers to the manner in which the speaker relates the verbal idea to reality.
There are four moods in Greek:
Indicative mood affirms the actuality of the statement: God loves the world.
Imperative mood expresses a command: Love your neighbor.
Subjunctive mood expresses contingency: If you love God…
Infinitive mood expresses a verbal idea without indicating person and number: To love is good.

Thus, present active indicative shows that the action happens in the present time, that the subject
is carrying out the action and that it is a true statement.

The Greek verbs can change in person and number. To understand this better, we need to learn
one more term: inflection.

4. Inflection.
Inflection comes from Latin inflecto “I bend”. See how “bending” occurs in English:
Singular Plural
First Person I have We have
Second Person You have You have
Third Person He, she, it has They have
The verb “have” becomes “has” in the third person singular. What English does in only one
form, Greek can do in all six forms (modern Spanish, German, and Russian do the same through
inflection).

Let’s look at the inflection of the verb λύω “I loose”:

Singular Plural
First Person λύω I loose λύομεν We loose
Second Person λύεις You loose λύετε You loose
Third Person λύει He, she, it looses λύουσι(ν) They loose

The part of the word that doesn’t change is called stem, in this case it is λυ–.
In the Greek language, the personal endings contain information about person and number.
Accordingly, the personal pronouns (I, you, he/she/it, we, they) are often omitted in Greek.

By removing –ω from the dictionary form we obtain the present stem.

For example: λέγω “I speak” has a stem λέγ–
γράφω “I write” has a stem γράφ–

Thus, inflection of a verb in present act. ind. occurs by adding personal endings to the stem.
Sing. Plur.
1. –ω I –ομεν we
2. –εις you –ετε you
3. –ει he, she, it –ουσι(ν) they
Note that there is a connecting vowel between the stem and personal suffixes. Before μ and ν it is
–ο–, in front of other letters it is –ε–. This connecting vowel transforms the endings to the forms
you see in the table above; thus, for educational purposes it is better to consider it as part of the
endings and memorize them all together.

Finally, the letter ν is added to the third person plural if the following word starts with a vowel.
This is similar to the English article a (an), for example: a tree, an apple.
Ἀπόστολοι λύουσιν ἄνθρωπον. Apostles liberate a man.

Present act. ind. can be translated as “I write” or “I am writing”, depending on the context. In
Greek, the emphasis is not on continuation but rather on the present time of an action.

Vocabulary:
βλέπω – I see
γινώσκω – I know
γράφω – I write
ἔχω – I have
διδάσκω – I teach
λαμβάνω – I take, receive
λέγω – I speak
λύω – I loose, liberate, release
Exercise: Translate into English
βλέπεις γινώσκετε γράφει βλέπομεν
λαμβάνομεν βλέπετε διδάσκουσι ἔχει
διδάσκει ἔχεις ἔχομεν λέγετε
λαμβάνουσι γινώσκεις βλέπουσι γινώσκει
λαμβάνεις λέγει βλέπει γράφετε
λύουσι γινώσκομεν λέγεις λύει
 Lesson 3
Nouns: Second Declension

In Greek, the inflection of nouns is called declension. The Greek language has three declensions.
The second one is simpler and has more words (595 in NT); thus, it is often studied first.

Nouns in Greek have three grammatical categories: gender, number and case.

Gender: There are three genders in Greek: masculine (M), feminine (F) and neuter (N). There is
no specific rule that determines why a particular noun has a particular gender. The gender is
defined by the word ending.

Number: There are two numbers in Greek: Singular and Plural. Verbs agree with their subject
in number.

Case: What the word order does in English, the cases do in Greek. The cases decide which word
is a subject and which one is an object. There are five cases in Greek:
1. Nominative, representing the subject (Apostles see people).
2. Genitive, representing the possessor (The word of God).
3. Dative, representing the indirect object (Jesus gave food to people).
4. Accusative, representing the object (Apostles see people).
5. Vocative, representing the addressee (O people, listen to God).

The form of the vocative case often looks exactly like the nominative.
The part of a noun that doesn’t change during declension is called stem.

Nouns of the second declension are:

1. Masculine nouns ending in –ος.
2. Neuter nouns ending in –ον.

Let’s look at a masculine noun, ἄνθρωπος “a man”:

Singular Plural
N. ἄνθρωπος a man N. ἄνθρωποι men
G. ἀνθρώπου of a man G. ἀνθρώπων of men
D. ἀνθρώπῳ to a man D. ἀνθρώποις to men
A. ἀνθρώπον a man A. ἀνθρώπους men
V. ὦ ἄνθρωπε O man V. ὦ ἄνθρωποι O men
If the ending –ου is dropped from the gen.sing. ἀνθρώπ–ου, we obtain a stem ἀνθρώπ– .
Accordingly, the nouns of the second declension have following case endings:
Sing. Plur.
N. –ος N. –οι
G. –ου G. –ων
D. –ῳ D. –οις
A. –ον A. –ους
V. –ε V. –οι
Memorize these endings (V. is very rare in the New Testament and appears with the interjection
ὦ = O!).
Let’s take a look at another masculine noun with an accent on the last syllable: υἱός “a son”:
Singular Plural
N. υἱός a son N. υἱοί sons
G. υἱοῦ of a son G. υἱῶν of sons
D. υἱῷ to a son D. υἱοῖς to sons
A. υἱόν a son A. υἱούς sons
V. ὦ υἱέ O son V. ὦ υἱοί O sons
Pay attention to case endings and how perfectly they work.

Now, let’s look at the declensions of a neuter noun, δῶρον “a gift”:

Singular Plural
N. δῶρον a gift N. δῶρα gifts
G. δώρου of a gift G. δώρων of gifts
D. δώρῳ to a gift D. δώροις to gifts
A. δῶρον a gift A. δῶρα gifts
V. ὦ δῶρον O gift V. ὦ δῶρα O gifts
Note that with neuter nouns of the second declension, N.=A.=V. in both numbers.
Thus, the case endings of the neuter nouns of the second declension are:
Sing. Plur.
N. –ον N. –α
G. –ου G. –ων
D. –ῳ D. –οις
A. –ον A. –α
V. –ον V. –α

Greek word order

In Greek the word order is freestyle! It changes depending on emphasis in a phrase.
1. ἀπόστολος λέγει λόγον
2. λόγον ἀπόστολος λέγει
3. λέγει ἀπόστολος λόγον
These three sentences mean the same: An apostle speaks a word.
Translate into English by observing the endings, not by observing the order.

When translating, you need to find: a) the subject, b) its verb, c) the direct object and d) the
indirect object. Due to the fact that the pronoun is often implied in a verb, it can be your only
subject.
a) Find a verb in each clause of a sentence.
b) Find nouns in relation to the verb: nominative (your subject) and accusative (object).
c) Finally try to construct the overall meaning of each clause and the entire sentence.
Vocabulary

ὁ, ἡ, τό are the masculine, feminine and neuter articles respectively. Placed after a noun in the
vocabulary, they indicate its gender. (Articles will be studied in Lesson 5.)

Masculine nouns of the second declension

Χριστός, ὁ – Christ, Anointed, Messiah
Ἰησοῦς, ὁ – Jesus
ἀδελφός, ὁ – brother (Philadelphia)
ἄγγελος, ὁ – angel, messenger
ἀγρός, ὁ – field (agrarian)
ἁμαρτωλός, ὁ – sinner
ἄνθρωπος, ὁ – man (anthropology)
ἀπόστολος, ὁ – apostle
διάκονος, ὁ – servant, deacon, administrator
δοῦλος, ὁ – slave, servant
θεός, ὁ – God (theology)
κόσμος, ὁ – world, universe (cosmic)
λόγος, ὁ – word
νόμος, ὁ – law
οἶκος, ὁ – house
υἱός, ὁ – son
θάνατος, ὁ – death

Neuter nouns of the second declension

δῶρον, τό – gift
ἱερόν, τό – temple (hierarchy )
εὐαγγέλιον, τό – gospel (evangelist)
ἔργον, τό – work (energy)
τέκνον, τό – child

Feminine nouns of the second declension

ἔρημος, ἡ – desert, wilderness (hermit)
ὁδός, ἡ – road, way (odometer)

Conjunctions
ἀλλά – but
δέ – now…then (but, and, now)
καί – and, also, even
καί… καί – both…and, as…as
Exercises: Translate into English
1. Ἰησοῦς λύει ἀνθρώπους.
2. δοῦλος βλέπει τέκνον.
3. ἀπόστολοι διδάσκουσιν ἁμαρτωλόν.
4. ἀπόστολος γράφει εὐαγγέλιον.
5. ἀδελφoὶ λύουσι δούλους.
6. διάκονος λαμβάνει δῶρα.
7. λαμβάνουσιν ἀδελφοὶ οἴκους.
8. βλέπομεν δούλους καὶ ἀποστόλους.
9. ἱερὰ βλέπετε καὶ ἀγρούς.
10. γράφεις λόγον διακόνοις.
11. δούλους καὶ οἴκους λαμβάνουσιν υἱοί.
12. υἱοί ἀποστόλων λέγουσι λόγον καὶ λύουσι δούλους.
13. ἀδελφέ, λέγεις λόγους νόμου.
14. Χριστὸς διδάσκει ἄνθρωπον.
15. ἄγγελος λέγει λόγον ἀποστόλῳ.
16. ἀδελφὸς ἀποστόλων γινώσκει θεόν.
17. δοῦλοι γινώσκουσι νόμον καὶ λαμβάνουσι υἱούς.
18. γινώσκουσιν ἄνθρωποι θάνατον.
19. λαμβάνομεν δῶρα καὶ ἔχομεν Χριστόν.
20. ἁμαρτωλοῖς καὶ δοῦλοις λέγουσι λόγους θανάτου.
21. τέκνα καὶ διάκονοι γινώσκουσιν καὶ βλέπουσιν ἀπόστολους.
22. γράφει ἀπόστολος νόμον καὶ λόγους υἱοῖς δοῦλου.
 Lesson 4
Nouns: First declension

Nouns of the first declension are mostly feminine nouns ending on –α and –η.
There are 635 nouns of the first declension. 523 are feminine and 112 masculine.

Let’s look at a fem. noun, ὥρα “hour” with a stem ὡρ–:

Singular Plural
N. ὥρα N. ὥραι
G. ὥρας G. ὡρῶν
D. ὥρᾳ D. ὥραις
A. ὥραν A. ὥρας
V. = N. V. = N.
Let’s take a look at another example of a fem. noun, ἀλήθεια “truth”:
Singular Plural
N. ἀλήθεια N. ἀλήθειαι
G. ἀληθείας G. ἀληθειῶν
D. ἀληθείᾳ D. ἀληθείαις
A. ἀλήθειαν A. ἀληθείας
V. = N. V. = N.
Now, let’s consider a fem. noun, δόξα “glory”:
Singular Plural
N. δόξα N. δόξαι
G. δόξης G. δοξῶν
D. δόξῃ D. δόξαις
A. δόξαν A. δόξας
V. = N. V. = N.
It’s clear to see that in gen. and dat. sing., α changes to η. If a stem ends on ε, ι and ρ, then the α
is called “pure” and it remains the same; in all other instances it is called “impure” and changes
to η.

Below is the declension of a noun that ends on –η: γραφή “scripture”:

Singular Plural
N. γραφή N. γραφαί
G. γραφῆς G. γραφῶν
D. γραφῇ D. γραφαῖς
A. γραφήν A. γραφάς
V. = N. V. = N.
In sing. η stays in all cases. In plur. endings are the same as with nouns that end on –α.
Here is the paradigm of the first declension endings:
Sing. Plur.
N. –α –α –η N. –αι
G. –ας –ης –ης G. –ων
D. –ᾳ –ῃ –ῃ D. –αις
A. –αν –αν –ην A. –ας
 Masculine Nouns of the First Declension

Some masc. nouns end on –ας or –ης. Hence, their declension goes according to the first
declension (a.k.a. fem.); however, their article goes according to the second declension.
Let’s look at a masc. noun, προφήτης, ὁ “a prophet”:
Singular Plural
N. προφήτης N. προφῆται
G. προφήτου G. προφητῶν
D. προφήτῃ D. προφήταις
A. προφήτην A. προφήτας
V. προφῆτα V. = N.
Let’s look at a masc. noun, νεανίας, ὁ “a young man, youth”:
Singular Plural
N. νεανίας N. νεανίαι
G. νεανίου G. νεανιῶν
D. νεανίᾳ D. νεανίαις
A. νεανίαν A. νεανίας
V. νεανία V. = N.
Note that in gen.sing. the ending corresponds to the second declension –ου.

Vocabulary:
ἀγάπη, ἡ – love
ἀλήθεια, ἡ – truth
ἀρχή, ἡ – beginning (archaic)
βαπτιστής, ὁ – baptiser, one who administers baptisms, in the NT it always refers to John
βασιλεία, ἡ – kingdom
γῆ, ἡ – earth, land (geology)
γραφή, ἡ – Scripture, writing
διδαχή, ἡ – teaching, instruction
δόξα, ἡ – glory (doxology)
εἰρήνη, ἡ – peace
ἐκκλησία, ἡ – Church
ἐντολή, ἡ – commandment
ἐπιστολή, ἡ – letter (epistle)
ζωή, ἡ – life (zoology)
ἡμέρα, ἡ – day
καρδία, ἡ – heart (cardiology)
μαθητής, ὁ – disciple
νεανίας, ὁ – young man, youth
παραβολή, ἡ – parable
προσευχή, ἡ – prayer
προφήτης, ὁ – prophet
φωνή, ἡ – voice, sound (phone)
χαρά, ἡ – joy
ψυχή, ἡ – soul (psychology)
ὥρα, ἡ – hour (horoscope)
Exercise: Translate into English.
1. ψυχὴ γινώσκει γραφάς.
2. βασιλεία λαμβάνει δόξαν.
3. προφήτης γινώσκει ἀλήθειαν.
4. μαθητής γράφει ἐντολὰς καὶ παραβολάς.
5. ἀπόστολοι γινώσκουσι νεανίας καὶ ἐκκλησίας.
6. ἀπόστολοι καὶ ἐκκλησίαι ἔχουσι γραφὰς προφητῶν.
7. υἱός δοῦλου βλέπει ζωὴν καὶ θάνατον.
8. βαπτιστὴς3 λέγει παραβολὴν ἐκκλησίᾳ.
9. ἐντολὴν λέγομεν καὶ παραβολὴν καὶ νόμον.
10. ζωήν γινώσκετε καὶ χαρὰν καὶ εἰρήνην.
11. ἐκκλησίαν διδάσκει μαθητὴς καὶ ἐκκλησίας διδάσκει νεανίας.
12. παραβολὴν καὶ νόμον γράφει ἀδελφός ἐκκλησίᾳ.
13. προσευχή ἀνθρώπων ἔχει ἀλήθειαν.
14. καρδίαι ἀνθρώπων γινώσκουσι βασιλείας καὶ ἐκκλησίας.
15. φωνὴ ἀποστόλων διδάσκει ψυχὰς ἁμαρτωλῶν.
16. ἱερόν ἔχει δόξαν θεοῦ.
17. φωναὶ προφητῶν διδάσκουσι ἀνθρώπους καὶ νεανίας.
18. βλέπεις ἡμέραν καὶ ὥραν θεοῦ.
19. γράφει ἐκκλησίᾳ διδαχὴν καὶ παραβολὴν καὶ νόμον.
20. ἀγάπη θεοῦ λέγει καρδίαις ἀνθρώπων λόγους ζωῆς.
21. γράφει ἐπιστολὴν ἐκκλησίᾳ υἱός ἀποστόλου.

3
In the New Testament the word βαπτιστής appears only with the definite article and refers to John the baptist. For
educational purposes the definite article is omitted here.
 Lesson 5

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions

The adjectives of the first and second declensions have the masculine ending –ος, feminine
endings –α, –η, and the neuter ending –ον. Their declensions are similar to M. and N. of the
second declension, and F. of the first declension.

Let’s consider the declension of the adjective ἀγαθός “good”:

Sing.
M. F. N.
N. ἀγαθός ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν
G. ἀγαθοῦ ἀγαθῆς ἀγαθοῦ
D. ἀγαθῷ ἀγαθῇ ἀγαθῷ
A. ἀγαθόν ἀγαθήν ἀγαθόν
V. ἀγαθέ ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν

Plur.
M. F. N.
N.V. ἀγαθοί ἀγαθαί ἀγαθά
G. ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθῶν
D. ἀγαθοῖς ἀγαθαῖς ἀγαθοῖς
A. ἀγαθούς ἀγαθάς ἀγαθά

Let’s look at the declension of the adjective δίκαιος “righteous”:

Sing.
M. F. N.
N. δίκαιος δικαία δίκαιον
G. δικαίου δικαίας δικαίου
D. δικαίῳ δικαίᾳ δικαίῳ
A. δίκαιον δικαίαν δίκαιον
V. δίκαιε δικαία δίκαιον

Plur.
M. F. N.
N.V. δίκαιοι δίκαιαι δίκαια
G. δικαίων δικαίων δικαίων
D. δικαίοις δικαίαις δικαίοις
A. δικαίους δικαίας δίκαια

Fem. adjectives in nom. sing. have the ending –α after ε,ι, ρ; in all other instances they end in –η.
The Article
In Greek, use of the definite article is similar to English but goes a little deeper: it often indicates
a noun, its gender and more besides.
ὁ – Masculine article
ἡ – Feminine article
τό – Neuter article

The article is written before the word it relates to: ὁ λόγος – the word
In a dictionary it is placed after a noun: λόγος, ὁ
ἀλήθεια, ἡ
ἱερόν, τό

Let’s look at declensions of articles:

Sing. Plur.
M. F. N. M. F. N.
N. ὁ ἡ τό οἱ αἱ τά
G. τοῦ τῆς τοῦ τῶν τῶν τῶν
D. τῷ τῇ τῷ τοῖς ταῖς τοῖς
A. τόν τήν τό τούς τάς τά

There is no article in voc. Often, before a noun in voc. we see ὦ – “o!” For example: ὦ υἱέ – “o
son!”
Nom. forms ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ are proclitics, they don’t have accents and connect to the following
accented word.

Agreement of Adjectives
Adjectives and articles agree with the nouns that they modify in gender, number and case.
For example: ὁ καλὸς λόγος, τοῦ καλοῦ λόγου, τῷ καλῷ λόγῳ, τὸν καλὸν λόγον, etc.

Use of Adjectives
Adjectives can be used attributively and predicatively.
Practically, if a relation between a noun and adjective uses the verb “is”, it’s predicative. In all
other instances it’s attributive.
Example 1: The man is good – predicative
The good man – attributive
Example 2: A slave, who lives in this house, is faithful – predicative
A faithful slave lives in this house – attributive

Now let’s learn how to identify attributive and predicative uses of adjectives in Greek.
Visually, if an adjective has an article, it’s attributive. If not, it’s predicative.
Example 1: ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος and ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ ἀγαθός are attributive = the good man.
Example 2: ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἀγαθός and ἀγαθὸς ὁ ἄνθρωπος are predicative = the man is good.

The good news is that the verb “is” is rarely omitted in Greek, so it’s easier to identify and
translate. The challenge comes when a noun has no article; this causes some ambiguity.
Substantive Use of Adjectives
The adjective, usually with an article, may be used as a noun (what noun should be evident from
the given context).
Usually, ὁ ἀγαθός = the good (man)
ἡ ἀγαθή = the good (woman)
τό ἀγαθόν = the good (thing, deed, action, etc.)

Sometimes, in Greek (like in English), the masc. plur. can use adjectives as nouns: the blind, the
dead, the faithful, the righteous and so on.
For example:
γινώσκομεν τοὺς ἀγαθούς = we know the good (men)

Sometimes, neut. plur. expresses substantiation in general:

λέγει τὰ καλά = he speaks the good (things, words, etc.)

Vocabulary:
ἀγαθός, –ή, –όν – good
ἄλλος, –ή, –όν – other, another, otherwise
ἅγιος, –ή, –όν – holy
δίκαιος, –ά, –όν – righteous
ἐγείρω – resurrect, raise up
ἔσχατος, –ή, –όν – last
Ἰουδαῖος – Jew, Jewish
κακός, –ή, –όν – bad, evil
καλός, –ή, –όν – good, beautiful
κύριος, ὁ – lord, master
μικρός, –ά, –όν – small
νεκρός, ά, όν – dead
ὁ, ἡ, τό – definite article M, F, N genders respectively
παρθένος, ή – young woman, virgin
πιστός, –ή, –όν – faithful, trustworthy
πονηρός, –ά, –όν – wicked, evil
πρῶτος, –ή, –όν – first
Exercise: Translate into English
1. οἱ κακοὶ λύουσι τὸ ἱερόν τοῦ θεοῦ.
2. πρῶται αἱ παρθέναι· ἔσχατοι οἱ νεανίαι.
3. ὁ κόσμος κακός καὶ ἀγαθὴ ἡ ἐκκληία.
4. ἔσχατοι οἱ δοῦλοι οἱ κακοὶ· πρῶτοι οἱ υἱοὶ οἱ πιστοί.
5. οἱ δοῦλοι βλέπουσι τοὺς μικροὺς ἀγρούς καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους οἶκους.
6. λύουσι οἱ κακοὶ τὸν οἶκον τοῦ ἀποστόλου.
7. ταῖς πισταῖς λέγει ὁ Ἰησοῦς παραβολὴν καλὴν καὶ τοῖς πιστοῖς.
8. οἱ λόγοι τῆς ζωῆς διδάσκουσι καὶ τὰ μικρὰ τέκνα.
9. ἡ καλή καρδία τοῦ ἀνθρώπου γινώσκει τὸν νόμον.
10. αἱ δίκαιαι παρθένοι καὶ οἱ ἅγιοι ἄνθρωποι λαμβάνουσι τὰ δῶρα τοῦ κυρίου τὰ καλά.
11. ὁ Ἰουδαῖος βλέπει τὸν πρῶτον ἀγρὸν καὶ τοὺς ἐσχάτους οἶκους.
12. τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τῇ μικρᾷ γράφει ὁ μαθητής λόγον ἀγαθόν.
13. ἡ ἀλήθεια πιστὴ καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι τοῦ θεοῦ καλοί.
14. τοὺς πιστοὺς καὶ ἄλλους βλέπει ὁ πιστός.
15. ὁ μαθητής τοῦ ἐσχάτου ἀδελφοῦ βλέπει τὸν ἔρημον καὶ τᾶς καλὰς ἐκκλησίας.
16. ἄλλην παραβολὴν τοῦ κυρίου λέγομεν τῇ κακῇ ψυχῇ.
17. πρώτη ἡ ἐκκληία τοῦ κυρίου· ἐσχάτη ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου.
18. ὁ ἀγαθὸς ὁ ἀδελφὸς γράφει ἀγαθά· ὁ κακὸς ὁ ἁμαρτωλὸς κακά.
19. ὁ κύριος τῆς ἀληθείας ἐγείρει τοὺς νεκρούς.
20. ἀγαθὸς ὁ διάκονος καὶ λέγει καλά.
 Lesson 6

Prepositions

Prepositions are usually used with nouns and pronouns.

They can be found only with the gen., dat. or acc. cases.
There are three types of prepositions:
1. Those that take only one case.
2. Those that take two cases.
3. Those that take three cases.

Let’s look at prepositions that use only one case:

Gen. ἀπό (from): ἀπό τοῦ οἴκου = from the house
Gen. ἐκ (out of, from): ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου = out of the house
Dat. ἐν (in): ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ = in the house
Acc. εἰς (into): εἰς τὸν οἶκον = into the house
Acc. πρός (to, toward): πρός τὸν οἶκον = toward the house

These prepositions reveal the general idea of each case, namely:

Gen. – separation.
Dat. – resting in one place.
Acc. – motion toward one place.

Other prepositions use several cases. Here are some vital points to remember:
- The meanings of the same preposition will be different with different cases.
- When learning vocabulary it is crucial to memorize the meaning of prep. + case
together.

Present Indicative of εἰμί

This verb belongs to a group of verbs that end on –μί. Inflections of this verb do not obey the
rules; thus, they must be memorized.
Singular Plural
First Person εἰμί I am ἐσμέν We are
Second Person εἶ You are ἐστέ You are
Third Person ἐστίν He, she, it is εἰσίν They are

Enclitics and Proclitics

An enclitic is a word that is closely connected to a previous word and may lose its accent.
A proclitic is a word that doesn’t have an accent.

There are only ten proclitics: definite articles in nom. ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ; prepositions ἐν, ἐκ, εἰς;
conjunctions εἰ, ὡς and negative particle οὐ (οὐk, οὐχ).

As for enclitics, sometimes they have an accent, sometimes they don’t. Sometimes the word
before them pulls an accent from them and has two! Nothing more; nothing less.
Vocabulary:
ἄγω – I lead
ἀνήρ, ὁ – man, husband
ἀπό + gen. – from
βάλλω – I throw, I cast
διά + gen. – through
διά + acc. – on account of
εἰς + acc. – into
ἐν + dat. – in
ἐκ + gen. – out of, from
λίθος, ὁ – stone
μένω – I stay, I remain
μετά + gen. – with
μετά + acc. – after
οὐρανός, ὁ – heaven
πέμπω – I send
πρός + acc. – to
φέρω – I bear, I bring (Christopher – “Christ bearer”)

Exercise: Translate into English

1. κακὸς ὁ κόσμος ἐστίν, καλὸς ὁ οὐρανός.
2. οἱ νεανίαι βλέπουσι τὸν βαπτιστὴν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ.
3. οἱ μαθηταὶ τοῦ κυρίου μένουσιν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.
4. ὁ ἀνήρ ἄγει τὰ τέκνα πρὸς τὸν κύριον.
5. οἱ προφῆται διδάσκουσι τοὺς μαθητὰς μετὰ τῶν τέκνων.
6. οἱ κακοὶ βάλλουσιν λίθους εἰς τὸν οἶκον τῶν προφητῶν.
7. ὁ Ἰησοῦς πέμπει τοὺς ἀποστόλους εἰς τὸν κόςμον.
8. ὁ θεὸς πέμπει τοὺς μαθητὰς τῶν προφητῶν ἐκ τῶν οἶκῶν εἰς τὸ ἱερόν.
9. ὁ προφήτης ἐγείρει τοὺς νεκροὺς ἐκ θανάτου εἰς ζωήν.
10. λαμβάνομεν τὰ δῶρα τοῦ θεοῦ ἀπό τῶν μαθητῶν.
11. μετὰ τοὺς ἀγγέλους πέμπει ὁ θεὸς τὸν υἱὸν εἰς τὸν κόσμον.
12. βλέπομεν τὸν κύριον μετὰ τῶν δικαίων ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ.
13. αἱ παρθένοι φέρουσιν τὰ ἀγαθὰ τέκνα πρὸς τὸν κύριον.
14. τοῖς μαθηταῖς ὁ ἀπόστολος λέγει παραβολὴν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ.
15. διά τῶν ὁδῶν τῆς ζωῆς φέρουσιν οἱ δίκαιοι τὰ δῶρα εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν.
16. γινώσκομεν τὸν κύριον τῆς ζωῆς διά τῶν γραφῶν τῶν προφητῶν.
17. διά τὴν δόξαν τοῦ θεοῦ ἐγείρει ὁ κύριος τοὺς νεκροὺς.
18. διά τὴν ἀλήθειαν βλέπουσιν οἱ προφῆται μετὰ τῶν μαθητῶν τὸν θάνατον.
19. ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ἔχομεν θάνατον καὶ ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησιᾳ ζωήν.
20. διά τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ οἱ μαθηταὶ εἰσιν νεκροί.
 Lesson 7

Personal Pronouns “I, You, He, She, It”

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun.

The first person’s personal pronoun declension:

Singular Plural
N. ἐγώ I N. ἡμεῖς we
G. ἐμοῦ, μου of me G. ἡμῶν of us
D. ἐμοί, μοι to me, for me D. ἡμῖν to us, for us
A. ἐμέ, με me A. ἡμᾶς us
In gen., dat. and acc. sing. μου, μοι and με are enclitics.

The second person’s personal pronoun declension:

Singular Plural
N. σύ you N. ὑμεῖς you
G. σοῦ of you G. ὑμῶν of you
D. σοί to you, for you D. ὑμῖν to you, for you
A. σέ you A. ὑμᾶς you

The third person’s personal pronoun declension:

Sing. Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. αὐτός he αὐτή she αὐτό it
G. αὐτοῦ of him αὐτῆς of her αὐτοῦ of it
D. αὐτῷ to him, for him αὐτῇ to her, for her αὐτῷ to it, for it
A. αὐτόν him αὐτήν her αὐτό it
Plur.
N. αὐτοί they αὐταί they αὐτά they
G. αὐτῶν of them αὐτῶν of them αὐτῶν of them
D. αὐτοῖς to them, for them αὐταῖς to them, for them αὐτοῖς to them, for them
A. αὐτούς them αὐτας them αὐτά them
Notice the similarity of these declensions to the declensions of adjectives.

Things to remember:
1. A pronoun agrees with the noun that it replaces in gender and number.
Example: ὁ κύριος βλέπει ἐμέ, καὶ ἐγώ βλέπω αὐτόν. The Lord sees me, and I see him.
The word the Lord is masc. sing. Thus its pronoun should also be masc. sing. = him.

Example: ἀπόστολοι λύουσι δούλους καὶ διδάσκουσι αὐτούς.

Apostles release slaves and teach them. Both slaves and them are masc. plur.

2. To express possession, use the gen. case.

My brother ὁ ἀδελφός μου
Your brother ὁ ἀδελφός σου
His brother ὁ ἀδελφός αὐτοῦ
Vocabulary:
ἀγαπάω – I love
αὐτός, ἡ, ὁ – he, she, it, they (pl.)
δέ – but, and
δεσπότης, ὁ – master, lord, slave owner
ἐγώ –I
ἡμεῖς – we
κριτής, ὁ – judge
λαός, ὁ – a people, nation
σύ – you
τελώνης, ὁ – tax collector
ὑμεῖς – you (pl.)

Exercise: Translate into English

1. ὁ κύριος ἔχει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.
2. ἁμαρτωλοί ἐσμέν, Ἰησοῦν δὲ γινώσκομεν.
3. ἄγει σε ὁ κριτής πρός τὰς ἀληθείας τοῦ οὐρανοῦ.
4. οἱ μαθηταὶ μου γινώσκουσι τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ ἄγουσι τοὺς ἁμαρτωλοὺς εἰς αὐτήν.
5. διδάσκω τὰ τέκνα μου καὶ λέγω αὐτοῖς παραβολήν τοῦ κυρίου.
6. δι’4 ἐμέ βλέπεις σὺ κακὰς ἡμέρας, γινώσκει δὲ ὁ Χριστός τὴν καρδίαν σοῦ.
7. διὰ τοῦ δούλου αὐτοῦ ἄγει ὁ θεὸς τοὺς πιστοὺς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ.
8. δι’5 ἡμᾶς μένει ὁ κύριος ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ καὶ δι′ ἡμῶν ὁ κόσμος ἔχει ζωή.
9. ὁ υἱός ἀνθρώπων πέμπει τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ πρός ἡμᾶς διά τῶν ἀγγέλων αὐτοῦ.
10. ὁ διάκονος γινώσκει τὴν ὁδόν, καὶ δι′ αὐτῆς πέμπει δῶρα καλά πρός με.
11. ἐγώ εἰμι δοῦλος ἀληθείας, σὺ δὲ δεσπότης τοῦ κόσμου.
12. μαθηταὶ ἐστε τοῦ νόμου καὶ οἱ δίκαιοι ἄνθρωποι τῶν ἐντολῶν.
13. ἀγαθός ἐστίν ὁ κύριος καὶ ἡμεῖς βλέπομεν αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ.
14. ὁ κριτής κακός ἐστιν, οἱ δὲ δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ πιστοί.
15. ὁ τελώνης πιστός ἐστιν, ἡμεῖς δὲ λέγομεν αὐτῷ παραβολήν.
16. ὁ θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν καὶ βλέπομεν αὐτόν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ αὐτοῦ.
17. οἱ δοῦλοι ὑμῶν βάλλουσιν λίθους εἰς ἡμᾶς, ἡμεῖς δὲ διδάσκομεν αὐτούς.
18. μετὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν οἱ προφῆται λαμβάνουσι τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν.
19. μετὰ τὰς ἡμέρας τὰς κακὰς λαμβάνομεν τό δῶρον ἀγάπης ἀφ’6 ὑμῶν.
20. μεθ’7 ὑμῶν λέγομεν τελώναις παραβολήν.

4
δι′ is a shortened form of διά that occurs if the following word starts with a vowel.
5
δι′ is a shortened form of διά that occurs if the following word starts with a rough breathing mark.
6
ἀφ′ is a shortened form of ἀπό that occurs if the following word starts with a rough breathing mark.
7
μεθ′ is a shortened form of μετά that occurs if the following word starts with a rough breathing mark.
 Lesson 8

Demonstrative Pronouns

The pronouns οὗτος “this” and ἐκεῖνος “that” are considered demonstrative.
Below are the declensions of οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο “this”:
Sing. Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
G. τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D. τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
A. τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Plur.
N. οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
G. τούτων τούτων τούτων
D. τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
A. τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
The initial “τ” appears because the first component of this complex word is the definite article.

The declension of the pronoun ἐκεῖνος “that” is similar to that of the pronoun αὐτός.

There are two common usages of demonstrative pronouns in Greek.

1. They stand by themselves.
Examples: οὗτος this (man)
αὕτη this (woman)
οὗτοι these (men)
ταῦτα these (things)
ἐκεῖνος that (man)

2. They are used with nouns that have an article, the same as in English.
Examples: this law – οὗτος ὁ νόμος or ὁ νόμος οὗτος
that man – ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ ἐκεῖνος
I lead this child – ἄγω τοῦτο τό τέκνον or ἄγω τό τέκνον τοῦτο
this good law – οὗτος ὁ καλὸς νόμος or ὁ καλὸς νόμος οὗτος

Additional usages of the pronoun αὐτός

1. When αὐτός doesn’t have an article, it intensifies the noun and is translated as himself,
herself, itself.
Examples: αὐτὸς ὁ ἀνήρ and ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτός the husband himself
αὐτὴ ἡ γυνή and ἡ γυνή αὐτὴ the woman herself
With personal pronoun: αὐτὸς ἐγώ βλέπω I myself see
With unexpressed subject of a verb: αὐτὸς βλέπω I myself see

2. When αὐτός has an article it means same.

Examples: ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνήρ and ὁ ἀνὴρ ὁ αὐτός the same husband
ἡ αὐτὴ γυνή and ἡ γυνή ἡ αὐτὴ the same woman
τό αὐτὸ ὄνομα and τό ὄνομα τό αὐτό the same name
Vocabulary:
ἁμαρτία, ἡ – sin
ἄρτος, ὁ – bread
βαπτίζω – I baptize
δαιμόνιον, τό – demon
διδάσκαλος, ὁ – teacher
ἐκεῖνος, ἡ, ὁ – that
ἐπαγγελία, ἡ – promise
θρόνος, ὁ – throne, seat
καρπός, ὁ – fruit
κρίνω – I judge
νῦν – now
οὗτος, αὕτα, τοῦτο – this
οὕτως – thus, so
ὀφθαλμός, ὁ – eye
ὄχλος, ὁ – crowd, multitude
πρόσωπον, τό – face
σάββατον, τό – the Sabbath
σῴζω – I save

Exercise: Translate into English

1. οἱ ὀφθαλμοί τοῦ κυρίου βλέπουσι τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἀνθρώπων.
2. μετὰ τὰς ἡμέρας ἐκείνας ἔθνοι λαμβάνουσι τὴν βασιλείαν.
3. οὗτοι οἱ ἁμαρτωλοί κρίνουσιν αὐτὸν τὸν κριτήν.
4. κύριός ἐστιν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καὶ τοῦ σαββάτου.
5. ὁ δὲ αὐτὸς νεανίας λαμβάνει τὴν αὐτὴν χαρὰν ἀπὸ τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ.
6. οὕτως νῦν ἔχω αὐτὸς τὸ αὐτὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ μου.
7. ἐκεῖνοι εἰσιν υἱοί τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀνθρώπου.
8. οὗτος λύει ἐκεῖνην καὶ σώζει αὐτήν.
9. μετὰ ταῦτα ἔχετε αὐτοὶ τὸν καρπὸν τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν.
10. οὗτοι ἔχουσι τὸν υἱόν, ἐκεῖνοι δὲ ἔχουσιν τὸ δαιμόνιον.
11. μετὰ τῶν πιστῶν μαθητῶν ἔχομεν ἄρτον τῆς ζωῆς, οἱ δὲ πονεροὶ τελῶναι ἔχουσι καρπούς
κακούς.
12. νῦν ὁ ὄχλος γινώσκει τοῦτον καὶ βάλλει λίθους εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτόν.
13. λαμβάνετε τούτους τοὺς θρόνους ἀπὸ τοῦ κυρίου καὶ βλέπετε τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ.
14. αὐτός βαπτίζεις ἐκεῖνον καὶ ἄγεις αὐτόν εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ θεοῦ.
15. εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔρημον βάλλομεν ταῦτα τὰ δαιμόνια τὰ κακά.
16. νῦν αὐτὸς ἐγὼ γινώσκω ταύτην τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ διδασκάλου μου.
17. ὁ λόγος τοῦ κυρίου ὁ ἄρτος ἐστίν καὶ τό σάββατον αὐτοῦ ζωή.
18. βλέπει αὕτη ἡ παρθένος τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτῆς.
19. αὐτή γράφει λόγους τῆς ζωῆς καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν ἀλήθειαν.
20. ἀγαθὴ εἶ αὐτή καὶ ἀγαθά εἰσιν τὰ ἔργα σου.
 Lesson 9

Middle-Passive Voice

There are three voices in the Greek: active, passive and middle. The voice shows the direction of
the action.
Active voice indicates that the subject carries out the action. It originates from the subject.
Passive voice indicates that the action is done on or to the subject. It is directed at the subject.
Middle voice indicates that the subject does the action directed at itself or on its behalf.

Usually middle and passive voices are the same in form; accordingly, the term middle-passive
voice is often used.

Active God forgives sins.

Passive Sinners are forgiven by God.
Middle He forgives himself.

Sometimes, the same verb has a different meaning in active and middle-passive voices.
ἄρχω – I rule
ἄρχομαι – I begin

The inflection of the present middle indicative of λύω “I loose”:

Singular Plural
First Person λύομαι I am loosing myself λυόμεθα We are loosing ourselves
Second Person λύῃ You are loosing yourself λύεσθε You are loosing yourselves
Third Person λύεται He is loosing himself λύονται They are loosing themselves

The inflection of the pres. pass. indicative of λύω looks the same but has a different meaning:
Singular Plural
First Person λύομαι I am being loosed λυόμεθα We are being loosed
Second Person λύῃ You are being loosed λύεσθε You are being loosed
Third Person λύεται He is being loosed λύονται They are being loosed
Both I’m loosed and I’m being loosed are correct translations for λύομαι. However, the latter one
reflects the meaning more accurately and should be used more often.

Thus, the personal endings of the pres. ind. middle-passive are:

Sing. Plur.
1. –μαι –μεθα
2. –ῃ8 –σθε
3. –ται –νται
Some verbs are used only in the middle and passive forms; however, they have an active
meaning. They are called deponent verbs.
πορεύομαι (dep.) – I go

8
Ending ῃ is a short form of original –ε-σαι.
ὑπό + gen.
This is a sign of the passive voice. This construction indicates a person that does the action.
When translating into English, use the preposition “by”.
Active ὁ κύριος σώζει τὸν ἄνθρωπον The Lord saves the man.
Passive ὁ ἄνθρωπος σῴζεται ὑπό τοῦ κυρίου The man is being saved by the Lord.

Dativus Instrumenti
Nouns in dat. (sometimes with preposition ἐν) may indicate an instrument or means of action.
Example:
ὁ ἄνθρωπος σῴζεται τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ κυρίου.
The man is being saved by (by means of) the Word of the Lord.

Both ὑπό + gen. and dat. of means serve the same purpose: to indicate who or what is doing the
action on or to the subject.
ὑπό + gen. for a living being
Dat. of means for a nonliving instrument

The negative particle οὐ stands before the word it relates to.

Before vowels it becomes οὐκ: οὐκ ἄγω I do not lead.
Before a rough breathing mark it changes to οὐχ: οὐχ ἁμαρτωλός ἐστίν He is not a sinner.

Vocabulary:
ἀλλά – but
ἀκούω + gen. (+ acc.) – I hear (someone, somewhat)
ἀπέρχομαι (dep.) – I go away, depart
ἀποκρίνομαι (dep.) – I answer
ἀποστέλλω – I send
ἄρχω + gen. – I rule (whom, what)
ἄρχομαι (dep.) – I begin
γίνομαι (dep.+ nom.) – I become
διέρχομαι (dep.) – I go through
διώκω – I pursue, persecute
εἰσέρχομαι (dep.) – I enter, go in
ἐξέρχομαι (dep.) – I go out
ἔρχομαι (dep.) – I come
λh|στής, ὁ – thief, robber
ναὸς, ὁ – temple
ὃτι – that, because, since
οὐ (οὐκ, οὐχ) – not
πορεύομαι (dep.) – I go
τόπος, ὁ – place
ὑπό + gen. – by (person that does action)
ὑπό + acc. – under
Exercise: Translate into English
1. ὁ κύριος ἀποστέλλει τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ εἰς ἀλλούς τόπους.
2. σώζονται οὗτοι οἱ ἁμαρτωλόι ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου.
3. ἐγώ εἰμί ἁμαρτωλός ἀλλ´ οὐκ εἰσέρχῃ εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ κυρίου.
4. τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ κυρίου ἀγόμεθα εἰς τὸν ναὸν τοῦ θεοῦ.
5. αὗται αἱ καλαὶ παρθένοι διώκονται ὑπό τῶν λh|στῶν τούτων ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ἀλλ´ ὁ κύριος
σώζει αὐτάς.
6. οὐ βλέπετε τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ κυρίου, ἀλλ´ ἀκούετε τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ.
7. οἱ κριταὶ οὗτοι κρίνουσι τοὺς λh|στὰς ἐκείνους ἐν νόμῳ.
8. τῷ λόγῳ αὐτοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ γίνεσθε τέκνα αὐτοῦ.
9. ὁ διδάσκαλος αὐτὸς ἐξέρχεται ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου καὶ ἀπέρχεται ἀπὸ τῶν πονηρῶν.
10. ἐκεῖνοι οἱ ἀγαθοὶ ἄνθρωποι οὐκ ἐξέρχονται ἐκ τούτων τῶν οἴκων πρὸς ἄλλους
διδασκάλους.
11. οὐ γίνῃ μαθητὴς τοῦ προφήτου, ὃτι οὐκ ἀκούῃ τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ.
12. ἀποκρίνεσθε ἐκεῖνοις τοῖς ἁμαρτωλοῖς ὃτι ἄρχει αὐτὸς ὁ κύριος τῆς ἐκκλησίας αὐτοῦ.
13. ἁμαρτωλοί γινώσκουσι ὃτι σωζόμεθα ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν.
14. μετὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν αὐτοῦ ἄγεται εἰς τὴν ἔρημον τῇ φωνῇ τοῦ δαιμόνιου.
15. χαρὰν καὶ εἰρήνην ἐχει ἡ παρθένος, ὃτι σώζεται ὑπό τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἀπὸ θάνατον.
16. οὐκ ἀποκρινόμεθα τῷ κακῷ τηλώνῃ ὃτι γινώσκομεν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ.
17. οὐ βαπτίζονται οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ὑπό τῶν μαθητῶν, ἀλλ´ εἰσέρχονται εἰς τοὺς ἀγροὺς τῶν
λh|στῶν.
18. οὐχ ὑπό τῶν ἀγγέλων σώζῃ ἀπὸ τῶν πονηρῶν ἔργων σου, ἀλλ´ ὑπ´ αὐτοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ.
19. αὐτὸς ὁ κύριος διδάσκει σέ καὶ οὐ πορεύῃ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ τῇ κακῇ.
20. οἱ ἀδελφοί σου διώκουσι σέ ἀλλὰ σώζῃ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἀπὸ αὐτῶν.
 Lesson 10

Imperfect Active Indicative

Greek verbs are divided in two groups: main and historical.

Main: present, future and perfect.
Historical has three past tenses: aorist, imperfect and pluperfect.

Historical tenses are characterized by special endings and added prefixes called augments.

Pres. time has no special form to show continuous action; thus, λύω = I loose/I’m loosing
Past time has a distinct difference:
- Finished action = aorist (equal to simple past in English)
- Unfinished action = imperfect (equal to past continuous in English)

Let’s look at the imperf. act. ind. inflection of the verb λύω:
Singular Plural
First Person ἔλυον I was loosing ἐλύομεν We were loosing
Second Person ἔλυες You was loosing ἐλύετε You were loosing
Third Person ἔλυε He was loosing ἔλυον They were loosing

The augment ε– is added to the stem λυ– and then we add the imperfect endings.
Thus the formula for the imperf. act. ind. is:
ε + λυ + ο/ε + endings
(stem)

It’s better to memorize the connecting vowel ο/ε together with the endings.
Sing. Plur.
1. –ον –ομεν
2. –ες –ετε
3. –ε (ν) –ον
When adding the augment ε– to verbs that start with a vowel, that vowel lengthens.
When verbs start with a diphthong which contains iota, the iota becomes subscripted.
α–η αι – ῃ
ε –η ει – ῃ
ο–ω οι – ῳ
ῐ –ῑ ῠ –ῡ
Examples:
ἐγείρω I resurrect ἤγειρον I was resurrecting
ἀκούω I hear ἤκουον I was hearing
ἄγω I lead ἦγον I was leading
αἴρω I take up ᾖρον I was taking up

If a verb has a prefix, the augment ε– is placed between it and the verb: ἐκβάλλω – ἐξέβαλλον.9

9
ἐξ – a variation of prefix ἐκ before vowels.
If a prefix ends with a vowel, the vowel is dropped before: 1) the augment; 2) a starting vowel of
a stem.
Examples:
ἀποκτείνω ἀπέκτεινον I was killing
ἀπάγω ἀπῆγον I was leading away
Exceptions: prefixes προ– and περι–
προάγω προῆγον I was leading forth, I was going before
περιάγω περιῆγον I was leading around, I was going about

Imperfect of εἰμί:
Singular Plural
First Person ἤμην I was ἦμεν We were
Second Person ἦς You was ἦτε You were
Third Person ἦν He was ἦσαν They were

Vocabulary:
αἴρω – I take up, take away
ἀναβαίνω – I go up (ἀνα- means “up”)
ἀποθνῄσκω – I die
ἀποκτείνω – I kill
βαίνω – I go, I walk
ἐσθίω – I eat
Ἰεριχώ, ἡ – Jericho
Ἱεροσόλυμα, τό – Jerusalem
κατά + gen. – against
κατά + acc. – according to (κατά means “movement downward”)
καταβαίνω – I go down
μέν…δέ – one the one hand… on the other hand (μέν is not translated, δέ = but)
οὐκέτι – no longer
παρά + gen. – from (=ἀπό + gen. but only regarding people “from whom”)
παρά + dat. – beside, in the presence of
παρά + acc. – alongside of
παραλαμβάνω – I receive, I take along
πίνω – I drink
πίπτω – I fall
σύν + dat. – with
συνάγω – I gather together
τότε – then
Exercise: Translate into English
1. ὑμεῖς μέν ἐστε ἅγιοι, ἡμεῖς δέ ἐσμεν πονηροί.
2. οἱ διδάσκαλοι ἦσαν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ καὶ ἠκούον τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ τεκνοῦ.10
3. ὁ κύριος ἔλεγε παραβολὴν τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ, νῦν δὲ οὐκέτι λέγει.
4. ἀπέκτεινον οἱ λh|σταὶ τὰ τέκνα σὺν τοῖς διδασκάλοις αὐτῶν παρὰ τῇ ὁδῷ ταύτῃ.
5. τότε μὲν κατέβαινον εἰς τὴν ἔρημον, νῦν δὲ ἀναβαίνω εἰς τὸ ἱερόν.
6. καὶ ἤσθιον οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἄρτον ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ.
7. παρελαμβάνετε τοὺς καρποὺς παρὰ τῶν μαθητῶν καὶ ἠσθίετε αὐτούς.
8. καὶ ὁ κύριος ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς ἐν παραβολαῖς.
9. τότε ἦμην ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησιᾳ καὶ ἐδίδασκέ με ὁ ἀπόστολος.
10. διὰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἀπέθνησκον οἱ προφῆται ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις.
11. ὁ ἄνθρωπος κατέβαινεν ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ εἰς Ἰεριχώ.
12. συνῆγεν οὗτος ὁ διδάσκαλος εἰς τὸ ἱερόν τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν τοὺς Ἰουδαῖους.
13. νῦν μὲν διδασκόμεθα ὑπό τῶν προφητῶν, τότε δὲ ἐδιδάσκομεν ἡμεῖς τὸν ὄχλον.
14. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ᾖρε τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν.
15. τότε μὲν ἀνέβαινον εἰς τὸ ἱερόν, νῦν δὲ ἀποκτείνουσι τοὺς πιστοὺς προφήτας.
16. πονηροὶ ἦμεν, ἀγαθοὶ δὲ ἐσμέν καὶ οὐκέτι πίπτομεν.
17. ἤγαγον τοὺς ἁμαρτωλοὺς πρὸς αὐτόν ἐξέβαλλες δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ.
18. ἀπέστελλον οἱ ἀδελφοὶ τοὺς δούλους πρός Ἰησοῦν ὃτι αὐτὴ ἀπέθνῃσκεν.
19. ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ἦν καὶ ἔλυε τὸν θάνατον ἀλλὰ ὁ κόσμος οὐκ ἔβλεπεν αὐτόν.
20. οἱ τελῶναι σὺν τοῖς ἁμαρτωλοὶς ἔπινον ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις νῦν δὲ οὐκέτι πίνουσι.

10
The object for the verb ἀκούω can be either in acc. or gen.
 Lesson 11

Imperfect of the Middle-Passive voice

The imperfect forms of the middle and passive voices look alike but are translated differently.
The inflection of the imperfect middle voice:
Singular Plural
First Person ἐλυόμην I was loosing ἐλυόμεθα We were loosing
myself ourselves
Second Person ἐλύου You was loosing ἐλύεσθε You were loosing
yourself yourselves
Third Person ἐλύετο He was loosing ἐλύοντο They were loosing
himself themselves
The inflection of the imperfect passive voice:
Singular Plural
First Person ἐλυόμην I was being ἐλυόμεθα We were being
loosed loosed
Second Person ἐλύου You was being ἐλύεσθε You were being
loosed loosed
Third Person ἐλύετο He was being ἐλύοντο They were being
loosed loosed

Thus the personal endings for the imperfect of the middle-passive voice are:
Sing. Plur.
1. –μην –μεθα
2. –σο (–ε-σο) > ου –σθε
3. –το –ντο
Vocabulary:
βιβλίον, τό – book
δέχομαι (dep.) – I receive
ἐκπορεύομαι (dep.) – I come out
ἔτι – yet, still, again
θάλασσα, ἡ – sea, lake
᾽Ιορδάνης, –ου, ὁ – the Jordan River
καί – and, even, also
καί… καί – both… and, as… as
κατέρχομαι (dep.) – I come down, go down, return
οὐδέ – and not, nor, not even
οὐδέ… οὐδέ – neither… nor
οὔπω – not yet
περί + gen. – concerning, about
περί + acc. – around
πλοῖον, τό – boat, ship
συνέρχομαι (dep.) – I go together
ὑπέρ + gen. – on behalf of
ὑπέρ + acc. – above
Exercise: Translate into English
1. ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἐπορεύετο σὺν αὐτοῖς εἰς τὸ πλοῖον.
2. ἐγράφοντο αὗται αἱ παραβολαὶ ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τοῦ κυρίου.
3. ἐδέχου11 τὰ καλὰ δῶρα12 παρά τῶν ἀγγέλων τοῦ θεοῦ.
4. οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον αὐτοῦ οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ.
5. ἐδιδασκόμεθα ὑπ´ τῶν προφητῶν, ἀλλὰ νῦν οὐδὲ διδασκόμεθα οὐδὲ βλέπομεν αὐτῶν.
6. ἠρχόμην πρὸς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, ἦγον δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἁμαρτωλούς.
7. ἀπήρχοντο οἱ ὄχλοὶ πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ ἐδιδάσκομεν αὐτούς.
8. ἐξήρχοντο ἐκ τῶν οἴκων αὐτῶν καὶ ἐβαπτίζοντο ἐν τῷ ᾽Ιορδάνῃ ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ.
9. ἐξεπορεύετο πρὸς τοὺς κριτάς ἡ παρθένος, ἀλλὰ νῦν οὐκέτι ἐκπορεύοται.
10. οὔπω βλέπομεν τὸν κύριον ἐν τῇ δόξῃ, ἀλλὰ λέγομεν ὑμῖν ὃτι ἐσωζόμεθα ὑπ´ αὐτοῦ.
11. ἐν ἐκεῖναις ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐλέγετο ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ καλὸς λόγος περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν τοῦ κυρίου.
12. περὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐβλέπετο ἡ δόξα τοῦ θεοῦ.
13. τὰ ἔργα τοῦ πονηροῦ οὐκ ἀγαθά ἐστιν καὶ ἄγουσι αὐτὸν πρὸς τὸν θάνατον.
14. ἐφέρετο τὰ βιβλία τῶν προφητῶν καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πονηροὺς δεσπότας.
15. συνέρχοντο οἱ ἄνθρωποι πρὸς τὸν κύριον καὶ ἔλυε αὐτῶν.
16. ἐδιδασκόμην ὑπ´ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ μου ἐκ τῶν βιβλίων τῶν προφητῶν.
17. οὐδὲ οὗτος ἐστιν διδάσκαλος ἐκείνου, οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνος δὲ τούτου.
18. ὑπέρ τῆς ἐκκλησίας αὐτοῦ ἀπέθνησκεν ὁ κύριος καὶ νῦν ἀποστέλλει αὐτὴν εἰς τὸν
κόςμον.
19. ἐν τῷ μικρῷ πλοίῳ ἦγον οἱ μαθηταὶ τὰ ἄλλα πλοῖα διὰ τῆς θαλάσσης.
20. ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἐπορεύετο καὶ τὰ δαιμόνια ἐξήρχετο διὰ τοῦ λόγου αὐτοῦ.

11
Deponents in the pres. stay deponents in the imperfect as well. (dep) has med-pass form but active meaning.
12
Sometimes the neuter plural subject has its verb in the singular. Thus, τὰ δῶρα is pl. but ἐδέχου is sing.
 Lesson 12

Future Tense of the Active and Middle Voices

By adding –σ to the present stem we form the future form. Thus, the formula for the future is:
λυ + σ + personal endings
(stem)
Let’s see how this looks with the verb λύω.
Active voice:
Singular Plural
First Person λύσω I will loose λύσομεν We will loose
Second Person λύσεις You will loose λύσετε You will loose
Third Person λύσει He will loose λύσουσι(ν) They will loose
Middle voice:
Singular Plural
First Person λύσομαι I will loose myself λυσόμεθα We will loose ourselves
Second Person λύσῃ You will loose yourself λύσεσθε You will loose yourselves
Third Person λύσεται He will loose himself λύσονται They will loose themselves

If the stem ends on a consonant, then after adding –σ to it, it either drops or transforms.
There are three possible outcomes:
1. If the stem ends with β, π, φ (you use your lips to pronounce them), the stem ends with
–ψ–
Examples: γράφω – γράψω βλέπω – βλέψω

2. If the stem ends with γ, κ, χ (you use your palate to pronounce them), then the stem ends
with –ξ–
Examples: ἄρχω – ἄρξω ἔχω – ἕξω
Verbs that end on double stigma –σσ belong to this group as well. Thus, κηρύσσω (from
κηρυκ-ιω) forms fut. κηρύξω.

3. If the stem ends with τ, δ, θ, ζ (you use your tongue to pronounce them), they are dropped
before the suffix –σ
Examples: σώζω – σώσω βαπτίζω – βαπτίσω

Some verbs have an irregular fut. form; accordingly, they must be memorized.
Example: ἔρχομαι (I come) – ἐλεύςομαι (I will be coming, I will come)

Some verbs are deponent in one tense only, for example in the fut.
Example: βαίνω (I go) – βήσομαι (I will go). (Note: dep. has med-pass form but active meaning)
Vocabulary:
ἀναβλέπω (fut. of ἀναβλέψω ) – I look up, I receive my sight
βήσομαι (dep. fut. of βαίνω ) – I will walk, I will go
γενήσομαι (dep. fut. of γίνομαι) + nom. – I will become
γνώσομαι (dep. fut. of γίνοσκω) – I will know
διδάξω (fut. of διδάσκω) – I will teach
διώξω (fut. of διώκω) – I will persecute
δοξάζω (fut. of δοξάσω) – I glorify
ἐλεύσομαι (dep. fut. of ἔρχομαι) – I will come, I will go
ἕξω (fut. of ἔχω) – I will have
καλέω – I call, I summon, I invite
κηρύσσω (fut. of κηρύξω) – I preach, I proclaim
λήμψομαι (dep. fut. of λαμβάνω) – I will take, I will receive
μυστήριον, –ου, τό – mystery, secret
οἰκία, ἡ – house, household, family
προσεύχομαι (dep. fut. of προσεύξομαι) – I pray
συναγωγή, ἡ – synagogue
τυφλός, –ή, –όν – blind

Exercise: Translate into English

1. ἐμὲ διδάξει ὁ διδάσκαλος ὁ πιστός καὶ δοξάσω αὐτόν.
2. τότε γνώσεσθε ὃτι ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστός.
3. ὁ προφήτης αὐτὸς γράψει τὰς παραβολὰς ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ.
4. βλέψομεν καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τοὺς νεκροὺς προφήτας εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ.
5. ὁ ἀπόστολος καλέσει τὴν παρθένον καὶ ἐλεύσεται αὕτη πρὸς αὐτόν.
6. λήμψεσθε τὰ τέκνα ἐκ τῶν οἶκῶν καὶ κηρύξεσθε αὐτοῖς.
7. γνώσεσθε τὴν ἀλήθειαν καὶ οἱ λόγοι αὐτῆς σώσουσιν ὑμᾶς.
8. ἕξουσιν ἁμαρτωλοὶ πονηροὶ οὐδὲ εἰρήνην οὐδὲ χαρὰν ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις.
9. ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ ἐλεύςεται ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῇ δόξῃ αὐτοῦ σὺν τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ.
10. ἐλεύςονται κακαί ἡμέραι καὶ διδάξουσιν τὴν ἐκκλησίαν οἱ δοῦλοι τῆς ἁμαρτίας.
11. οἱ πονηροὶ ἐστέ, γενήσεσθε δὲ διδάσκαλοι τοῦ νόμου τῆς ἀγάπης.
12. διώκουσιν οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ τοὺς μαθητὰς, ἀλλ´ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
οὐκέτι διώξουσιν αὐτούς.
13. προσεύξῃ τῷ θεῷ σου καὶ αὐτὸς σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ.
14. αὐτὸς βαπτίσει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοῦ κόσμου τούτου ἐν τῷ ᾽Ιορδάνῃ.
15. τὰ πλοῖα ἐκ τῆς θαλάσσης λήμψονται οἱ ἀπόστολοι, τὰ τέκνα δὲ οἱ νεανίαι.
16. διὰ τοῦ λόγου τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ ἀναβλέψουσιν οἱ τυφλὸι οὗτοι.
17. ἄξει ὁ κύριος τοὺς πιστοὺς αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν.
18. ἐκηρύσσετο τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῶν προφητῶν, κηρύσσεται δὲ καὶ νῦν,
ἀλλ´ μετὰ τὴν ἔσχατην ὥραν ἐλεύσεται ὁ κύριος αὐτός.
19. ἐγὼ κηρύξω σοι τὸ μυστήριον καὶ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τούτῳ τῷ κόσμῳ τῷ κακῷ.
20. οὐκ ἐλεύσουσιν οἱ τυφλὸι εἰς τὴν συναγωγήν, τὴν ὁδόν γνωσόμαι οὐδὲ ἐγώ.
 Lesson 13

Aorist I and Aorist II (Active and Middle Voices)

The aorist is a historical time that indicates that an action occurred in the past.

The aorist differs from the imperfect that it indicates a finished action, not a continuous process.
Example: imperfect ἔλυον I was loosing
aorist ἔλυσα I loosed

When translating the aorist, use simple past or perfect in English, depending on the context.
At this time you should use the simple past unless it’s clear that the perfect tense should be used.

Aorist I and aorist II are parallel to English “regular” and “irregular” verbs in their formation.
Compare: love-loved, live-lived, work-worked vs. eat-ate, draw-drew, go-went

Let’s study aorist I. The formula for aorist I is:

augment + stem + σα + personal endings

Examples: Aor. act. ἐ + λύ + σα + μεν we loosed

Aor. mid. ἐ + λυ + σά + μεθα we loosed ourselves

The aorist I active voice inflection of the verb λύω:

Singular Plural
First Person ἔλυσα I loosed ἐλύσαμεν We loosed
Second Person ἔλυσας You loosed ἐλύσατε You loosed
Third Person ἔλυσε(ν) He loosed ἔλυσαν They loosed

The aorist I middle voice inflection of the verb λύω:

Singular Plural
First Person ἐλυσάμην I loosed myself ἐλυσάμεθα We loosed ourselves
Second Person ἐλύσω You loosed yourself ἐλύσαστε You loosed yourselves
Third Person ἐλύσατο He loosed himself ἐλύσαντο They loosed themselves

Similar to the fut., if a stem ends on a consonant, after adding the suffix –σα it transforms.
1. β, π, φ + σα = ψα πέμπω – ἔπεμψα
2. γ, κ, χ, σσ + σα = ξα δέχομαι – ἐδεξάμην
3. τ, δ, θ, ζ + σα = σα πείθω – ἔπεισα
σώζω – ἔσωσα

Now, let’s study aorist II.

Similarly to “irregular” verbs in English, the second aorist must be memorized!
The stem of the second aorist stays in its purest form and it is the only difference between the
imperfect and the second aorist!
Example: present βάλλω – imperfect ἔβαλλον – aorist ἔβαλον
The aorist II active voice inflection of the verb λείπω “I leave” has a stem λιπ–:
Singular Plural
First Person ἔλιπον I left ἐλίπομεν We left
Second Person ἔλιπες You left ἐλίπετε You left
Third Person ἔλιπε He left ἔλιπον They left

The aorist II middle voice inflection of the verb λείπω “I leave”:

Singular Plural
First Person ἐλιπόμην I left ἐλιπόμεθα We left
Second Person ἐλίπου You left ἐλίπεσθε You left
Third Person ἐλίπετο He left ἐλίποντο They left
Note that the only difference between the aorist II and the imperfect is the stem.

Several verbs form their fut. and aorist from different stems. They must be memorized.
Present Future Aorist
I say λέγω ἐρῶ εἶπον
I come ἔρχομαι ἐλεύσομαι ἦλθον
I eat ἐσθίω φάγομαι ἔφαγον
I see ὁράω ὄψομαι εἶδον
I carry φέρω οἴσω ἤνεγκον
I have ἔχω ἕξω ἔσχον
I suffer πάσχω πείσομαι ἔπαθον
I drink πίνω πίομαι ἔπιον
I run τρέχω δραμοῦμαι ἔδραμον

Vocabulary:
ἀπολύω – I release, I divorce
γάρ – for
ἔβαλον (aor. II of βάλλω) – I threw, I cast
ἐγενόμην (dep. aor. II of γίνομαι) – I became
εἶδον (aor. II of βλέπω or ὁράω) – I saw
εἶπον (aor. II of λέγω) – I said
ἔλαβον (aor. II of λαμβάνω) – I took
ἔπεσον (aor. II of πίπτω) – I fell
ἐπιστρέφω – I turn, I return
ἑτοιμάζω – I prepare
ἤγαγον (aor. II of ἄγω) – I led
ἤδη – already, now
ἦλθον (aor. II of ἔρχομαι) – I came
ἤνεγκον/ ἤνεγκα (aor. II of φέρω) – I brought, I bore
θαυμάζω – I wonder (at), I marvel
θεραπεύω – I heal
λείπω (aor. II is ἔλιπον) – I leave
πείθω – I persuade
προσφέρω – I bring, I offer
ὑποστρέφω – I return
Exercise: Translate into English
1. προσέφερον αὐτῷ τοὺς τυφλούς.
2. ἀπέλυσεν ὁ κύριος τὸν δοῦλον αὐτοῦ, ὁ δὲ δοῦλος οὐκ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ.
3. ἠγάπησεν ὀ θεὸς τὸν κόσμον καὶ ἐπιστεύσαμεν εἰς Χριστὸν Ἱησούν.
4. ὁ μὲν κύριος ἐξῆλθε τότε ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου, οἱ δὲ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἔτι μένουσιν ἐν αὐτῷ.
5. ὁ δὲ θεὸς καὶ τὸν κύριον ἤγειρεν καὶ ἐδέξατό ἡμᾶς εἰς τὸν ἐκκλησίαν αὐτοῦ.
6. ἐπίστευσατε τοῖς λόγοις μου καὶ ἡτοίμασα ὑμῖν τόπον ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ.
7. ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ ἐπεστρέψατε πρὸς τὸν κύριον μου καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν ὑμᾶς.
8. ὁ κύριος ἦλθε καὶ ἀνέβλεψαν οἱ τυφλοί.
9. ἐδίδαξάς με ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ καὶ τοὺς ἄρτους ἐφάγομεν ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ σοῦ.
10. ἐξελεύσονται ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου, τότε δὲ ἐδέξαντο ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν .
11. οὐδὲ ἠκούςατε τὸν κύριον οὐδὲ ἐπιστεύσατε εἰς αὐτόν.
12. καὶ εἶδομεν τὸν κύριον καὶ ἠκούσαμεν τοὺς λόγους αὐτοῦ.
13. ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ ἐγένοντο μαθηταὶ τοῦ κυρίου.
14. τὰ μὲν δαιμόνια ἐξεβάλετε, τὰ δὲ τέκνα ἐθεραπεύσατε.
15. οὐκ ἐκήρυξας τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ, οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐγένου μαθητής.
16. ἐπιστεύσαμεν εἰς τὸν κύριον, οἱ γὰρ μαθηταὶ ἤγαγον ἡμᾶς πρὸς αὐτόν.
17. τότε μὲν εἰσήλθετε εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, ἐν ἐκείνῃ δὲ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ εἰσελεύσεσθε εἰς τὸν
οὐρανόν.
18. τότε μὲν παρελάβετε τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν παρά τοῦ κυρίου, νῦν δὲ καὶ κηρύσσετε αὐτὴν ἐν τῷ
κόσμῳ.
19. συνήγαγεν ἡμᾶς αὐτὸς εἰς τήν ἐκκλησίαν αὐτοῦ.
20. τότε ὀψόμεθα τὸν κύριον ἐν τῇ δόξῃ αὐτοῦ˙ ἐπιστεύσαμεν γὰρ εἰς αὐτόν.
 Lesson 14

Aorist Passive and Future Passive

The distinct characteristic of the passive aorist is the suffix –θη– that is connected to a stem.

The aorist passive inflection of the verb λύω:

Singular Plural
First Person ἐλύθην I was loosed ἐλύθημεν We were loosed
Second Person ἐλύθης You was loosed ἐλύθητε You were loosed
Third Person ἐλύθη He was loosed ἐλύθησαν They were loosed
Note the endings are the same as in imperfect active, except the third person pl.
Note that there is no connecting vowel –ο/ε– before the personal endings.

Thus, the formula for aorist passive is:

augment + stem + θη + personal endings

Now let’s look at the future passive.

The formula for fut. pass is:
stem + θη + σ + personal endings

The future passive inflection of the verb λύω:

Singular Plural
First Person λυθήσομαι I will be loosed λυθησόμεθα We will be loosed
Second Person λυθήσῃ You will be loosed λυθήσεσθε You will be loosed
Third Person λυθήσεται He will be loosed λυθήσονται They will be loosed

Similar to fut. and aor., if a stem ends on a consonant, after adding the suffix –θη it transforms.
1. β, π + θη = φθη πέμπω – ἐπέμφθην
2. γ, κ + θη = χθη ἄγω – ἤχθην
3. τ, δ, θ, ζ + θη = σθη πείθω – ἐπείσθην

Deponent verbs in fut. and aorist

There are a few deponent verbs that have a passive form with an active meaning. Memorize
them!
Here are three very common ones:
ἀποκρίνομαι I answer – ἀπεκρίθην I answered
γίνομαι I become – ἐγενήθην I became
πορεύομαι I go, leave – ἐπορεύθην I went

A few verbs have an aor. pass. deriving from different stems. They must be memorized.
Present Aorist Passive
I say λέγω ἐρρέθην
I see ὁράω ὤφθην
I carry φέρω ἠνέχθην
Passive Aorist II
Several verbs have a passive aorist II, in which –θ is usually absent from the suffix.
Example: γράφω – ἐγράφην, ἐγράφης, ἐγράφη, and so on.
In the fut. pass. of such verbs, –θ is also absent.
Example: γράφω – γραφήσομαι, and so on.

Vocabulary:
ἀκολουθέω + dat. – I follow
ἀναλαμβάνω – I take up
ἐβλήθην (aor. pass. of βάλλω) – I was thrown, I was cast
ἐγενήθην (dep. aor. pass of γίνομαι) – I became
ἐκβάλλω – I cast out
ἐλήμφθην (aor. pass. of λαμβάνω) – I was taken
ἐπορεύθην (dep. aor. pass. of πορεύομαι) – I went
ἐρρέθην (aor. pass. of λέγω) – I was said
ἐσθίω – I eat
εὐαγγελίζω – I proclaim good news
ζητέω – I seek, I enquire
ἠνέχθην (aor. pass. of φέρω) – I was borne, I was brought
ἤχθην (aor.pass. of ἄγω) – I was led
ὁράω – I see, view
παρακαλέω – I comfort, I exhort, I urge
περιπατέω – I walk, I walk around
προσέρχομαι – I come to
φοβέω – I fear
ὤφθην (aor. pass. of ὁράω) – I was seen
Exercise: Translate into English
1. διά τῶν ἀποστόλων αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ἀκουσθήσεται ἡ φωνὴ τοῦ κυρίου.
2. ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐρρέθη ὑπό τοῦ προφήτου.
3. ἐδοξάσθη ὁ θεὸς ὑπό τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ ἐπιστεύσαμεν εἰς αὐτόν.
4. καὶ εἶπε ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἑτοιμασθήσεται ὑμῖν τόπος ἐν οὐρανῷ
5. ὀψόμεθα μὲν τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ κυρίου, ὀφθησόμεθα δὲ καὶ ὑπ´ τῶν ἀγγέλων αὐτοῦ.
6. ὤφθητε καὶ ἐγνώσθητε καὶ ἐδιδάχθητε ὑπό τοῦ κυρίου.
7. τὰ τέκνα προσηνέχθησαν αὐτῷ ὑπ´ τῶν ἀποστόλων.
8. ἐξεβλήθησαν δὲ ἐξ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ οἱ ἄγγελοι οἱ πονηροί ὁ γὰρ κύριος ἐξεβαλεν αὐτούς.
9. ἐγερθησονται οἱ νεκροὶ, Ἰησοῦς γὰρ ἠγέρθη ἀπὸ θανάτου.
10. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον οὐκ ἐκηρύχθη ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ταῖς κακαῖς, ἀλλ´ κηρυχθήσεται δὲ νῦν.
11. οἱ διδάσκαλοι τῆς ἀληθείας συνήχθηςαν εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν.
12. ἐξεβλήθη τὰ δαιμόνια ἐκ τέκνου τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ κυρίου.
13. εἰσῆλθες εἰς τὴν ἔρημον καὶ ἐβαπτίσθης εἰς τὸν Ἰορδάνην ὑπὸ Ἰωάννου.
14. αὐτὸς ἠγέρθη ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν, ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ.
15. οἱ μαθηταί ἐσώθησαν καὶ ἐγενήθησαν οἱ ἀπόστολοι τοῦ κυρίου.
16. ἐπορεύθημεν εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, οὐ γὰρ δέξονται ἡμᾶς οἱ δοῦλοι οἱ πονηροί.
17. τὰ ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ ἐγράφησαν ἐν τοῖς βιβλίοις.
18. κατὰ τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ κυρίου ἐλήμφθησαν οἱ δίκαιοι εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν.
19. οὐκ εἶδον οὗτοι οἱ τυφλοί τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ κυρίου ἀλλὰ ἤκουσαν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ.
20. φωνὴ ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησιᾳ ἠκούσθη˙ πρῶτος εἰμι ἁμαρτωλῶν, ἐσώθην δὲ καὶ ἐγώ.
 Lesson 15

Nouns: Third Declension

All the nouns that do not belong to the first and second declensions fall under the third one.

The gender of third declension nouns cannot be predicted and must be memorized separately for
each noun.

The stem is not found in the nom. sing., but rather in the gen. sing. (by removing the ending –ος).
Both forms are given in dictionaries and thus must be memorized.
νύξ – νυκτός παῖς – παιδός χάρις – χάριτος

Let’s look at the declensional endings:

Masculine/Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N. –ς or none –ες none –α
G. –ος –ων –ος –ων
D. –ι –σι(ν) –ι –σι(ν)
A. –α –ας none –α
V. –ς or none –ες none –α
Let’s look at declensions of the noun ἄρχων “ruler”:
Singular Plural
N. ἄρχων ἄρχοντες
G. ἄρχοντος ἀρχόντων
D. ἄρχοντι ἄρχουσι(ν)
A. ἄρχοντα ἄρχοντας
V. = N. = N.

Similarly to fut. and aor., adding the suffix –σ to the stem in dat. pl. results in predictive change.
1. β, π, φ + σι = ψι
2. γ, κ, χ + σι = ξι
3. τ, δ, θ, ζ + σι = σι
Sg. Fem. “night” Fem. “hope” Fem. “flesh” Neut. “light”
N. νύξ (νυκτ-σ) ἐλπίς (ἐλπίδ-σ) σάρξ (σαρκ-ς) φῶς
G. νυκτός ἐλπίδος σαρκός φωτός
D. νυκτί ἐλπίδι σαρκί φωτί
A. νυκτά ἐλπίδα σάρκα φῶς
V. = N. ἐλπί = N. φῶς
Pl.
N. νύκτες ἐλπίδες σαρκές φῶτα
G. νυκτῶν ἐλπίδων σαρκῶν φώτων
D. νυξί(ν) (νυκτ-σι) ἐλπίσι(ν) (ἐλπιδ-σι) σαρξί(ν) (σαρκ-σι) φωσί(ν) (φωτ-σι)
A. νύκτας ἐλπίδας σάρκας φῶτα
V. = N. = N. = N. φῶτα
All nouns that ands with –μα in nom. sing. are neuter. Their stem is –ματ.
Let’s look at the noun ὄνομα, ὀνόματος, τό (name):
Singular Plural
N. ὄνομα ὀνόματα
G. ὀνόματος ὀνομάτων
D. ὀνόματι ὀνόμασι(ν)
A. = N. = N.
V. = N. = N.

The following three nouns represent a group that have alternative endings in the third
declension.
Sg. Masc. “king” Fem. “city” Neut. “race”
N. βασιλεύς πόλις γένος
G. βασιλέως πόλεως γένους
D. βασιλεῖ πόλει γένει
A. βασιλέα πόλιν = N.
V. βασιλεῦ πόλι = N.
Pl.
N. βασιλεῖς πόλεις γένη
G. βασιλέων πόλεων γένῶν
D. βασιλεῦσί(ν) πόλεσι(ν) γένεσι(ν)
A. βασιλεῖς πόλεις = N.
V. = N. = N. = N.

Thus, the complete table of endings in the third declension is as follows:

Masculine/Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N. –ς or none –ες (εις) none –α (η)
G. –ος (ως, ους) –ων –ος (ως, ους) –ων
D. –ι (ει) –σι(ν) –ι –σι(ν)
A. –α (ν) –ας (εις) none –α (η)
V. –ς or none –ες (εις) none –α (η)

Hint: Since most nouns have the definite article (which follows the first/second
declensions), it will typically be easy to determine the gender, number and case just by
looking at the article!
Vocabulary:
αἷμα, αἵματος, τό – blood
αἰών, αἰῶνος, ὁ – age, eternity
εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα – for ever
εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων – for ever and ever
ἀνήρ, ἀνδρος, ὁ – man, husband
ἀρχιερεύς, ἀρχιερέως, ὁ – high priest
ἄρχων, ἄρχοντος, ὁ – ruler
βασιλεύς, βασιλέως, ὁ – king
γένος, γένους, τό – race, kind
γράμμα, γράμματος, τό – letter, a writing
γραμματεύς, γραμματέως, ὁ – scribe
δύναμις, δυνάμεως ἡ – power
ἔθνος, ἔθνους, τό – nation, people, Gentile
ἐλπίς, ἐλπίδος, ἡ – hope
θέλημα, θελήματος, τό – will
ἱερεύς, ἱερέως, ὁ – priest
μήτηρ, μητρός, ἡ – mother
νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ – night
ὄνομα, ὀνόματος, τό – name
ὄρος, ὄρους, τό – mountain, high hill
πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ – father
πίστις, πίστεως, ἡ – faith, belief, trust
πόλις, πόλεως, ἡ – city
πνεῦμα, πνεύματος, τό – spirit
ῥῆμα( ῥήματος( τό – word, saying, thing, matter
σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ – flesh
σῶμα, σόματος, τό – body
χάρις, χάριτος, ἡ – grace
χείρ, ἡ – hand
Exercise: Translate into English
1. ἐξῆλθον οἱ μαθηταὶ καὶ ἦλθον εἰς τὴν πόλιν καὶ εἶδον τῆς μητρὸς τοῦ ἄρχοντος.
2. ἤγαγεν αὐτὸν ἡ χείρ τοῦ κυρίου ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου.
3. καὶ ἐν νυκτί καὶ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ταῦτα τὰ ῥήματα ἐκηρύχθη ἔθνεσιν.
4. ἐκεῖνοι τὸν υἱὸν οὐκ ἔχουσιν οὐδὲ τὸν πατέρα οὐδὲ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον.
5. αἱ γραφαί τῶν προφητῶν καὶ ἐπιστολαί τῶν ἀποστόλων εἰσιν τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ ἁγίου
πνεύματος.
6. διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ ἠγέρθησαν τὰ σώματα τῶν προφητῶν.
7. ἐγράφησαν τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν πιστῶν ὑπὸ τοὺ ἀγγέλου τοὺ κυρίου ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς.
8. τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ λόγου αὐτοῦ ἔσωσεν ἡμᾶς ὁ κύριος.
9. χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ.
10. οἱ βασιλεῖς τούτου τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ.
11. μετὰ τοῦ ἀρχιερέως ἤμην ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ.
12. ταῦτα εἶπον καὶ γραμματεῖς καὶ ἱερεῖς τοῖς ἄρχουσιν τούτου τοῦ αἰῶνος.
13. οὐκ ὄψονται τὸν θεόν οἱ πονηροί , ἀλλ´ ὄψεσθε ὑμεῖς τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα,
ὃτι ἐπίστευσατε εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ.
14. μετὰ δὲ ἐκείνην τὴν νυκτά πατέρες ἡμῶν ἐν τῷ ὄρει τούτῳ ἐλήμφθησαν εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν.
15. οὐκέτι κατὰ σάρκα γινώσκομεν τὸν κύριον, ἀλλὰ ἐν τῷ πνεύματι.
16. ἐν τῇ σαρκί ὑμῶν εἶδετε τὸν θάνατον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τοῦ αἵματος Ἰησοῦ ἔχετε ἐλπίδα καλήν.
17. τὸ μὲν γράμμα ἀποκτείνει, τὸ δὲ ἅγιον πνεῦμα φέρει ζωήν.
18. ἐδίδαξαν οἱ ἄνδρες καὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς καὶ τοὺς πονηρούς.
19. διὰ τὴν ἐλπίδα τὴν καλὴν διὰ πίστεως ἤνεγκαν ταῦτα οἱ ἀπόστολοι τῆς ἐκκλησίας.
20. ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ νυκτὶ τῷ σῷ όνόματι δαιμόνια ἐξεβάλομεν.
 Lesson 16

Present Participles

Participles are verbal adjectives, that is, adjectives made out of verbs.
- Adjective characteristics: gender (masc./fem./neut.), case (nom./gen./dat./acc.), number (sing./pl.).
- Verbal characteristics: tense (pres./past./fut.), voice (active/middle/passive).

Participles don’t have a “person”; thus, they are not conjugated to distinguish between first,
second, and third person.
The participle MUST agree with the noun it refers to in gender, case and number.

The distinguishing mark of the act. pres. participles is the suffix –οντ– in masc. and neut. and –
ουσα– in fem.

Let’s take a look at the declension of the participle of the verb λύω “I loose”:
Sg. Masc. Fem. Neut. φῶ
N. λύων λύουσα λῦον
G. λύοντος λυούσης λύοντος
D. λύοντι λυούσῃ λύοντι
A. λύοντα λύουσαν λῦον
V. = N. = N. = N.
Pl.
N. λύοντες λύουσαι λύοντα
G. λύοντων λυουσῶν λύοντων
D. λύουσι(ν) λυούσαις λύουσι(ν)
A. λύοντας λυούσας λύοντα
V. = N. = N. = N.
Note: Masc. has third declension endings (similar to ἄρχων); fem. has first declension endings
and neut. follows the third declension with some variations in nom. sing, nom. pl. and acc.=nom.

The present participles of middle-passive voice are made by adding the suffix –ομεν– to a stem.
Sg. Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. λυόμενος λυομένη λυόμενον
G. λυομένου λυομένης λυομένου
D. λυομένῳ λυομένῃ λυομένῳ
A. λυόμενον λυομένην λυόμενον
V. = N. = N. = N.
Pl.
N. λυόμενοι λυόμεναι λυόμενα
G. λυομένων λυομένων λυομένων
D. λυομένοις λυομέναις λυομένοις
A. λυομένους λυομένας λυόμενα
V. = N. = N. = N.
Participle middle-passive formula is: stem + ομεν + endings
 Translation of Participles

Translation of participles depends whether they are used adjectivally or adverbially.

- Adjectivally (a.k.a. attributive usage): they modify nouns, as do adjectives.
- Adverbially (a.k.a. predicative usage): they indicate action, as do verbs.

The key is to notice whether or not an article precedes the participle.

If a participle has an article, it’s attributive and serves as an adjective.
If a participle doesn’t have an article, it’s predicative and serves as an adverb.

The present participle always takes place at the same time as the main verb (no matter whether
the action denoted by the main verb is past, present or future).

1. Predicative (adverbial) use of participles. NO ARTICLE!

As an adverb, the participle may tell us WHEN or HOW the action of the main verb took place.
When translating, you can use an English participle or a subordinate clause with when or while.
He broke his tooth playing hockey.
He broke his tooth while he was playing hockey.
Examples:
ὁ προφήτης λέγων ταῦτα ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ πέμπει τοὺς μαθητὰς.
Good translation: The prophet saying these (things) in the church sends the disciples.
Better one: While the prophet is saying these (things) in the church, he sends the disciples.

προσερχόμεθα τῷ προφήτῃ λέγοντι ταῦτα ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ.

Note that the translation we come to the prophet saying these (things) in the church is
ambiguous. A better translation is we come to the prophet while he is saying these (things) in the
church.

ὁ κύριος λέγων θεραπεύει.

While the Lord is speaking, he heals. Or When the Lord is speaking, he heals.

2. Attributive (adjectival) use of participles. HAS AN ARTICLE!

The participle describes or delimits the noun by telling us “which one.” It can be translated with
an English participle or turned into a relative clause (“who/which”).

ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ διδάσκων ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ βλέπει τὸν κύριον.

The man teaching in the church sees the Lord. = The man who is teaching in the church sees the
Lord.

Participle can be substantive - the noun is understood, leaving the participle to stand in place of
the noun. Variations of “the one who” frequently appear in the translation.

ὁ πιστεύων = he who believes, the one who believes, the man who believes.
Examples:
ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν ἐγείροντα τοὺς νεκροὺς σώζεται.
The one who believes on the One who raises the dead is being saved.
 The Participle of εἰμί

ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν are the masc., fem. and neut. participles of εἰμί
Let’s look at the declension of these participles:
Sg. Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. ὤν οὖσα ὄν
G. ὄντος οὔσης ὄντος
D. ὄντι οὔσῃ ὄντι
A. ὄντα οὖσαν ὄν
Pl.
N. ὄντες οὖσαι ὄντα
G. ὄντων οὐσῶν ὄντων
D. οὖσι(ν) οὔσαις οὖσι(ν)
A. ὄντας οὔσας ὄντα
Note: These participles are the heart and soul of all participles. Techincally they are the endings
of every active participle. Compare this table to the table on p.48.

Vocabulary:
ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν (participle of εἰμί) – being

Exercise: Translate into English

1. ἦλθον οἱ δοῦλοι τοῦ ἀρχιερέως πρὸς ᾽Ιωάννην βαπτίζοντα τοὺς ᾽Ιουδαίους.
2. ἔτι ὄντα ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησιᾳ εἴδομεν τὸν ἄρχοντα τῆς πόλεως τῶν ᾽Ιουδαίων.
3. τὸν υἱόν ὁ δεχόμενος δέχεται καὶ τὸν πατέρα.
4. οἱ πιστεύοντες εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ σώζονται.
5. ταῦτα λέγομεν τοῖς δούλοις τοῦ ἄρχοντος περὶ τοῦ ἐγείροντος τοὺς νεκρούς.
6. ἐκηρύχθη ὑπ´ τῶν ἀποστόλων τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τὸ σῶζον τοὺς ἁμαρτωλούς.
7. ἐξερχομένοις ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου λέγει τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα ὑμῖν ταῦτα τὰ ῥήματα.
8. ῥῆμα ὃτι ἐλεύσεται ὁ κύριος ἐστιν τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τὸ κηρυσσόμενον ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.
9. οἱ μαθηταὶ οἱ διωκόμενοι ὑπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ τοῦ βασιλέως πιστεύουσιν εἰς τὸν κύριον.
10. διωκόμενοι ὑπὸ τῶν πονηρῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν προσευχόμεθα τῷ κυρίῳ.
11. Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ βασιλεύς ὁ δεχόμενος ἡμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ.
12. γινώσκει ὁ κριτής ὁ πιστός τὰ γραφόμενα ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
13. ἐξήλθομεν πρὸς τοὺς κριτὰς ἄγοντες τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς.
14. εἴδομεν τοὺς λαμβάνοντας τὸ πνεῦμα ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐν οὐρανῷ.
15. δίκαιοί εἰσιν οἱ πιστεύοντες εἰς τὸν κύριον καὶ σωζόμενοι ὑπ´ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτοῦ.
16. ἦσαν ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησιᾳ τῇ λυομένῃ ὑπὸ τῶν λh|στῶν.
17. λαμβάνει τὰ δῶρα τοῦ ἅγιου πνεύματος ἡ ἐκκλησία ἡ πιστεύουσα εἰς τὸν κύριον.
18. διδασκόμενοι ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου βλέπομεν τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ σώζοντος ἡμᾶς.
19. ἀπέστελλεν ἀγγέλους πρὸς ἡμᾶς ὤν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ τῇ ἀναβαινούσῃ εἰς τὴν ἅγιαν πόλιν.
20. κατέρχεται ἐξ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ σῶζον τοὺς ἀνθρώπους.
 Lesson 17

Participle of the Aorist I and Aorist II (Active and Middle)

Aorist participles don’t have the augment ε–.

Aorist I active participles have the aorist suffix –σα– followed by the participle suffix –οντ–.
Thus the formula for aorist I active participle is:
stem + σα + ντ + endings
Sg. Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. λύσας λύσασα λῦσαν
G. λύσαντος λυσάσης λύσαντος
D. λύσαντι λυσάσῃ λύσαντι
A. λύσαντα λύσασαν λῦσαν
V. = N. = N. = N.
Pl.
N. λύσαντες λύσασαι λύσαντα
G. λυσάντων λυσασῶν λυσάντων
D. λύσασι(ν) λυσάσαις λύσασι(ν)
A. λύσαντας λυσάσας λύσαντα
V. = N. = N. = N.
Note: Similar to the pres. participle, masc. and neut. have third declension endings; fem. has first
declension endings.

Aorist I middle participles have the aorist suffix –σα– followed by the participle suffix –ομεν–.
The formula for aorist I middle participle is:
stem + σα + μεν + endings
Sg. Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. λυσάμενος λυσαμένη λυσάμενον
G. λυσαμένου λυσαμένης λυσαμένου
D. λυσαμένῳ λυσαμένῃ λυσαμένῳ
A. λυσάμενον λυσαμένην λυσάμενον
V. = N. = N. = N.
Pl.
N. λυσάμενοι λυσάμεναι λυσάμενα
G. λυσαμένων λυσαμένων λυσαμένων
D. λυσαμένοις λυσαμέναις λυσαμένοις
A. λυσαμένους λυσαμένας λυσάμενα
V. = N. = N. = N.

Aorist II active participle is formed by adding the suffix –οντ– to the aorist II stem.
Nom. ἰδών Gen. ἰδόντος Dat. ἰδόντι Acc. ἰδόντα and so on.
Aorist II stem + ντ + endings
Aorist II middle participle is formed by adding the suffix –ομεν– to the aorist II stem.
Nom. λαβόμενος Gen. λαβομένου Dat. λαβομένῳ Acc. λαβόμενον and so on.
Aorist II stem + ομεν + endings
 Translation of Aorist Participles

An aorist participle indicates finished action that occurred prior to the action of the main verb
(no matter whether the action denoted by the main verb is past, present or future).

Thus, the present participle takes place at the same time as the main verb.
The aorist participle takes place before the action of the main verb.

When translating into English, use the perfect tense: having said, having eaten, and so on.
Sometimes, the literal translation of the participle is absolutely impossible in English, in which
case a more idiomatic English translation with a temporal clause should be used. The words after
or when should introduce the temporal clause. Use the perfect “have seen” when the main verb is
present or future, and pluperfect “had seen” when the main verb is past.

Examples:
ὁ προφήτης εἰπὼν ταῦτα ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ πέμπει τοὺς μαθητὰς.
The prophet, having said these (things) in the church, is sending the disciples.

ὁ κύριος εἰπὼν ταῦτα θεραπεύει τὸν ἀνθρώπον.

The Lord, having said these (things), is healing the man.
After the Lord has said13 these (things) he is healing the man.
When the Lord has said these (things) he is healing the man.

προσῆλθον αὐτῷ εἰπόντι ταῦτα – they came to him after he had said these (things).
Here the literal translation they came to him having said these (things) is impossible because the
having said would agree with them and not with him how it should be.

ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ ἀκούσας ταῦτα ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ βλέπει τὸν κύριον.

Having-heard-these-things-in-the-church man sees the Lord = the man who heard these things in
the church sees the Lord.

Vocabulary:
ἀπέθανον (aor. II of ἀποθνήσκω) – I died
ἀπεκρίθην (dep. pass. aor. II of ἀποκρίνομαι) – I answered
ἀρνίον, τό – lamb
ἱμάτιον, τό – garment
οἶνος, ὁ – wine
παιδίον, τό – child
ποτήριον, τό – cup
πρόβατον, τό – sheep
σκότος, σκότους, τό – darkness
σοφία, ἡ – wisdom, skill
σωτηρία, ἡ – salvation
φῶς, τό – light

13
Grammatically, in English the perfect tense is not used with the words after and when. This is just an idiomatic use.
Exercise: Translate into English
1. οἱ ἄνθρωποι δοξάζομεν τὸν διδάξαντα αὐτούς.
2. εἴδομεν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ μένοντας ἐν σκότει καὶ ἐξελθόντας ἐξ αὐτοῦ.
3. ἀπήλθομεν μὴ ἰδόντες τοὺς νεανίας τοὺς γενομένους μαθητὰς τοῦ κυρίου
4. οἱ ἰδόντες τὸν ἔσχατον ἀπόστολον ἦλθον πρὸς τοὺς διωκομένους ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως.
5. οἱ ἄγγελοι οἱ πεσόντε ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἤνεγκον θάνατον εἰς τὸν κόσμον.
6. μὴ ἤνεγκον ἀρνία καὶ πρόβατα πρὸς τοὺς ἀγαγόντας τὰ τέκνα ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ.
7. ταῦτα ἀπεκρίθη τοῖς ἐξελθοῦσιν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου καὶ τοῖς προσενεγκοῦσιν αὐτῷ τὰ ἱμάτια.
8. τούτους λόγους τῆς ἐλπίδος εἴπομεν περὶ τῶν πιστευόντων εἰς τὸν κύριον.
9. ὁ μὴ ἰδὼν τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐπίστευσεν εἰς τὴν σοφίαν τῶν λόγων αὐτοῦ.
10. οἱ κηρύξαντες τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἔχουσι φῶς, ἀλλ´ οἱ διώξαντες τοὺς πιστεύοντας μένουσι ἐν
σκότει.
11. προσενεγκόντες τῷ ἄρχοντι τὸ ποτήριον αὐτοῦ ἀπήλθετε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον μετὰ τοῦ
ἀδελφοῦ ὑμῶν καὶ τῶν ἄρτων.
12. προσῆλθον τὰ δαιμόνια τοῦ σκότους τῷ κυρίῳ ἐλθόντι εἰς τὴν ἔρημον.
13. λαβόντες φῶς παρὰ τοῦ σώσαντος ἡμᾶς εἰσήλθομεν εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν αὐτοῦ.
14. ἐπίστευσας εἰς Ἰησοῦν εἰπόντα τὸν λόγον τῆς σωτηρίας.
15. τὰς παραβολὰς εἶπον πρός παιδία ἐξελθὼν ἐκ συναγωγής.
16. πιστοί εἰσιν οἱ κριταὶ οἱ μὴ δεξάμενοι τὰ δῶρα παρὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
17. ταῦτα εἶπεν ὁ ἄρχων ἔτι ὤν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ σὺν τὸν διωκόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν πνευμάτων σκότους.
18. ἀκούσαντες τὰ λεγόμενα ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀποστόλου ἐπίστευσαν εἰς τὸν κύριον.
19. καὶ ἀναβλέψας ἔλεγεν, Βλέπω τὸν ἀνθρώπον τὸν κηρύξαντα τὸ εὐαγγέλιον.
20. τὰ τέκνα τὰ λαβόντα τὸ ἀρνίον ἀπὸ τῶν διακόνων ἤνεγκον αὐτὸ πρὸς τὸν κύριον.
 Lesson 18

Participle of the Passive Aorist

The aorist passive participle has an identifying suffix –θε– added to the stem.
Accordingly, the formula for the aorist passive participle is:
stem + θε + ντ + endings
Sg. Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. λυθείς λυθεῖσα λυθέν
G. λυθέντος λυθείσης λυθέντος
D. λυθέντι λυθείσῃ λυθέντι
A. λυθέντα λυθείσαν λυθέν
V. = N. = N. = N.
Pl.
N. λυθέντες λυθεῖσαι λυθέντα
G. λυθέντων λυθεισῶν λυθέντων
D. λυθεῖσι(ν) λυθείσαις λυθεῖσι(ν)
A. λυθέντας λυθείσας λυθέντα
V. = N. = N. = N.
Note: masc. and neut. have third declension endings; fem. has first declension endings.

The aorist II passive participle has similar declensions, but –θ– is dropped from the suffix.
For example: γράφω – aor. II pass. ἐγράφην; participles: masc. γραφείς, fem. γραφεῖςα, neut.
γραφέν etc.

Aorist passive participle indicates finished action that occurred prior to the action of the main
verb! All rules regarding attributive, predicative and substantive use apply as well.

Examples:
ἐκβληθέντα τὰ δαιμόνια ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου ἀπῆλθεν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν.
- the demons, having been cast out by the Lord, went away into the sea.
- after (when) demons had been cast out by the Lord, they went away into the sea.
ἐγερθέντι ἐκ νεκρῶν προσῆλθον αὐτῷ.
- they came to him after he had been raised from the dead.

The Genitive Absolute

The absolute participles form an independent clause that is separate from the rest of the sentence
(thus, if you remove this clause the meaning of the rest of the sentence will not change).
Examples of absolute participles in English:
1. God willing, I’ll see you tomorrow. (active)
2. Weather permitting, the game will be played. (active)
3. With new instructions having been issued, the employees were confused. (passive)
4. With him fired, no one knew what to do. (passive)

Whereas in English this appears mostly in the nom., in Greek both the subject and the participle
are in gen. Thus it’s called the genitive absolute.
Translating “Genitive Absolutes”
1. Identify the genitive absolute construction: a circumstantial participle and a noun or
pronoun, both are in gen.
2. Translate the main clause of the sentence (the part that doesn’t have genitive absolutes).
3. Identify the time of the main verb (present or past).
4. Translate the noun or pronoun in the “genitive absolute” construction as if it were in the
nominative case.
5. Translate the genitive participle as an indicative verb, preceded by the adverbial,
circumstantial word “while…” if the participle is a present tense participle, or with the
word “after…” if the participle is in the aorist tense.

Examples:
εἰπόντων ταῦτα τῶν ἀποστόλων οἱ διδάσκαλοι ἀπῆλθον.
After (or when) the apostles had said these (things) the teachers went away.

λέγοντων τῶν ἀποστόλων ταῦτα οἱ διδάσκαλοι ἀπῆλθον.

While the apostles were saying these (things) the teachers went away.

The summary table of participles:

Predicate participles (no article)
Present Act. λύων loosing
Mid. λυόμενος loosing himself
Pass. λυόμενος being loosed
Aorist Act. λύσας having loosed
Mid. λυσάμενος having loosed himself
Pass. λυθείς having been loosed
Attributive participles (with article)
Present Act. ὁ λύων = the loosing man the man who looses
the one who looses
he who looses
Mid. ὁ λυόμενος = the loosing himself man the man who looses himself
the one who looses himself
he who looses himself
Pass. ὁ λυόμενος = the being-loosed man the man who is being loosed
the one who is being loosed
he who is being loosed
Aorist Act. ὁ λύσας = the having-loosed man the man who (has) loosed
the one who (has) loosed
he who (has) loosed
Mid. ὁ λυσάμενος = the having-loosed- the man who (has) loosed himself
himself man the one who (has) loosed himself
he who (has) loosed himself
Pass. ὁ λυθείς = the having-been-loosed man the man who has been (or was) loosed
the one who has been (or was) loosed
he who has been (or was) loosed
Vocabulary:
ἀδελφή, ἡ – sister
γραφείς (aor. II pass. of γράφω) – having been written
δένδρον, τό – tree
ἐκεῖ – there
εὐθύς or εὐθέως – immediately, next, suddenly
ποιμήν, –ένος, ὁ – shepherd
σταυρός, ὁ – cross
σταυρόω – I crucify
στέφανος, ὁ – crown
στρατιώτης, ὁ – soldier
συνέδριον, τό – Sanhedrin, council
φυλακή, ἡ – guard, prison, watch

Exercise: Translate into English

1. ὁ λυθεὶς ἄνθρωπος ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου.
2. σωθεὶς δοξάσει τὸν κύριον.
3. πορευθέντος τοῦ ἄρχοντος πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα οἱ διδάσκαλοι εἶπον ταῦτα τῷ ἀρχιερεῖ.
4. αὐτοῦ λέγοντος ταῦτα οἱ ποιμένες ἀπῆλθον.
5. πορευθεὶς πρὸς ἀποστόλους ὁ ἄρχων ἐπίστευσεν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν.
6. ἐλθόντος εἰς τὸν κόσμον τοῦ κυρίου εἶδον φῶς οἱ ὄντες ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ.
7. πιστευσάντων ὑμῶν εἰς τὸν Χριστὸν εὐθὺς ἐπίστευσε καὶ ἡ μήτηρ σοῦ.
8. εἰςελθόντος εἰς τὸ ἱερόν τοῦ ἐγερθέντος ὑπὸ τοῦ προφήτου οἱ ὄχλοι ἐθαύμασαν.
9. τῶν στρατιωτῶν διωξάντων τοὺς πιστοὺς εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν ἐδέξαντο αὐτούς οἱ ἄγγελοι.
10. βληθέντες εἰς φυλακὴν ἔλαβον στέφανους παρά τοῦ κυρίου.
11. ἐκβληθέντος ἁμαρτωλοῦ ἐκ τοῦ συνεδρίου συνήχθησαν οἱ ἄρχοντες τῶν ᾽Ιουδαίων.
12. ἐκβληθέντα ἐκ τῆς συναγωγῆς ἐδίδαξεν αὐτὸν ὁ ἔσχατος ἀπόστολος.
13. ὁ σταυρός ὁ κηρυχθείς ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἔχει δύναμιν.
14. ἐδέξασθε τὰς δεξαμένας τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς εἰς τὰς οἰκίας αὐτῶν.
15. εἰπόντος ταῦτα τοῦ πονηροῦ τοῦ βασιλέως ἀπῆλθον οἱ μαθηταὶ εἰς τὴν ἔρημον.
16. τοῖς θεραπευθεῖσιν ὑπ´ τοῦ κυρίου εἴπομεν λόγους ἀγάπης καὶ ἀληθείας.
17. ἐλθόντος ἱερέως εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ εὐθέως οἱ μαθηταὶ ἐκήρυξαν τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ.
18. βληθέντες εἰς φυλακὴν διὰ τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ θεοῦ ἐδόξασαν ἐκεῖ τὸν σώσαντα αὐτούς.
19. ἀναλημφθέντος τοῦ κυρίου εἰς οὐρανὸν εἴπομεν τοῖς ἄλλοις τὰ παραλημφθέντα παρὰ
αὐτοῦ.
20. πισταί εἰσιν αἱ διωχθεῖσαι ἐκκλησίαι καὶ ἔτι διωκόμεναι ὑπὸ στρατιωτῶν.
 Lesson 19

Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive mood is the mood of possibility or probability. It states what may or might be,
that is, a possibility, probability or exhortation.

The subjunctive mood occurs only in present or aorist tenses.

The subjunctive mood is characterized by the lengthening of connecting vowels:

ο–ω ε–η ει – ῃ ου – ω

Let’s look at the present active subjunctive of the verb λύω:

Singular Plural
First Person λύω λύωμεν
Second Person λύῃς λύητε
Third Person λύῃ λύωσι(ν)
Note: it looks exactly like the present active indicative (Lesson 2) with a longer connecting
vowel.

The present middle-passive subjunctive follows this pattern:

Singular Plural
First Person λύωμαι λυώμεθα
Second Person λύῃ λύησθε
Third Person λύηται λύωνται

The visual characteristic of the aorist active and middle is the suffix –σ; and of the aorist passive,
it is –θ.

The aorist active subjunctive of λύω:

Singular Plural
First Person λύσω λύσωμεν
Second Person λύσῃς λύσητε
Third Person λύσῃ λύσωσι(ν)
The aorist middle subjunctive of λύω:
Singular Plural
First Person λύσωμαι λυσώμεθα
Second Person λύσῃ λύσησθε
Third Person λύσηται λύσωνται
The aorist passive subjunctive of λύω:
Singular Plural
First Person λυθῶ λυθῶμεν
Second Person λυθῇς λυθῆτε
Third Person λυθῇ λυθῶσι(ν)

Note: accents always stay on the connecting vowel in aorist pass. subj.
The aorist II subjunctive of λαμβάνω:
Singular Plural
First Person λάβω λάβωμεν
Second Person λάβῃς λάβητε
Third Person λάβῃ λάβωσι(ν)
The aorist II subjunctive of ἔρχομαι:
Singular Plural
First Person ἔλθω ἔλθωμεν
Second Person ἔλθῃς ἔλθητε
Third Person ἔλθῃ ἔλθωσι(ν)
Subjunctive of εἰμί:
Singular Plural
First Person ὦ ὦμεν
Second Person ῇς ἦτε
Third Person ῇ ὦσι(ν)

Translation of Subjunctives
In the subjunctive mood there is no distinction between tenses. Usually present tense is used
when action is continuous or repetitive and aorist when it’s finished.

The particle μή is used for negation.

Hortatory Subjunctive: the first person plural subjunctive used as an exhortation. Use “Let us”
in your translation:
προσευχώμεθα Let us pray.
πιστεύσωμεν εἰς τὸν κύριον Let us believe in the Lord.

The purpose clause: ἵνα + subjunctive in order that

τοῦτο λέγουσιν ἵνα ἀκούωσιν οἱ ἄγγελοι
They say this in order that the angels may hear.

Conditional statement: The “if… then…” statement.

The “if” clause is called protasis (from Greek πρότασις: condition).
The “then” clause is called apodosis (from Greek ἀπόδοσις: result, explanation).

There are three types of conditional statements:

1. Casus realis (reality) – conditions of fact. The condition is true; thus, the result is real.
Protasis has εἰ + verb in indicative
εἰ μαθηταί ἐσμεν τοῦ κυρίου σωθησόμεθα
If we are disciples of the Lord, we will be saved.

εἰ διδάσκετε τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς πιστοί ἐστε διδάσκαλοι

If you are teaching the brothers, you are faithful teachers.
Here εἰ διδάσκετε means that if the activity in which you are now engaged is that of teaching the
brothers, then you are faithful teachers.
 2. Casus futuralis expresses a condition that will become true (or might be true) in the
future.
Protasis has ἐάν + verb in subjunctive (ἐάν = εἰ + ἄν)
ἐάν διδάσκητε τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς πιστοί ἐστε διδάσκαλοι
If you teach the brothers, you are faithful teachers.
Here ἐάν διδάσκητε refers to an indefinite future meaning that if at any time you will be engaged
in teaching the brothers, you are faithful teachers. Compare this to the previous example for
casus realis.

ἐάν εἰςέλθωμεν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν ὀψόμεθα τὸν κύριον

If we come into the house, we will see the Lord.

3. Casus irrealis (unreal) – contrary to fact. It expresses that if something is true, even
though it is not, then such and such would occur. The falseness of the protasis is assumed
in the argument.
Protasis has εἰ + indicative past tense (imperfect or aorist)
Apodosis has ἄν + indicative (same tense as protasis)
εἰ γὰρ ἐπιστεύετε Μωϋσεῖ ἐπιστεύετε ἄν ἐμοί…
If you believed Moses, you would believe me…

Vocabulary:
ἁμαρτάνω – I sin
διακονία, ἡ – ministry, service
δικαιοσύνη, ἡ – righteousness, justice
εἰ – if (+ indicative)
ἐάν – if (+ subjunctive)
εὐαγγελίζομαι (dep.) + acc. – I preach, I proclaim good news
ἵνα – in order that
κεφαλή, ἡ – head
λοιπός, ή, ον – rest, remaining, other
μακάριος, α, ον – blessed, happy
Μαρία – Mary
μαρτυρία, ἡ – witness, witnessing, testimony
μή – not, lest
μηδέ – nor, and not, not even
μηδέ… μηδέ… – neither… nor
μηκέτι – no longer
Μωϋσῆς, Μωϋσέως, ὁ – Moses
σημεῖον, τό – sign, miracle
στόμα, τό – mouth
Exercise: Translate into English
1. προσευχώμεθα καὶ ἐν νυκτί καὶ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἵνα γενώμεθα μαθηταὶ δίκαιοι.
2. ἔρχομαι πρὸς τὸ ἱερόν ἵνα προσεύχωμαι.
3. ἐλεύσομαι πρὸς τὸν σώσαντά με, ἵνα μὴ λύω τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ μηδὲ ὦ δοῦλος τῆς
ἁμαρτίας.
4. ἐὰν μὴ δέξησθε ῥήματα ἐλπίδος καὶ ζωῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων, οὐ σωθήσεσθε.
5. ἐρχόμεθα πρὸς τὸν κύριον ἵνα μὴ ἁμαρτάνωμεν.
6. ἐὰν μὴ ἴδῃ ὁ δεσπότης μου σημεῖον, οὐ πιστεύσει εἰς τὸν κύριον.
7. Μαρία εἶπε, κύριε, εἰv ἦς ἐκεῖ, οὐκ ἄν ἀπέθανέν μου ὁ ἀδελφός.
8. εἰ γὰρ ἐπιστεύετε Μωσῇ, ἐπιστεύετε ἄν ἐμοί˙ περὶ γὰρ ἐμοῦ ἐκεῖνος ἔγραψεν.
9. εἰ κηρύσσεται ὑμῖν ὅτι ἡ κεφαλή τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἐστιν ὁ κύριος, πιστοί ὦμεν ὑμεῖς.
10. ὁ λύων τὰς ἐντολὰς τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἔχει ἐλπίδα, ἐὰν μὴ ἐπιστρέψῃ πρὸς τὸν κύριον ζωῆς.
11. εὐηγγελισάμην τοὺς λοιπούς ἐκ ἁμαρτωλῶν ἵνα σωθῶσιν καὶ ἔχωσιν ζωήν.
12. μηκέτι ἁμαρτάνωμεν, ἵνα διδάσκωμεν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς περὶ τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ σταυροῦ.
13. ἐὰν εἰςέλθωσιν εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἡμῶν οἱ διδάσκαλοι τοῦ νόμου, εὐαγγελισόμεθα
αὐτοὺς ἐκεῖ.
14. ἐκηρύξαμεν τούτῳ τῷ λαῷ τὴν χάριτα τοῦ θεοῦ, ἵνα δέξωνται τὴν ἀλήθειαν καὶ σωθῶσιν.
15. ἐὰν εὐαγγελισώμεθα ἁμαρτωλοὺς, λήμψονται εἰρήνην καὶ ἐλπίδα.
16. προσέλθωμεν τῷ ἰδόντι τὸν μαθητὴν τοῦ κυρίου, ἵνα διδάξῃ ἡμᾶς περὶ τοῦ ἁγίου θεοῦ.
17. ἐὰν γὰρ μὴ πιστεύσητε ὃτι ἐγώ εἰμι, ἀποθανεῖστε ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν.
18. πιστεύσωμεν εἰς τὸν ἀποθανόντα ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ἵνα ἔχωμεν τὴν δικαιοσύνην τοῦ θεοῦ.
19. μακάριοί εἰσιν οἱ τυφλοί, ἐὰν ἀκούσωσιν τὴν μαρτυρίαν τῶν προφητῶν.
20. τὰ ὀνόματα ἡμῶν εἶπε τό στόμα τοῦ κυρίου ἵνα ἄγγελος γράφῃ αὐτά εἰς τὸν βιβλίον τῆς
ζωῆς.
 Lesson 20

Infinitive

The infinitive is a verbal noun. (It shares characteristics of nouns and verbs.)
The Greek infinitive is similar to the English infinitive: it is not limited by person and number. It
gives a general idea of action: to run.

Translating the infinitive can be done in two ways: (1) the “to” form, (2) a gerund.
- To give is kind.
- Giving is kind.

Let’s look how the infinitive is formed:

Tense Voice Ending Example Translation
Present Act. –ειν λύειν to loose
Mid. –εσθαι λύεσθαι to loose for one’s self
Pass. –εσθαι λύεσθαι to be loosed

Aorist I Act. –σαι λῦσαι to loose

Mid. –σασθαι λύσασθαι to loose for one’s self
Pass. –θῆναι λυθῆναι to be loosed

Aorist II Act. –εῖν λαβεῖν to take

Mid. –έσθαι λαβέσθαι to take for one’s self
Pass. –ῆναι λαβῆναι to be taken

The negative of the infinitive is μή. The present infinitive of εἰμί is εἶναι.
Similar to the subj., the difference is not in time but whether the action is finished or continuous.

The basic use of the infinitive in Greek is similar to English:

θέλω βλέπειν τὸν κύριον I wish to see the Lord. (meaning I want to see the Lord)

Substantive Use of the Infinitive

The infinitive in Greek can have an article. In this case it serves as a noun.
- It is treated as a singular neuter noun, using an appropriate neuter article.
- The infinitive itself is not declined, so the case of the article determines the use of the
infinitive in the sentence.
- When translating, the phrases “the act of” or “the state of” help to convey the meaning.
Examples:
ἀκούειν – to hear
τὸ ἀκούειν – the act of hearing
τοῦ ἀκούειν – of the act of hearing

καλόν ἐστι τὸ ἀποθανεῖν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀδελφῶν to die for your brothers is good
 Substantive Infinitives with Prepositions

When an infinitive with an article stands after the preposition, its meaning varies. Thus:
- μετὰ τὸ λῦσαι: after the ‘to loose’ = after the act of loosing
μετὰ τὸ λῦσαι τοὺς δούλους, εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν ἱερόν.
After the ‘to loose’ the slaves, he entered into the temple.
After loosing the slaves, he entered into the temple.
Having loosed the slaves, he entered into the temple.
- ἐν τῷ λύειν: in the ‘to loose’= in the process of loosing
- διὰ τὸ λυθῆναι: on account of the fact of being loosed
- πρὸ τοῦ λῦσαι: before the act of loosing
- εἰς τὸ λυθῆναι: into the act of loosing

εἰς with an infinitive expresses an idea of purpose; thus, it can be translated “in order to”.
ὁ στρατιώτης προσλῆθεν πρὸς τῆν φυλακῆν εἰς τὸ λῦσαι τοὺς μαθητάς
The soldier came to the prison into the ‘to loose’ the disciples.
The soldier came to the prison (in order) to loose the disciples.

When the infinitive serves as a verb, its subject stands in acc.

To ease translation, change the acc. into nom.
Examples: ἐν τῷ λέγειν αὐτοὺς ταῦτα while they were saying these things

ταῦτα δὲ εἶπον ὑμῖν εἰς τὸ μὴ γενέσθαι ὑμᾶς δούλους τῆς ἁμαρίας

These (things) I said to you in order that you might not become slaves of sin.

Indirect Speech

Indirect speech in Greek is shown by acc. + inf. or with the help of ὅτι + indicative.
ἔλεγεν ὁ κύριος αὐτοὺς εἶναι τοὺς μαθητὰς
The Lord was saying them to be the disciples
The Lord was saying that they be the disciples.

When translating indirect speech use English grammar to put it into the correct tense.
1) λέγει ὅτι βλέπει τοὺς μαθητὰς He says that he sees the disciples
2) εἶπεν ὅτι βλέπει τοὺς μαθητὰς He said that he saw the disciples.
3) εἶπεν ὅτι εἶδεν τοὺς μαθητὰς He said that he had seen the disciples.
4) εἶπεν ὅτι ὄψεται τοὺς μαθητὰς He said that he would see the disciples.
Vocabulary:
ἀγαπητός, ή, όν – beloved
δεῖ + acc. & inf. – it is necessary
ἔξεστι(ν) + dat. – it is lawful
ἐξουσία, ἡ – authority, power
ἐπι + acc. – on, to, against (somebody, something)
εὐλογέω – I bless
θέλω – I wish, I will, I desire
κελεύω + acc. – I command, I order
κώμη, ἡ – village
λαλέω – I speak
Λάζαρος – Lazarus
μαρτυρέω – I bear witness, I suffer martyrdom
μέλλω – I’m about to, I’m going to (do something)
ὀφείλω – I owe, I ought, I’m obligated
πάσχω – I suffer
πρό + gen. – before
ὡς – as, about (with numerals)

Exercise: Translate into English

1. ἀπὸ τότε ἤρξατο ὁ Ἰησοῦς κηρύσσειν.
2. ἐμοὶ γὰρ τὸ ζῆν Χριστὸς καὶ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν δῶρον.
3. καὶ εἶπεν ὁ τυφλὸς ὅτι βλέπει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὡς δένδρα.
4. θέλω γὰρ ἰδεῖν ὑμᾶς, ἵνα λαβεῖν τὰ τέκνα ὑμῶν καὶ εὐλογεῖν αὐτῶν.
5. οὐκ ἔξεστίν σοι ἔχειν τὴν γυναῖκα ἄλλου ἀνθρώπου.
6. πιστὸς ὁ λόγος, ὃτι Χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς ἦλθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον ἁμαρτωλοὺς σῶσαι.
7. κελεύσας δὲ τοὺς στρατιώτας ἀπολυθῆναι ἐξῆλθεν ὁ ἄρχων εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτόν.
8. σωθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ διὰ Ἰησοῦ ὀφείλομεν καὶ πάσχειν διὰ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ κυρίου.
9. ἤρξατο δὲ ὁ ᾽Ιησοῦς λέγειν τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ ὅτι δεῖ αὐτὸν ἀποθανεῖν.
10. ἀπέθανεν ὑπὲρ ἁμαρτωλῶν ὁ ᾽Ιησοῦς εἰς τὸ σωθῆναι αὐτούς ἐκ θανάτου.
11. εἰ ἄνθρωπος θέλει μετ΄ ἐμοῦ ἐλθεῖν, δεῖ αὐτὸν ἀπελθεῖν ἀπ' πατρὸς καὶ μητρὸς αὐτοῦ.
12. καλόν ἀνθρώπῳ ἐστιν ἐκ ἁμαρτίας ἀπελθεῖν καὶ εἰς ζωὴν εἰςἐλθεῖν.
13. καλὸν ἔστιν ἐκβαλεῖν τοὺς λh|στὰς ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου τῆς προσευχής.
14. ἐν δὲ τῷ λέγειν τῷ κυρίῳ ῥήματα σωτηρίας ἔπεσε τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἐπ΄ τοὺς μαθητάς.
15. μετὰ δὲ τὸ ἐγερθῆναι Λάζαρον ἐδίωξαν οἱ ᾽Ιουδαῖοι τὸν ἐγείρνταντα αὐτόν.
16. ἐξουσίαν ἔχω ἀπολῦσαί σε καὶ ἐξουσίαν ἔχω σταυρῶσαί σε.
17. πρὸ δὲ τοῦ βληθῆναι εἰς φυλακὴν τοὺς ἀποστόλους ἔπεμψεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν Ιησοῦν ἵνα
ἀποθάνῃ ὑπὲρ τὸν κόσμον.
18. διὰ δὲ τὸ εἶναι ᾽Ιησοῦν ἐν Ἰεροσολύμοις συνῆλθον οἱ ᾽Ιουδαῖοι εἰς τὸ συνέδριον.
19. ἐν δὲ τῷ εἰσελθεῖν τοὺς μαθητὰς εἰς τὴν κώμην ἔλεγον τὰ τέκνα ὅτι βλέπουσι τὸν Ιησοῦν.
20. εἶπεν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὅτι ἐλεύσεται ἐν δόξῃ μετὰ τῶν ἀγγέλων αὐτοῦ.
 Lesson 21

Contracting vowels

Two vowels standing together often unite. This process is called contracting.

Contracting happens only in verbs whose stems end with the short vowels α, ε, ο. Hence the
name “contracting verbs”.

Contracting happens only in the present and imperfect tenses. In all the other tenses a consonant
suffix (–σ, –θ, –κ) is added to the stem; thus, the short vowel lengthens: α – η ε – η ο – ω
Examples:
ἀγαπάω Fut. ἀγαπήσω Aor. ἠγαπήσα
φιλέω Fut. φιλήσω Aor. ἐφιλήσα
σταυρόω Fut. σταυρώσω Aor. ἐσταυρώσα

The contraction table summarizes the rules of contraction:

Stem Personal ending vowels/ diphthongs
ending
+ ε ει η ῃ ο ου ω
α α ᾳ α ᾳ ω ω ω
ε ει ει η ῃ ου ου ω
ο ου οι ω οι ου ου ω

1) α with any “e-class” vowel: ε, ει, η or ῃ results consistently in α.

α with any “o-class” vowels: ο, ου or ω always result in as long a vowel as possible – ω.

2) ε with other vowels is always lengthened either into one of the diphthongs ει, ου or is
made as long as possible after colliding with the long vowels η or ω.

3) ο dominates other vowels throughout the table whether it stands first or second.
If the second vowel is long (η or ω) = ω
If the second vowel has iota (ει or ῃ) = οι
Anything else results in ου

Note: a good indicator that a “contraction” of vowels has happened is the circumflex (~) accent
that usually appears above the location of the contraction.

One exception from these rules occurs in the infinitive:

1. verbs on άω: άειν contracts into ᾶν (not ᾷν)
2. verbs on όν: όειν contracts into οῦν (not οῖν)
Example: τιμάω inf. τιμᾶν (τιμά + ειν)
Vocabulary:
Γαλιλαία, ἡ – Galilee
Δαυίδ, ὁ – David
δηλόω – I make clear, I declare, I show
εὐχαριστέω – I give thanks
ζάω – I live
θεωρέω – I see, I observe
θηρίον, τό – wild animal
μάρτυς, ὁ – witness, martyr
μάχαιρα, ἡ – dagger, short-sword
πιστεύω – I believe, trust (into whom – εἰς + acc.)
ποιέω – I do, make
προσκυνέω – I worship
σπέρμα, τό – seed
τηρέω – I keep, I guard
τιμάω – I honor
φαρισαῖος, ὁ – Pharisee
φιλέω – I love (as a friend/brother)
χώρα, ἡ – country

Exercise: Translate into English

1. ὁ Φαρισαῖος προσηύχετο˙ ὁ θεός, εὐχαριστῶ σοι ὅτι οὐκ εἰμὶ ὡς οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
2. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ περιπατῶμεν.
3. οὐκ εὐλογήσει ὁ πατήρ ἐν οὐρανῷ τὸν μὴ περιπατοῦντα κατὰ τὰς ἐντολὰς τοῦ υἱοῦ.
4. εἰ ἀγαπᾶτε τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας ὑμᾶς, τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἔχετε, καὶ γὰρ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ
τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας αὐτοὺς ἀγαπῶσιν.
5. οὐ θεωρήσομεν τὸν προφήτην ἐὰν μὴ ἀκολουθῶμεν αὐτῷ περιπατοῦντι ἐν Ἰεροσολύμοις.
6. ἐλάλει περὶ τοῦ ᾽Ιησοῦ ὁ θεραπευθεὶς τῷ ἀκολουθοῦντι ὄχλῳ μετὰ μαχαιρῶν.
7. πνεῦμα ὁ θεός, καὶ τοὺς προσκυνοῦντας αὐτὸν ἐν πνεύματι καὶ ἀληθείᾳ δεῖ προσκυνεῖ.
8. λαλοῦντος τοῦ προφήτου τοῖς ἀκολουθοῦσιν ἤρξατο ὁ ἄγγελος παρακαλεῖν αὐτὸν
ἀπελθεῖν.
9. ἀκολουθήσαντες τῷ λαλήσαντι τὰς παραβολάς τῆς βασιλείας ζητήσωμεν τὴν σοφίαν
αὐτοῦ.
10. αὕτη γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θεοῦ, ἵνα τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ τηρῶμεν.
11. ἐθεώρουν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὰ σημεῖα τὰ ποιούμενα ὑπὸ τοῦ σπέρματος Δαυίδ ἐν τῷ
περιπατεῖν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ.
12. μετὰ τὸ βληθῆναι εἰς φυλακὴν τοὺς ἀποστόλους οὐκέτι περιπάτει ἡ ἐκκλησία ἐν τῷ φωτί.
13. ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν ᾽Ιουδαίων ἐθεώρουν οἱ ὄχλοι τὸν μάρτυρα σταυρούμενον ὑπὸ
στρατιωτῶν.
14. οἱ ἀγαπῶντες τὸν θεὸν ποιοῦσι τὰ δίκαια ἔργα τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ.
15. ἐζήτουν τὸν ᾽Ιησοῦν οἱ ἱερεῖς καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς, ἵνα θεωρῶσι τὰ ποιούμενα ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ.
16. Ἡμεῖς ἀγαπῶμεν τὸν θεὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις, ὅτι αὐτὸς πρῶτος ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς.
17. οὐδὲ φιλοῦσι τὸν ᾽Ιησοῦν οὐδὲ τιμῶσι αὐτὸν οἱ μὴ ποιοῦντες τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ.
18. ἐὰν μὴ περιπατῶμεν κατὰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν, οὐ θεωρήσομεν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ.
19. μετὰ τὸ καλέσαι ἁμαρτωλοὺς τὸν προφήτην οὐκετι περιεπάτουν ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς τῆς ἁμαρτίας.
20. τὰ πονηρὰ ἐποίουν τῷ ᾽Ιησοῦ καὶ οἱ θεραπευθέντες ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ.
 Lesson 22

Numbers
Declension of cardinal number 1 one:
M. F. N.
N. εἷς μία ἕν
G. ἑνός μιᾶς ἑνός
D. ἑνί μιᾷ ἑνί
A. ἕνα μίαν ἕν

The formula for negation: οὐδε + εἷς, μία, ἕν = οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν (no one)
μηδέ + εἷς, μία, ἕν = μηδείς, μηδεμία, μηδέν (no one)

Cardinal number 2 two δύο is not declined except for the dat. δυσί(ν)
Declension of cardinal number 3 three: Declension of cardinal number 4 four:
M., F N. M., F N.
N. τρεῖς τρία N. τέσσαρες τέσσαρα
G. τριῶν τριῶν G. τεσσάρων τεσσαρων
D. τρισί(ν) τρισί(ν) D. τέσσαρσι(ν) τέσσαρσι(ν)
A. τρεῖς τρία A. τέσσαρες τέσσαρα

The other cardinal numbers don’t have declensions. Below is the full table of Greek numbers:
1 α΄ εἷς, μία, ἕν 11 ια΄ ἕνδεκα
2 β΄ δύο 12 ιβ΄ δώδεκα
3 γ΄ τρεῖς, τρία 13 ιγ΄ δεκατρεῖς
4 δ΄ τέσσαρες, τέσσαρα 14 ιδ΄ δεκατέσσαρες
5 ε΄ πέντε 15 ιε΄ δεκαπέντε
6 ς΄ ἕξ 16 ις΄ δέκα ἕξ
7 ζ΄ ἑπτά 17 ιζ΄ δέκα ἑπτά
8 η΄ ὀκτώ 18 ιη΄ δέκα ὀκτώ
9 θ΄ ἐννέα 19 ιθ΄ δέκα ἐννέα
10 ι΄ δέκα 20 κ΄ εἴκοσι(ν)

21 κα΄ εἷς καὶ εἴκοσι(ν) 100 ρ΄ ἑκατόν

22 κβ΄ δύο καὶ εἴκοσι(ν) 200 σ΄ διακόσιοι, αι, α
23 κγ΄ τρεῖς καὶ εἴκοσι(ν) 300 τ΄ τριακόσιοι, αι, α
24 κδ΄ τέσσαρες καὶ εἴκοσι(ν) 400 υ΄ τετρακόσιοι, αι, α
25 κε΄ πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι(ν) 500 φ΄ πεντακόσιοι, αι, α
30 λ΄ τριάκοντα 600 χ΄ ἑξακόσιοι, αι, α
40 μ΄ τεσσαράκοντα 700 ψ΄ ἑπτακόσιοι, αι, α
50 ν΄ πεντήκοντα 800 ω΄ ὀκτακόσιοι, αι, α
60 ξ΄ ἑξήκοντα 900 ϡ΄ ἐνακόσιοι, αι, α
70 ο΄ ἑβδομήκοντα 1000 ͵α χίλιοι, αι, α
80 π΄ ὀγδοήκοντα 2000 ͵β δισχίλιοι, αι, α
90 ϙ΄ ἑνενήκοντα 10000 ͵γ μύριοι, αι, α
 Liquid verbs

Verbs whose stem ends on λ, μ, ν, ρ are called liquid verbs.

The future of liquid verbs is formed not by adding the suffix –σ to the stem but by adding –εσ.
–σ is dropped, however, and –ε contracts with personal endings.

κρίνω *κρινέσω – κρινῶ

μένω *μενέσω – μενῶ

Future active voice:

Singular Plural
First Person κρινῶ I will judge κρινοῦμεν We will judge
Second Person κρινεῖς You will judge κρινεῖτε You will judge
Third Person κρινεῖ He will judge κρινοῦσι(ν) They will judge
Future middle voice:
Singular Plural
First Person κρινοῦμαι I will judge myself κρινούμεθα We will judge ourselves
Second Person κρινῇ You will judge yourself κρινεῖσθε You will judge yourselves
Third Person κρινεῖται He will judge himself κρινοῦνται They will judge themselves
Note: The only difference between fut. and pres. tenses is an accent!!!

In the aorist of liquid verbs, –σ also drops from the suffix –σα, leaving –α to contract with the
endings.
1) If a present stem ends on double –λλ, one of them is dropped in fut.
βάλλω βαλῶ
ἀγγέλλω ἀγγελῶ
2) If the present stem has a diphthong with –ι iota, it is dropped in fut.
ἐγείρω ἐγερῶ
αἴρω ἀρῶ
3) If the present stem has an –ε, it lengthens into –ει in the aor.
μένω ἔμεινα
ἀποστέλλω ἀπέστειλα

The future of εἰμί is a deponent (passive in form but active in meaning):

Singular Plural
First Person ἔσομαι ἔσόμεθα
Second Person ἔσῇ ἔσεσθε
Third Person ἔσται ἔσονται

Substantive Use of Articles

The Greek def. article standing alone represents a noun (similar to the word “one” in English).
The implied noun should be understood from the context and it must agree with the article in
gender, number and case.
ὁ τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου = the one of Zabedee or the son of Zabedee or the man of Zabedee and so on.
οἱ ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησιᾳ ἀδελφοί = the in-that-church disciples = the disciples who are in that church.
Vocabulary:
ἀλλήλων – of each other, of one another
ἀποθανοῦμαι (dep. fut. of ἀποθνήσκω) – I will die
ἑαυτοῦ – of himself
ἐμαυτοῦ – of myself
ἐπί + gen. – on, over, at the time of
ἐπί + dat. – on, on the basis of, at
ἐπί + acc. – on, to, against
ἔτος, ἔτους, τό – year
ἤ – or
ἤθελον (imperf. of θέλω) – I wanted
καθαρός, ά, όν – pure, clean
μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα – great
μετανοέω – I repent
ὀλίγος, ή, όν – little, few
πᾶς, πᾶςα, πᾶν – all, every
πεντακισχίλιοι, αι, α – 5,000
πλῆθος, πλήθους, τό – multitude
πολύς, πολλή, πολύ – much, many
πούς, ποδός, ὁ – foot
σεαυτοῦ – of yourself
σπείρω – I sow
στάδιον, τό – an arena, a stadium = 600 feet
Exercise: Translate into English
1. μακάριοι οἱ καθαροί τῇ καρδίᾳ, ὃτι αὐτοὶ τὸν θεὸν ὄψονται.
2. ὁ ἐγείρας τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀγαπητὸν ἐγερεῖ καὶ ἡμᾶς σὺν αὐτῷ ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ.
3. μακάριοι εἰσιν οὐχ οἱ ἑαυτοὺς σώζοντες τοῖς ἔργοις ἀλλ΄ οἱ πιστεύοντες εἰς τὸ ἀρνίον τοῦ θεοῦ.
4. οὐ σωθήσεται ἄνθρωπος ἐὰν μὴ διὰ πίστεως ἐτήρησε γὰρ οὐδεὶς πάσας τὰς ἐντολὰς θεοῦ.
5. μείνασ σὺν τῷ διδασκάλῳ ἔτη πέντε ἦλθεν ὁ μαθητής εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν πόλιν κηρύσσειν.
6. εἶπεν ὁ δοῦλος ἀποθανεῖται ὑπὲρ τοῦ δεσπότης αὐτοῦ.
7. τῶν στρατιωτῶν ὄντων ἐν τῇ μεγάλῃ πόλει ἔμεινεν ὁ κύριος ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ ἡμέρας ὡς ἕξ ἢ ἑπτά.
8. ἐκ νεκρῶν οὐκ ἐγεροῦμεν αὐτοὶ ἑαυτούς, ὁ δὲ θεὸς τῆς ζωῆς ἐγερεῖ ἡμᾶς ἐν σὺν τῷ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ.
9. δεῖ τοῦς ἐν ταῖς μεγάλαις πόλεσιν ἐξελθεῖν εἰς μικρὰς κώμας τότε εἰς τὰ ὄρη.
10. συνήχθησαν πάντες οἱ ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν ᾽Ιουδαίων ἵνα ἀκούσωσι τὰ λεγόμενα ὑπὸ τοῦ
μεγάλου προφήτου.
11. ἔξεστιν ἡμῖν σπείρειν τὴν ἀλήθειαν εἰς τὸν κόςμον, ἀλλ΄ οὐκ διῶξαι οὐδὲ ἀποκτεῖναι
ἀλλήλους.
12. ἐὰν ἀγαπᾶτε ἀλλήλους, ἔσεσθε τέκνα τοῦ φωτός καὶ μαθηταὶ τοῦ κυρίου.
13. πρὸ δὲ τοῦ ἐλθεῖν τοὺς ἐκ τῆς θαλάσσης ἦν ὁ ἄρχων μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων αυτοῦ ἐν τῷ
στάδιῳ.
14. ὁ ἀγαπῶν τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἀγαπᾷ καὶ τὸν κύριον ᾽Ιησοῦν.
15. ἀπέθανεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐπὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ ἵνα σώσῃ πάντας τοὺς πιστεύοντας εἰς αὐτόν.
16. οὐκ εἰς ἐμαυτὸν ἐπίστευσα, ἀλλ΄ εἰς τὸν ἀποθανόντα ὑπὲρ με.
17. ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ὁ πονηρός βασιλεὺς ἤθελε ἀποκτεῖναι τὰ ἐν τῇ κώμῃ παιδία.
18. ἀποστελεῖ πρὸς τὰ ἔθνη τὸ φῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἵνα μετανοήσωσιν καὶ φοβῶνται τὸν θεόν.
19. οὐδεὶς γινώσκει πάντα τὰ ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἀνθρώπων εἰ μὴ ὁ ποιήσας τὰ πάντα.
20. πάντες οἱ ἐν τῇ πόλει εἶπον ὅτι θέλουσιν ἰδεῖν τὸν τὰ σημεῖα μεγάλα ποιοῦντα.
 Lesson 23

Indefinite and Interrogative Pronouns

The indefinite pronoun τις, τι someone, something, a certain one, a certain thing serves as a
substitute for a noun or as a modifier of a noun that lacks specificity (τις ἀνήρ a certain man).
Singular Plural
Masc., Fem. Neut. Masc., Fem. Neut.
N. τις τι N. τινές τινά
G. τινός τινός G. τινῶν τινῶν
D. τινί τινί D. τισί(ν) τισί(ν)
A. τινά τι A. τινάς τινά
Examples: τινές ἄνθρωποι certain men
λέγει τις a certain man says

The interrogative pronoun τίς, τί who? which? what? are used to construct questions in Greek.
Singular Plural
Masc., Fem. Neut. Masc., Fem. Neut.
N. τίς τί N. τίνες τίνα
G. τίνος τίνος G. τίνων τίνων
D. τίνι τίνι D. τίσι(ν) τίσι(ν)
A. τίνα τί A. τίνας τίνα

Questions in Greek
Questions in Greek are formed in two ways:
1. Using the interrogative pronoun τίς, τί (or other question words).
2. Adding a question mark at the end of the sentence, implying the answer ναί yes or οὐ no.
Examples: τί βλέπεις; What do you see?
τίνα δῶρον ἔχετε; What gift do you have?
ὁ κύριος λέγει παραβολὴν; Does the Lord say a parable?

Using a negative particle (οὐ or μή) in the question helps to identify the expected answer:
- οὐ in the question implies a positive answer.
- μή in the question implies a negative answer.
οἱ μαθηταὶ οὐ γινώσκουσι τὴν βασιλείαν; Don’t the disciples know the kingdom? Yes, they do.
οἱ μαθηταὶ μὴ γινώσκουσι τὴν βασιλείαν; Don’t the disciples know the kingdom? No, they don’t.

The Relative Pronoun

ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who, which declines exactly like the article (but without starting τ–). It also has the rough
breathing mark. It agrees with the noun it relates to only in gender and number (case may differ).
Sing. Plur.
Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. ὅς ἥ ὅ N. οἵ αἵ ἅ
G. οὗ ἧς οὗ G. ὧν ὧν ὧν
D. ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ D. οἷς αἷς οἷς
A. ὅν ἥν ὅ A. οὕς ἅς ἅ
Example: λέγει τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ὃν ἀγαπᾷ ὁ ’Ιησοῦς - he speaks to a man whom Jesus loves
The noun τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ is masc. sing. and the relative pronoun ὃν is also masc. sing.
At the same time, ὃν serves as a direct object in whom Jesus loves; thus, it’s in acc.

If a noun is unknown, then ὅς means he who, οἵ – the men who, ὅ – that which
ὅς γὰρ οὐκ ἐστιν καθ΄ ὑμῶν ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὑμῶν ἐστιν
For he who is not against you is your brother

The Conditional Relative Clauses

In English, conditional relative clauses are characterized by the suffix –ever added to the relative
word (whoever, whatever).
Usually it stands before the main sentence as a condition and being a variation of casus futuralis
it uses a verb in conjunctive.
In Greek, it is formed as follows:
relative pronoun + ἐάν (or ἄν)

Example: ὅς ἄν πιστεύσῃ βλέψει τὸν κύριον - whoever believes will see the Lord.

Vocabulary:
αἰτέω – I ask
ἀμήν – verily, truly, amen, so let it be
ἀσθενέω – I am week, sick
εἰ – whether
ἐπερωτάω – I ask, I inquire
ἐρωτάω – I ask, I question, I request
ἔφαγον (aor. II of ἐσθιω) – I ate
κρίσις, κρίσεως, ἡ – judgement
μαρτυρέω – I bear witness, I testify
ὅπου – where
ὅς, ἥ, ὅ – who, which
ὅταν (short form of ὅτε ἄν) – whenever
ὅτε – when
οὖν – therefore, thus
ποῦ – where?
πῶς – how?
Σαμάρεια, ας, ἡ – Samaria
Σαμαρείτης, ου, ὁ – Samaritan man
Σαμαρεῖτις, –ιδος, ἡ – Samaritan woman
τίς, τί – who? which? what?
τις, τι – someone, something, a certain one, a certain thing
φάγομαι (fut. of ἐσθιω) – I will eat
Exercise: Translate into English
1. ἦν δέ τις ἀσθενῶν, Λάζαρος ἀπὸ Βηθανίας, ἐκ τῆς κώμης Μαρίας καὶ Μάρθας τῆς
ἀδελφῆς αὐτῆς.
2. ὁ δοῦλος μαρτυρεῖ ὃ ἑώρακεν καὶ ἤκουσεν καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν αὐτοῦ οὐδεὶς λαμβάνει.
3. ὅς ἐὰν μὴ δέξηται τὴν μαρτυρίαν ὑμῶν τοῦτον οὐ δέξηται ὁ θεὸς εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν.
4. οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἐπηρώτησαν αὐτὸν λέγοντες Εἰ ἔξεστιν τοῖς σάββασιν θεραπεῦσαι;
5. ἅ ἐὰν ποιήσωμεν ὑμῖν, ποιήσετε καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀλλήλοις ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ τοῦ θεοῦ.
6. ὃ ἐὰν ποιῆτε, ἐκ ψυχῆς ἐργάζεσθε, ὡς τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις,
7. ἐρωτήσαντός τινος διακόνους τί φάγῃ ἀπεκρίθησαν αὐτῷ ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν καλὸν λαβεῖν τὸν
ἄρτον τῶν τέκνων καὶ φαγεῖν.
8. τίνος ἔσται τὰ πάντα βιβλία ὅτε ὁ πονηρὸς βασιλεύς ἐλεύσεται καὶ λύσει τὴν συναγωγήν;
9. ὅταν ἔλθῃ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καὶ πάντες οἱ ἄγγελοι μετ’ αὐτοῦ, βλέψει τὴν πίστιν ἐπὶ
τῆς γῆς;
10. ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων; εἴδομεν γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὸ σημεῖον ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ καὶ
ἤλθομεν προσκυνῆσαι αὐτῷ.
11. ὅς ἂν λύσῃ μίαν τῶν ἐντολῶν καὶ διδάξῃ οὕτως τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, οὐ κληθήσεται εἰς τὴν
βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν.
12. ἅ εἶπεν ὑμῖν ὁ κύριος ἔτι ὢν ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ ἔστιν ἅ ἔξεστιν ποιεῖν.
13. εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῷ· εἰ Μωϋσέως καὶ τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἀκούουσιν, ἐὰν τις ἐκ νεκρῶν
πορευθῇ πρὸς αὐτούς, οὐ μετανοήσουσιν.
14. ὅς ἐὰν μὴ ἀκούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ κυρίου οὐδὲ μετανοήσει ἐὰν τι ἴδῃ τῶν σημείων αὐτοῦ.
15. συνήγαγον οὖν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι συνέδριον, καὶ ἔλεγον Τί ποιοῦμεν, ὅτι
οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος πολλὰ σημεῖα ποιεῖ;
16. οἵ ἂν εἴπωσιν ἅ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀληθῆ οὐ ἀκούσουσι λόγον ἀγαθόν ἀπὸ τοῦ κυρίου ἐν τῇ
κρίσει.
17. ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ἐάν τις τὸν ἐμὸν λόγον τηρήσῃ, θάνατον οὐ μὴ θεωρήσῃ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα.
18. ἠρώτησαν τὸν μαθητὴν οἱ ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ εἰ λήμψονται καρπόν τινα τῆς πίστεως αὐτῶν.
19. λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνὴ ἡ Σαμαρεῖτις Πῶς σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ὢν παρ’ ἐμοῦ πεῖν αἰτεῖς;
20. ἔλεγε δὲ ὁ ἐπερωτηθείς Ἔρχομαι καὶ παραλήμψομαι ὑμᾶς πρὸς ἐμαυτόν, ἵνα ὅπου εἰμὶ
ἐγὼ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἦτε.
 Lesson 24

Imperative

An imperative verb is a verb used as a command or instruction.

In the New Testament, it usually occurs in pres. or aor.

Present
Let’s look at the present active imperative declension of the verb λύω:
Singular Plural
Second Person λῦε Loose λύετε Loose
Third Person λυέτω Let him loose λυέτωσαν Let them loose
Present middle imperative:
Singular Plural
Second Person λύου Loose yourself λύεσθε Loose yourselves
Third Person λυέσθω Let him loose himself λυέσθωσαν Let them loose themselves
Present passive imperative:
Singular Plural
Second Person λύου Be loosed λύεσθε Be loosed
Third Person λυέσθω Let him be loosed λυέσθωσαν Let them be loosed

Aorist I
Let’s look at the aorist active imperative declension of the verb λύω:
Singular Plural
Second Person λῦσον Loose λύσατε Loose
Third Person λυσάτω Let him loose λυσάτωσαν Let them loose
Aorist middle imperative:
Singular Plural
Second Person λῦσαι Loose yourself λύσασθε Loose youselves
Third Person λυσάσθω Let him loose himself λυσασθωσαν Let them loose themselves
Aorist passive imperative:
Singular Plural
Second Person λύθητι Be loosed λύθητε Be loosed
Third Person λυθήτω Let him be loosed λυθήτωσαν Let them be loosed

Aorist II
Aorist active imperative:
Singular Plural
Second Person λίπε Leave λίπετε Leave
Third Person λιπέτω Let him leave λιπέτωσαν Let them leave
Aorist middle imperative:
Singular Plural
Second Person λιποῦ Leave for yourself λίπεσθε Leave for yourselves
Third Person λιπέσθω Let him leave for λιπέσθωσαν Let them leave for
himself themselves
The difference between the pres. and aor. imp. is not in time. Aorist imp. is used if the command
expects a finished result, while the pres. imp. implies continuation or a repetitive nature.
In the English translation, however, you can’t show the difference.

The imperative uses μή for prohibitions.

Usually prohibitions are expressed by the present imperative (or aorist conjunctive).
μὴ λῦε or μὴ λύσῃς don’t loose
μὴ λυέτω or μὴ λύσῃ let him not loose

Often the present imperative prohibits an action that is already ongoing or a habit though it’s not
in progress.
πορεύου ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν μηκέτι ἁμάρτανε
Go, and from now on, sin no longer (John 8:11)
Here Jesus commands a woman to stop her sinful habit.

Imperative of εἰμί:
Singular Plural
Second Person ἴσθι Be ἔστε Be
Third Person ἔστω Let him be ἔστωσαν Let them be

Vocabulary:
ἁγιάζω – I sanctify
ἐγγύς + gen. – near
ἐλεέω – I show mercy
ὅσος, -η, -ον – as much as, as many as, as great as
ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅτι – whoever, whichever, whatever
οὖς, ὠτός, τό – ear
ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό – water

Exercise: Translate into English

1. μὴ ἀγαπᾶτε τὸν κόσμον μηδὲ τὰ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.
2. εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε, εἰ σὺ εἶ, κέλευσόν με ἐλθεῖν πρός σε ἐπὶ τὰ ὕδατα. ὁ δὲ
᾽Ιησοῦς εἶπεν· Ἐλθέ.
3. ἅ ἐὰν ἀκούσητε ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησιᾳ κηρύξατε ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.
4. δύο τυφλοὶ ἠκολούθησαν τῷ Ἰησοῦ λέγοντες Ἐλέησον ἡμᾶς, υἱὸς Δαυείδ.
5. ὁ ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ μὴ ἐπιστρεψάτω λαβεῖν τὸ ἱμάτιον ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας αὐτοῦ.
6. εἶπεν ᾽Ιησοῦς τοῖς τριῶν μαθηταῖς Mηδενὶ εἴπητε ὃ εἴδετε.
7. οὕτως οὖν προσεύχεσθε ὑμεῖς Πάτερ ὑμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς\ ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου\
ἐλθάτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
8. ἐὰν εἴπωσιν ὑμῖν Ἰδοὺ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἐστίν, μὴ ἐξέλθητε· Ἰδοὺ ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ, μὴ πιστεύσητε·
9. ἀμὴν λέγω, Ὃς ἂν μὴ δέξηται τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ ὡς παιδίον, οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ εἰς αὐτήν.
10. ὃ ἐὰν ἴδητε τὸν διδάσκαλον ποιοῦντα, τοῦτο ποιήσατε καὶ ὑμεῖς.
11. λαβὼν τοὺς μαθητὰς ἄγετε πρὸς τῆν φυλακῆν.
12. διδάσκαλε, ἀπόλυσον τὰ πλήθη ἤδη γὰρ ἔρχεται ἡ νύξ.
13. Καὶ ὅτε εἶδον αὐτόν, ἔπεσα πρὸς τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ ὡς νεκρός· καὶ εἶπεν Μὴ φοβοῦ· ἐγώ
εἰμι ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος.
 Lesson 25

The Perfect and Pluperfect

The perfect tense emphasizes the present or ongoing result of a complete action in the past.
The perfect tense in Greek corresponds to the perfect tense in English.
The key characteristics of the perfect are –κ– in the suffix –κα and the prefix reduplication.

The perfect active voice inflection of the verb λύω:

Singular Plural
First Person λέλυκα I have loosed λελύκαμεν We have loosed
Second Person λέλυκας You have loosed λελύκατε You have loosed
Third Person λέλυκε(ν) He has loosed λελύκασι They have loosed
Infinitive: λελυκέναι
Participle: λελυκώς, λελυκυῖα, λελυκός

If a stem begins with θ, φ, χ they reduplicate as follows: θ uses τ, φ uses π, χ uses κ.

Examples:
φιλέω – πεφίληκα
θνῄσκω – τέθνηκα

If a stem starts with a vowel it lengthens:

ἐλπίζω – ἤλπικα
ἁμαρτάνω – ἡμαρτήκα

If a stem starts with two consonants, sometimes it has only an augment without reduplication.
γινώσκω – ἔγνωκα (stem γν–)

If a stem ends with δ, ζ, θ, τ it is dropped before the suffix –κ.

ἐλπίζω – ἤλπικα

Perfect Active II
Perfect active II doesn’t have a suffix –κ– and sometimes has irregular transformations.
γράφω – γέγραφα
διώκω – δεδίωχα
ἄγω – ἦχα
λείπω – λέλοιπα
πάσχω – πέπονθα
ἀκούω – ἀκήκοα

Middle-passive perfect:
Singular Plural
First Person λέλυμαι I have loosed myself λελύμεθα We have loosed ourselves
Second Person λέλυσαι You have loosed yourself λέλυσθε You have loosed yourselves
Third Person λέλυται He has loosed himself λέλυνται They have loosed themselves
The passive perfect has the same form but a different passive meaning.
Infinitive: λελύσθαι
Participle: λελυμένος, –η, –ον

In the contracting verbs, the final vowel lengthens before the ending.
δηλόω – δεδήλωμαι
μαρτυρέω – μεμαρτύρημαι

If a stem ends with a consonant it transforms:

Ending consonant Starting consonant in ending Change Examples:
δ, θ, τ (πείτω) μ –σμ πέπεισμαι
τ –στ πέπεισται
β, π, φ (γράφω) μ –μμ γέγραμμαι
τ –πτ γέγραπται
γ, κ, χ (διώκω ) μ –γμ δεδίωγμαι
τ –κτ δεδίωκται

The Pluperfect
The pluperfect tense is used of action that had been completed prior to some point in the past. It
is the perfect tense adjusted backward in time.
He had studied English before he moved to New York.

The key characteristics of the pluperfect are the suffix –κει and the prefix reduplication.
There are only 21 indicative pluperfect verbs in the New Testament.

Active pluperfect:
Singular Plural
First Person (ἐ)λελύκειν I had loosed (ἐ)λελύκειμεν We had loosed
Second Person (ἐ)λελύκεις You had loosed (ἐ)λελύκειτε You had loosed
Third Person (ἐ)λελύκει He had loosed (ἐ)λελύκεισαν They had loosed

Middle-passive pluperfect:
Singular Plural
First Person (ἐ)λελύμην I had loosed (ἐ)λελύμεθα We had loosed
Second Person (ἐ)λέλυσο You had loosed (ἐ)λέλυσθε You had loosed
Third Person (ἐ)λέλυτο He had loosed (ἐ)λέλυντο They had loosed

Vocabulary:
γεννάω – I beget, to be father of
ἐγγιζω – I come near
ἐλήλυθα (irreg. perfect of ἔρχομαι) – I have come
ἐρρέθην (irreg. pass. aor. of λέγω) – I said
ἑώρακα (irreg. perfect of ὁράω) – I have seen
μετάνοια, ἡ – repentance
πληρόω – I fill, I fulfill
ῥηθείς (irreg. pass. aor. participle of λέγω) – having been spoken of
τέθνηκα (irreg. perfect of ἀποθνήσκω) – I have died
Exercise: Translate into English
1. οὐκ ἐλήλυθα καλέσαι δικαίους ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλοὺς εἰς μετάνοιαν.
2. πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ γεγέννηται, καὶ πᾶς ὁ ἀγαπῶν
τὸν γεννήσαντα ἀγαπᾷ τὸν γεγεννημένον ἐξ αὐτοῦ.
3. καὶ ἐξῆλθεν φωνὴ μεγάλη ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου λέγουσα Γέγονεν.
4. ταῦτα δὲ γέγραπται ἵνα πιστεύητε ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστὶν ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ.
5. ὁ δὲ θεὸς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ ἐπλήρωσεν οὕτως πάντα τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τοῦ
νόμου.
6. καὶ ἐν τούτῳ γινώσκομεν ὅτι ἐγνώκαμεν αὐτόν, ἐὰν τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ τηρῶμεν.
7. ὃ ἀκηκόαμεν καὶ ὃ ἑωράκαμεν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἡμῶν περὶ τοῦ λόγου τῆς ζωῆς λέγομεν
καὶ ὑμῖν, ἵνα καὶ ὑμεῖς γινώσκητε τὸ ἀρνίον τοῦ θεοῦ.
8. πᾶς ὁ γεγεννημένος ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐχ ἁμαρτάνει, ἀλλ΄ ὁ γεννηθεὶς ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ τηρεῖ
αὐτόν.
9. ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις εὐηγγελίσατο Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστὴς πάντα τὸν λαὸν λέγων
Μετανοεῖτε· ἤγγικεν γὰρ ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν.
10. τὸ γεγεννημένον ἐκ τῆς σαρκὸς σάρξ ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ γεγεννημένον ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος
πνεῦμά ἐστιν.
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