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48. Druz-vs-
Berlmlaj, Tr.
(~Akmlm)Aed ;, 9??5> _7Mustrkm-Fmrlez *Qhe fksklterpretea
Nmsulauml
(Mcreefelt)
Bmdts7
=.Qhe C`jrkjsj spjuses jwls m 3=?-squmre feter prjperty kl Ttj. Drkstj, Im`kumc, Iu`mdml9.Jl Mucust 2, =;84, the C`jrkjsjs exedutea m
Nmsulauml
wkth the Druz spjuses
Mberwmras, they jddupkea the rjlt pjrjl j the smka prjperty4.Jl Fmrdh ;, =;83, the C`jrkjsjs exedutea m aeea j sm`e jver the smka `mla kl mvjr j Berlmlaj spjuses 1.Jl Jdtjier 9=, =;;1, Berlmlaj spjuses `ea wkth the YQD m djfp`mklt jr
mddkjl pui`kdkmlm
mcmklst Druz‛s, aefmlaklc the `mer tj vmdmte the prefkses5.YQD ru`ea kl mvjr j the Berlmlaj Tpjuses. DM Mrfea kt.2.Ljw, the Druz‛s djltela thmt they hmve purdhmsea the suigedt prjperty iy vkrtue j the =;84
Nmsulauml
wkth the C`jrkjsjs>
Kssue7
=)
Dml the =;84
Nmsulauml
ie klterpretea ms m Djltrmdt JB Tm`e, whkdh hms trmlserrea the jwlershkp jver smka prjperty tj the Druz Tpjuses:
9)
Aj the pejler hmve m superkjr rkcht j jwlershkp jver suigedt prjperty, jr the `klc j the
mdtjl pui`kdkmlm: 4)
Mre the Berlmlaj Tpjuses
iuyers kl ima bmkh:
He`a7
=)Lj. Qhe smka djltrmdt ks gust ML JBBEY QJ TE@@9)Lj. Qhey were fere`y jddupyklc smka `jt thrjuch the tj`ermlde j the jwlers.4)Lj. Qhks ks iedmuse there wms lj prkjr peredtea sm`e j smka `jt tj the Druz spjuses mlywmy.
Aedkskjl7
-_ettjl Aelkea, Guacfel Mrfea.-
Yu`klc7 Qhe
Nmsulauml
(Imskd Qerfs mla Mcreefelt)m.Lm pufmymc mlc fcm fmysufijlc (reerrklc tj the C`jrkjsjs) lm
pmcik`hml
mlc fcm kpklmcsufijlc (reerrklc tj pejlers) lm imhmck lc `upm mt mlc
kpmcikik`k
my fmy sunmt lm 9=4 fetrjlc pmrksunmt hufkckt nufu`mlc sm hm`mcmlc _1?.?? imwmt fetrjlc pmrksunmt>i.Lm sm tu`jlc pmpmpmlmuckl mlc fmckcklc nmiuumlc sunmt lm fmuunj` sm fcm kpklmcsusufijlc my 994fetrjlc pmrksunmt mt mlc =? fetrj lktj my ik`mlc nm`jji lc fcm fmysufijlc sm fcm Kpklmcsusufijlclm imhmck lc rkcht j wmy>d.Lm mlc rkcht j wmy my fmy `uwmlc lm =.35 feters fmcfu`m sm ammlc @jpez Gmelm
pmtulcj sm `knurmllc `jte lm pmctmtmyuml lc imhmy lc fcm Kpklmcsusufijlc lm nmlymlc ikik`hkl
>a.Lm mlc cucj` sm pmcpmpmsunmt mt pmcpmpmlmjc lc tu`j my pmchmhmml lc fmcnmik`mlc pmlkc lm mlcpmlkc my fmcikikcmy lc hm`mcmlc hklak nunu`mlcklc sm hm`mcmlc c-MM_MQ LM AMMLC _KTJ (_1??.??)>e.Lm mlc kpklmcsusufijlc my ymnmlc k`k`kpmt mlc imhmy sm imhmcklc nmlk`mlc
lmik`k j fmikik`k
sm iuwmllc Elerj 4=, =;81> (Efphmsks supp`kea)
=.Qhe Nmsulauml ks m Djltrmdt QJ Te``
m.Lj Aeblkte Fmller j _myfelt j _urdhmse _rkde
Yu`e7
m aelkte mcreefelt jl the fmller j pmyfelt j the prkde ks ml esselm` e`efelt kl the jrfmjl j miklaklc mla eljrdemi`e djltrmdt j sm`e (
Qjyjm Thmw-vs- DM)
j
Ljrfm``y, kl m djltrmdt tj se``,
the pmyfelt jb the purdhmse prkde ks the pjskve suspelskvedjlakjl
upjl whkdh the trmlser j jwlershkp aepelas (Cjfez-vs-DM). J djurse, kt fmy vmryaepelaklc jl the pmres‛ mcreefelt.
Mpp`kdmtjl7
Qhe
Nmsulauml
ajes ljt estmi`ksh mly aelkte mcreefelt ietweel the pmres djlderlklc the terfs j pmyfelt. Shmt kt fere`y prjvkaes ks the purdhmse prkde jr the 9=4-squmre feter prjperty mt _1?.?? persqumre feter.
i.Imsea jl the telses usea, there wms jl`y ml mcreefelt tj se``
‐_mcik`hml‖ mla ‐Kpmcikik`k‖ (‐Mcreea tj Te``‖ tj ‐Qhe pjrjl tj ie Tj`a‖) — (m)
‐Lmik`k j Fmikik`k‖ (ijucht jr wk`` ie ijucht) — (e)
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Lj djlsuffmtea sm`e7 C`jrkjsjs s`` fmkltmkl jwlershkp
d.Lj jrfm` aeea j djlveymlde
Femls thmt there wms lj klteljl tj kffeakmte`y trmlser jwlershkp
a.Bmk`ure tj mikae tj the ‐suspelskve djlakjl‖ tj re`jdmte
Mcreefelt7
Qhe C`jrkjsjs were jl`y se``klc the YEMY _JYQKJL j the `jt tj the Druz‛s
Ms seel kl the prjvkskjl jl estmi`kshklc m rkcht j wmy rjf @jpez Gmelm rjma cjklc tjwmras the imdnj the `jt mla requkrklc thef tj re`jdmte thekr hjuse tj the pjrjl ieklc sj`a iy Gmlumry 4=, =;81— (i)
Eed7
‐Qhks djlakjl ks m suspelskve djlakjl ljldjfp`kmlde j whkdh preveltea the C`jrkjsjs rjf prjdeeaklc wkth the sm`e mla u`fmte`y trmlserrklc t`e tj pejlers> mla the
Nmsulauml
rjf hmvklc ji`kcmtjry jrde‖
LJS7 sklde there wms lj re`jdmjl fmae, the C`jrkjsjs hmve lj ji`kcmjl tj djlskaer the sm`e j smka prjperty.
j
Bmk`ure tj u``` the djlakjl relaerea the djltrmdt tj se`` KLEBBEDQKRE MLA UL_EYBEDQEA
9.Lj. Qhey were fere`y jddupyklc smka `jt thrjuch the tj`ermlde jb the jwlers. (Qhe prevkjus jwler mla the C`jrkjsjs were re`mves jb the Druz spjuses). Qhekr pjssesskjl dmlljt rkpel kltj jwlershkp.
M persjl whj jddupkes he `mla jb mljher m he `mer's bjriemrmlde jr perfksskjl wkhju mly djlrmd ieweel hef ks ledessmrk`y ijula iy ml kfp`kea prjfkse hm he wk`` vmdme upjl aefmla
(Fmdmsmet-vs-Fmdmsmet)
4.Lj. Qhe Berlmlajs mre ljt iuyers kl ima bmkth
Djrjle`-vs-DM7
j
Kl m djlrmd j se``, here ieklc lj prevkjus sm`e jb he prjpery,
m thkra persjl iuyklc sudh prjperty aespkte the u`b``felt j the suspelskve djlakjl sudh ms the u`` pmyfelt j the purdhmse prkde, jr klstmlde, dmlljt ie aeefea m iuyer kl ima mkth
mla he prjspedtve iuyer dmllj seen he re`keb jb redjlveymlde jb he prjpery.
Qhere ks lj ajui`e sm`e kl sudh dmse.
Qk`e j he prjpery wk`` rmlsber j he iuyer mer recksrmtjl iedmuse here ks lj aebed kl he jwler-se``er‛s t`e per se, iu he `mer, jb djurse, fmy ie suea bjr amfmces iy he klelaklc iuyer. (Efphmsks supp`kea)
Djldept7
Qhe Akereldes
Djltrmdt jb Tm`eDjltrmdt tj Te``
-t`e tj the prjperty pmsses tj the velaee upjl the ae`kvery j the thklc sj`a-jwlershkp ks, iy mcreefelt, reservea kl the velajr mla ks ljt tj pmss tj the velaee ul` u`` pmyfeltj the purdhmse prkde-the velajr `jses jwlershkp jverthe prjperty mla dmlljt redjverkt ul` mla ul`ess the djltrmdt ksresj`vea jr resdklaea-t`e ks retmklea iy the velajr ul` u`` pmyfelt j the prkde
(pmyfel jb he prkde ks m pjsktve suspelskvedjlaktjl, bmk`ure jb whkdh ks lj m iremdh iu ml evel hm prevels he ji`kcmtjl jb hevelajr j djlvey t`e brjf iedjfklceedtve.)
4;.
Tmldhez
-vs- Ykcjs (~Akmlm)Gule =1, =;39> _7 Djldepdkjl
Ml jptjl j se``, kb mddepea ks iklaklc ieweel he pmrtes> evel kb here wms lj djlskaermtjl sepmrme brjf he prkde
Bmdts7
=.Jl Mprk` =;2=, Teverklm Ykcjs(se``er) exedutea ml ‐Jpjl tj _urdhmse‖ kl mvjr j Lkdj`ms Tmldhez(prjspedve iuyer)
Qhe _rjfkse7 Ykcjs ‐mcreea, prjfksea, mla djffkea tj se``‖ her `mla kl Luevm Edkgm
_rkde7 _ =,5=?.??
Qerf7 9 yemrs> mber whkdh, the djltrmdt shm`` ie aeefea ‐terfklmtea mla e`mpsea‖9.Tmldhez fmae severm`
telaers jb pmyfelt jb the mcreea mfjult
tj Ykcjs. Hjwever, they were regedtea.4.Tmldhez suea Ykcjs jr spedkd perjrfmlde mla amfmces> Tmldhez wjl.
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m.
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Tklde he ‐mcreea mla djffkea‖ j iuy smka prjpery, he prjfkse kl he djlrmd ks redkprjdm``y aefmlami`e
i.
Ykcjs7
Qhere wms lj djlskaermtjl sepmrme brjf he prkde sj he mddepmlde dmllj ikla he jher pmry
d.
Djurt7
the djltrmdt ks iklaklc sklde djlskaermjl ks presufea kl the smka dmse. Ykcjs mk`ea tj prjve her m``ecmjl thmt there wms lj djlskaermjl sepmrmte rjf prkde.
1.Ljw, Ykcjs mppem`s tj the TD.
Kssue7
Ajes ml mddeptea ulk`mterm` prjfkse tj se`` ikla the pmres, evel k kt ajes ljt prjvkae m djlskaermjl sepmrmte rjf the prkde:
He`a7
[es. Kt ajes ikla the pmres iedmuse the djldurrelde j the jer mla mddeptmlde celermtea the djltrmdt.
Aedkskjl7
-
Guacfel Mrfea-
Yu`klc7 =)
M ulk`mterm` prjfkse tj se`` celermtes m ik`mterm` djltrmdt j purdhmse mla sm`e
upjl mddeptmlde
m.Ielczjl7 -Shel ml jeree aedkaes tj mddepts the prjfkse tj se``, he m`sj mssufes the ji`kcmjls j m purdhmser. -Upjl mddeptmlde, there‛s lj `jlcer ml jpjl tj iuy iut m
ik`mterm` djltrmdt jb sm`e
.i.UT Gurkspruaelde7 -‐Qhe djldurrelde j ijth mdts ‑ the jer mla the mddeptmlde ‑ dju`a mt m`` evelts hmve celermtea m djltrmdt,k ljle there wms iejre‖-Kl sudh dmse, the `mdn j djlskaermjl dml lj `jlcer ie m imsks jr the klvm`kakty j the djltrmdtd.Mpp`kdmjl (Kl Djldurrklc Jpklkjl iy Gusde Mltjlkj)
‐Kl he presel dmse he rkm` djur bjula hm he "_`mklt (Lkdj`ms Tmldhez) hma jerea he suf jb _`,5=?.??
iejre mly wktharmwm`
brjf he djlrmd hms ieel fmae iy he Aebelaml (Teverklm Ykcjs).
" Tklde Ykcjs' jer se`` wms mddeptea iy Tmldhez, iejre she dju`a wktharmw her jer, m ik`mterm` redkprjdm` djltrmdt ‑ tj se`` mla tj iuy ‑ wms celermtea.‖
9)
Mrt. =491 mla Mrt. =13; shju`a ie klterpretea kl m wmy whkdh wju`a redjldk`e jr hmrfjlkze smka prjvkskjls, kl mddjramlde wkth the ru`e jl stmtutjry djlstrudjlm.the reerelde, kl ijth the sedjla pmrmcrmph j Mrt. =13; mla Mrt. =491, tj ml jpjl jr prjfkse suppjrtea iy jr julaea upjl m djlskaermjl, strjlc`y succests thmt the twj (9) prjvkskjls kltelaea tj eljrde jr kfp`efelt the smfe prkldkp`e.i.Exdepjls mre ljt mvjurea(ul`ess the klteljl tj the djltrmry ks d`emr)7
j
Tjuhweserl Tucmr & Fj`msses Dj. v. M`mltd Cu`b & _mdkd Dj
djlskaers Mrt. =13; ms ml exdepjl tj Mrt. =491.
Qhks ks why thks djurt aedkskjl express`y mimlajlea the ajdtrkle jl smka dmse
@mws Feljlea
MYQ. =13;. M prjfkse tj iuy mla se`` m aeterfklmte thklc jr m prkde dertmkl ks redkprjdm``y aefmlami`e.Ml mddeptea ulk`mterm` prjfkse tj iuy jr tj se`` m aeterfklmte thklc jr m prkde dertmkl ks iklaklc upjl the prjfkssjr k the prjfkse ks suppjrtea iy m djlskaermjl aksldt rjf the prkde.
MYQ. =491 Shel the jerer hms m``jwea the jeree m dertmkl perkja tj mddept, the jer fmy ie wktharmwl mly fe iejre mddeptmlde iy djffulkdmlc sudh wktharmwm`, exdept whel the jpjl ks julaea upjl djlskaermjl ms sjfethklc pmka jr prjfksea."1?. Equmtjrkm` Yem`ty Aeve`jpfelt Kld, Dmrfe`j & Imuerfmll, Kld. vs
Fmybmkr Qhemter, Kld.
(Dhkp)Ljvefier 9=, =;;2 - Herfjskskfm *@essee surrepjus`y aeprkvea j rkcht j rst reusm`.
Bmdts7
=.Jl Gule =, =;23 Dmrfe`j elterea kltj m djltrmdt j `emse wkth Fmymkr jr the use j kts Yedtj prjperty ms m fjjl pkdturethemter jr 9? yemrs, dm``ea ‐Fmxkf Qhemtre‖.9.Qwj yemrs `mter, jl Fmrdh 4=, =;2;, Fmymkr elterea kltj m sedjla djltrmdt j `emse wkth Dmrfe`j jr the `emse j the rest j Dmrfe`j‛s Yedtj prjperty, whkdh wms dm``ea ‐Fkrmfmr Qhemtre‖.4.Ijth djltrmdts j `emse prjvkaes (
skd
) kaeldm``y wjraea pmrmcrmph 8, whkdh remas7
Qhmt kb the @ETTJY shju`a aeskre tj se`` the `emsea prefkses, the @ETTEE shm`` ie ckvel 4?-amys exd`uskve jptkjl tjpurdhmse the smfe.Kl the evelt, hjwever, thmt the `emsea prefkses ks sj`a tj sjfejle jther thml the @ETTEE, the @ETTJY ks ijula mlaji`kcmtea, ms kt hereiy iklas mla ji`kcmtes ktse`b, tj stkpu`mte kl the Aeea jb Tm`e herejb thmt the purdhmser shm`` redjclkze
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thks `emse mla ie ijula iy m`` the terfs mla djlaktkjls therejb.
1.Tjfefe kl Mucust =;31, Fr. Helry _msdm` j Dmrfe`j kljrfea Fr. Helry [mlc, _reskaelt j Fmymkr, iy phjle thmt Dmrfe`jwmltea tj se`` the elre D`mrj F. Yedtj prjperty. He tj`a Fr. [mlc thmt m dertmkl Gjse Mrmletm wms jerklc tj iuy the whj`eprjperty jr $=.9F. He thel msnea [mlc ks he wms wk``klc tj iuy the prjperty jr 2 tj 3 fk``kjl pesjs. Fr. [mlc rep`kea thmt hewju`a `et Fr. _msdm` nljw j hks aedkskjl. Jl Mucust 94, =;31, Fmymkr rep`kea thrjuch m `eer refklaklc the `mer j thespu`mjl lufier 8. Dmrfe`j aka ljt rep`y tj thks `eer.
5.Jl Teptefier =8, =;31, Fmybmkr selt mljther `eer tj Dmrfe`j purpjrlc tj express klterest kl mdqukrklc ljt jl`y the `emseaprefkses iut "the elre iuk`aklc mla jther kfprjvefelts kb the prkde ks remsjlmi`e. Bjur yemrs `mter, jl Gu`y 4?, =;38,Dmrfe`j sj`a kts elre D.F. Yedtj Mvelue `mla mla iuk`aklc, whkdh kld`uaea the `emsea prefkses hjusklc the "Fmxkf" mla"Fkrmfmr" themtres, tj Equmtjrkm` iy vkrtue jb m Aeea jb Misj`ute Tm`e, bjr the tjtm` suf jb _==,4??,???.??.
2.Kl Teptefier =;38, Fmymkr klstutea ml mdjl jr spedkd perjrfmlde mla amfmces.3.Kl kts Mlswer, Dmrfe`j m``ecea thmt7
thmt kt hma kljrfea Fmymkr j kts aeskre tj se`` the elre D.F. Yedtj Mvelue prjperty mla jerea the smfe tjFmymkr, iut the `mer mlswerea thmt kt wms klterestea jl`y kl iuyklc the mrems ulaer `emse, whkdh wms kfpjsski`e skldethe prjperty wms ljt m djlajfklkuf
thmt the jpjl tj purdhmse klvjnea iy Fmymkr ks lu`` mla vjka jr `mdn j djlskaermjl.8.Equmtjrkm`, kl kts Mlswer, p`emaea thmt the jpjl ks vjka jr `mdn j djlskaermjl mla ks uleljrdemi`e iy remsjl j ktskfpjsskik`kty j perjrfmlde iedmuse the `emsea prefkses dju`a ljt ie sj`a sepmrmte`y rjf the jther pjrjls j the `mla mlaiuk`aklc.
Kt djulterd`mkfea jr dmlde``mjl j the djltrmdts j `emse, mla jr kldremse j reltm`s kl vkew j m``ecea supervelklcextrmjraklmry aevm`umjl j the durreldy. Equmtjrkm` `knewkse drjss-d`mkfea mcmklst dj-aeelamlt Dmrfe`j jrklaeflkdmjl kl respedt j Fmymkr's d`mkfs.;.Qhe YQD ru`ea jr Dmrfe`j mla Equmtjrkm`, laklc thmt the spu`mjl prjvkaea jr ml jpjl djltrmdt whkdh requkrea mdjlskaermjl aksldt jrf the prkde. Tklde there wms lj prkde, thel the jpjl jr Fmymkr tj purdhmse ks cjle.
=?.Fmybmkr thel mppem`ea tj the DM, whkdh reversea the trkm` djurt‛s ru`klc.
Kt bjula thmt there wms lj jpjl djltrmdt kl spu`mjl 8, mla thmt klstema there wms m crmlt jb m rkcht jb rstrebusm`.
Kt jraerea Dmrfe`j tj returl the purdhmse prkde tj Equmtjrkm` mla bjr Equmtjrkm` tj returl the t`e tj the prjperty tjDmrfe`j. Qhel, Dmrfe`j shju`a fmne ml jer tj Fmybmkr tj purdhmse the prjperty.
==.Qhe DM exp`mklea kts ru`klc kl thks wmy7Mrd`e =491 6 spemns j ml "jer" fmae iy ml jerjr whkdh the jeree fmy jr fmy ljt mddept wkthkl m dertmkl perkja.
the jer fmy ie wktharmwl iy the jerjr iejre the expkrmjl j the perkja mla whk`e the jeree hms ljt yetmddeptea the jer.
the jer dmlljt ie wktharmwl iy the jerjr wkthkl the perkja k m djlskaermjl hms ieel prjfksea jr ckvel iythe jeree kl exdhmlce jr the prkvk`ece j ieklc ckvel thmt perkja wkthkl whkdh tj mddept the jer. Qhedjlskaermjl ks aksldt rjf the prkde whkdh ks pmrt j the jer.
Qhe djltrmdt thmt mrkses ks nljwl ms jpjl.
Kl the dmse j
Iemufjl vs
.
_rkej
, 1= _hk`. 23?, the Tuprefe djurt, dklc Ijuvker, aelea ml jpjl ms j``jws7 "Mdjltrmdt iy vkrtue j whkdh M, kl djlskaermjl j the pmyfelt j m dertmkl suf tj I, mdqukres the prkvk`ece j iuyklcrjf jr se``klc tj I, dertmkl sedurkes jr prjperes wkthkl m `kfktea fe mt m spedkea prkde," (pp. 282-3)._mrmcrmph 9, Mrd`e =13; 6 djltefp`mtes j ml "mddeptea ulk`mterm` prjfkse tj iuy jr tj se`` m aeterfklmte thklc jr m prkdewkthkl (whkdh) ks iklaklc upjl the prjfksee k the prjfkse ks suppjrtea iy m djlskaermjl aksldt rjf the prkde."
Shmt ks prjvkaea here ks dm``ea ml ‐jer‖
Ml "jer", kl jur `mws, ks m prjpjsm` tj elter kltj m djltrmdt, ms feljlea kl the dmse j Yjselstjdn vs Iurne.
Qj djlstute m `ecm` jer, the prjpjsm` fust ie dertmkl ms tj the jigedt, the prkde mla jther esselm` terfs j thedjltrmdt (Mrt. =4=;, Dkvk` Djae).Helde, Dmrfe`j mla Equmtjrkm` `ea thks pejl iejre the TD.
Kssue =7
Ajes spu`mjl lufier 8 prjvkae m djltrmdt j jpjl:
He`a7
Lj. Kt prjvkaes jr m rkcht j rst reusm`. Tudh m spu`mjl ks djffjl kl djltrmdts j `emse ljwmamys, where the `essee seenstj prjtedt hks klterests iy sedurklc m rkcht tj fmtdh ml jer fmae iy mljther persjl.
Aedkskjl7
Qhe pejl kl AELKEA, the ru`klc j the DM ks MBBKYFEA. Qhe djltrmdt ietweel Dmrfe`j mla Equmtjrkm` ks YETDKLAEA,Dmrfe`j ks jraerea tj returl the purdhmse prkde tj Equmtjrkm`, Equmtjrkm` ks jraerea tj returl the prjperty tj Dmrfe`j, mla Dmrfe`jks lm``y jraerea tj jer the prjperty tj Fmymkr jr _==,4??,???.
Yu`klc7
Qhe djurt rst akspjsea j the djlteljl thmt the aedkskjl fmae iy the DM wms kfprjper, mla smka7
‐Qhks djurt hmvklc ru`ea the prjdeaurm` krrecu`mrkes rmksea kl the jurth msskclea errjr j Dmrfe`j mla Equmtjrkm`, tj ie ml
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