Chapter 38

Water Drive Oil Reservoirs

Daylon L. Walton, Roebuck-Walton Inc.*

Introduction
Water drive reservoirs are those reservoirs in which a sig- Exterior Boundary Conditions
nificant portion of volumetric withdrawals is replaced by Infinite-pressure disturbances do not affect the exterior
water influx during the producing life of the reservoir. boundary of the system, during the time of inrerest.
The total influx, and influx rates, will be governed by the Finite closed-no flow occurs across the exterior bound-
aquifer characteristics together with the pressure-time be- ary. Pressure disturbances reach the exterior boundary,
havior along the original reservoir/aquifer contact. Or- during the time of interest.
dinarily, few wells are drilled into the aquifer and little Finite outcropping-aquifer is finite with pressure con-
or no information concerning the aquifer size, geometry, stant at exterior boundary (i.e., aquifer outcrops into lake,
or rock properties is available. However, if sufficient gulf, or other surface water source).
reservoir pressure and production history is available, the
aquifer properties may be inferred from solutions of Eq. Basic Conditions and Assumptions
1, the radial form of the diffusivity equation.
1. The reservoir is at the equilibrium average pressure
a% 1 ar=k
p+; ap 5h.b~
ap ..I..........,
-$ . (1)
at all times.
2. The water/oil (WOC) or water/gas contact (WCC)
is an equipotential line.
3. The hydrocarbons behind the front are immobile.
where
4. The effects of gravity are negligible.
p = pressure,
5. The difference between the average reservoir pres-
r = radius, sure and the pressure at the original WOC or WGC will
4 = porosity, be assumed to be zero if unknown.
p = viscosity,
c = compressibility, Mathematical Analysis
t= time, and Basic Equations
k = permeability. Van Everdingen and Hurst ’ obtained a general solution
to Eq. 1 for two cases: (1) a constant water-influx rate
These inferred aquifer properties then can be used to (constant-terminal-rate case) and (2) a constant pressure
calculate the future effect of the aquifer on the reservoir drop (constant-terminal-pressure case). By using the prin-
performance. ciple of superposition, van Everdingen and Hurst extended
these solutions to include variable water-influx rates and
Definitions pressure drops. Mortada’ further extended the solutions
Aquifer Geometry to include interference effects in homogeneous infinite
Radial-boundaries are formed by two concentric cyl- radial aquifers.
inders or sectors of cylinders.
Linear-boundaries are formed by two sets of parallel Constant-Terminal-Rate Case. If time is divided into
planes. a finite number of intervals (Fig. 38. l), the average water
Nonsymmetrical-neither radial nor linear. influx in each interval can be used in Eq. 2 to calculate
the pressure drop at the interior aquifer boundary. Eq.
‘Author ofthe original
chapter onthis topic
m the 1962 edltm was Vment J Skora
2 shows that the relationship between the pressures and
 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

PO
e P
aewa
ew e
w3 I
i I P %
w2
e p3
I
wI I
4-I -------- --
k
P_
I 2- .“OI 2 3 n-l n
INTERVAL NUMBER INTERVAL NUMBER

Fig. 38.1 -Water influxrates-constant terminal rate case. Fig. 38.2-Pressure drops-constant terminalpressure case.

water-influx rates is a function of a constant m,. and a For calculation convenience it is recommended that time
variable po. The constant m, is a function of the aqui- be divided into equal intervals and Eq. 6 be used.
fer properties, whereas pD is a function of aquifer prop-
erties and time.
AP..,~ =mr i e,, ,,,,+,-,,ApD, . . .
n
j+l
AP,,.,~
=mrc [c,,,~,,+,+~,
-el,.,,r
,,IPD,
3 .(2)
j=l =mrIelv,, 40, fe,,,,, ,, APL)-

where
P w,, = cumulative pressure drop to the end of e,, ? MD,,, ,, +e,,., APD,~ 1, (7)
interval n,
e ,,,,r,+,-,I -- water-influx rate at interval n-t 1 -j, where 40, ‘PO, -PO,-,

Constant-Terminal-Pressure Case. If time is divided

PI1
m, = 0.00,,27kha . (3) into a finite number of intervals (Fig. 38.2), Eq. 8 can
be used to calculate the cumulative water influx for a given
pressure history, using average pressure drops in each
for radial aquifers, time interval.
,I
PM WC>,)
=mp c Apcrr+,-,) w,D, , . . (8)
m, = o.ool *27kh .. (4) j=l

for infinite linear aquifers, where

w,!, = cumulative water influx to end of
P WL interval,
m, = 0~00,127khb . .._................ (5) = 0.17811 +c,,,har,,.’ ____._. ._. .(9)
“P
for radial aquifers,
MI]
= 0.17811 $r ,,.,hb 2 .(lO)
for finite linear aquifers, for infinite linear aquifers,
AP(~~+I-~, = average pressure drop in interval
pi = dimensionless pressure term, n+l-j,
e,. = water influx rate, RB/D, W PD = dimensionless water-influx term,
pI(, = pressure at the original WOC, psi, rw = field radius, ft, and
k = permeability, md, c.,i = total aquifer compressibility, psi - ’.
h = aquifer thickness, ft,
b= aquifer width, ft, The solution of Eq. 8 requires the use of superposition,
L = aquifer length, ft, in a manner similar to that shown by the expansion of
FL,, = water viscosity, cp, and Eq. 6. A modification presented by Carter and Tracy3
cx = angle subtended by reservoir, radians permits calculations of W, that approximate the values
WATER DRIVE OIL RESERVOIRS 38-3

obtained from Eq. 8 but does not require the use of su-
perposition. This method is advantageous when the cal-
culations are to be made manually. since fewer terms are
required.
Using Carter and Tracy’s method, Eq. I I, the cumula-
tive water influx at time t,, is calculated directly from the 4\ FAULT
previous value obtained at t,,-,

+ bpA~,,r~,, - W,,,, ,,P’D,,IVo,,-[I+,, ,, 1

0 A
Fig. 38.3~Infiniteaquiferbounded on one side by a fault.
PD,,-tDd”D,,

.. .... ..... ........ (11)

where
Hicks et al. 4 used the past pressure and production his-
p,D =pD,, -pD,,, I, tory in an analog computer to obtain influence-function
,> . . . . . . . . ..I..... (12) curves for each pool in a multipool aquifer. The influ-
ID,,-rD,,,-,, ence function F(r) can be defined as the product of m,
and and PO,

Ap,,=p,-pn, . .... ..... .. ..... (13) F(r)=m,pD, .. .. . .(l7)

Reservoir Interference. Where two or more reservoirs2 and can be substituted in Eqs. 59 and 60 to calculate the
are in a common aquifer, it is possible to calculate the future performance.
change in pressure at Reservoir A, for example, caused
by water influx into another reservoir, B, using Eq. 14 Nonsymmetrical Aquifers. By use of the images
or 15. These are Eqs. 2 and 3 with modified subscripts. method,2 the procedure for calculating reservoir inter-
For unequal time intervals, ference can be extended to the case where one boundary
of an infinite aquifer is a fault. For example, Fig. 38.3
shows Reservoir A located in this type of aquifer. To cal-
A~Pnwo,, =tnr
culate the pressure performance at Reservoir A, first lo-
Ii [~doi‘,-,) -enB,,,JPD(A.R),~
J=I cate the mirror-image Reservoir A’ across the fault. The
water-influx history for the mirror-image Reservoir A’
.... . .. .... ... ... (14)
will be taken to be the same as Reservoir A. Next, as-
sume that the fault does not exist so that there are two
and for equal time intervals, identical reservoirs in a single infinite aquifer, with Rexr-
voir A’ causing interference at Reservoir A. The pres-
sure drop at Reservoir A now can be calculated by use
of Eq. I9 (for equal time intervals).
*P~(A,B),, =m, e MB,,,+,mj ,APD(A,B), > . .(I3
j=l

APIA,, =mr 2 [~NzA~,,+,~, , APO, 1

where J=t
PD(A,B) = dimensionless pressure term for
Reservoir B with respect to
Reservoir A,
AP,~(~,J) = pressure drop at Reservoir A caused
by Reservoir B, and
Because e ,,,A=e Lr,A,
,
e,,,B = Water inflUX rate at Reservoir B.
n
The total pressure drop at Reservoir A at any given time
APoA,, =m, c e)+,A ,,!+,-, j [APO, -APD(A.AY, 1.
is the sum of the pressure drops caused by all reservoirs j=l
in the common aquifer, or
.., . . . . . . . . . .... .... . (1%
APIA,, =AP~(A,A I,, +AP~(A.B),, +AP~(A,cJ,, +. .
If other reservoirs in the aquifer also are causing reser-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
voir interference at Reservoir A, each mirror image will
(16)
cause reservoir interference at Reservoir A. The total
Since dimensionless pressure differences are available pressure drop at Reservoir A, therefore, will be the sum
only for homogeneous infinite radial aquifers, pressure- of the pressure drops caused by each reservoir and each
interference calculations are limited at the present time mirror image (see Fig. 38.4).
to aquifers that can be approximated by a uniform, in- Nonsymmetrical aquifers will be discussed further un-
finite, radial system. der Methods of Analysis, Method 2.
38-4 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

Ap~=-$Aro. . .. . . (25)
ID

and

pD=tD+o.33333, ..... ... . . . .(26)

where
to = dtmensionless time,
rD = dimensionless radius =T,/T,,
ru = aquifer radius, ft,
rw = field radius, ft, and
d = a geometry term obtained from Table 38.1.

Methods of Analysis

Fig. 38.4-Dimensionless pressure drop forinfinite

aquifersys-
Reservoir Volume Known. Rigorous Methods. There
tem for constant flow rate.,8 are two methods for obtaining the coefficient m, and
APO in Eq. 6 from the past pressures and the water-
influx rates from a material balance on the reservoir.
Method l* is used whenever the aquifer can be approxi-
pn and W,~Values. Values ofpn, PD(A,B),and W,D are mated by a uniform linear or radial system; therefore,
functions of dimensionless time rg (Eq. ZO), aquifer ge- published values of pD are used. If the aquifer can be ap-
ometry, and aquifer size (to for radial aquifers). proximated by a homogeneous, infinite, radial system,
Table 38.1 gives the substitution for d in Eq. 20 to cal- the method can be extended to handle reservoir interfer-
culate tD and the table, graph, or equation to obtain po, ence. In Method 2,5 the product of m, and pD is re-
P&A-B), or W,D for various types of aquifers. The fol- placed by Z (the resistance function).
lowing equations are used in conjunction with Table 38.1.

Apwj,, = 2 e, fn+, , ,AZj, (27)

0.006328kr j=l
tD = ~C~,~?ftL,d2, . . . (20)

where AZ, =Zi -Zj- r .

po=l.l284JtD, ........................ .(21) Method 2 is not limited to homogeneous linear or radi-
al aquifers because the final Z is obtained by adjusting
pD=o.5(h tD+0.80!?07), ................. .(22) previous approximations to Z. Techniques for applying
Method 2 to the case where reservoir interference exists
pD=h ,-D, ............................. .(23) are not available at this time, except for unusual circum-
stances.
WeD=0.5(rD’-I), ..... _.. . . ..(24) ‘Personal communication from Allant~c Refining Co

TABLE 3&l--REFERENCE TABLE FOR OBTAINING WeD AND p.

Value of d
Aquifer Type in Eq. 20 PD WC?0
*
Infinite
radial rw Table 38.3 Table 38.3
Smaller t, rw Eq. 21 Eq. 21
Larger t, rw Eq. 22
Finiteoutcropping radial r, Table 38.7 Table 38.5
Smaller t, rw Table 38.7
Larger t, rw Eq. 23
Finiteclosed radial rw Table 38.6 Table 38.6
Smaller lo r, Table 38.3 Table 38.3
Larger t, rw Eq. 25 Eq. 24
Infinite
linear b” Eq. 21 Eq. 21+
Finiteclosed linear Lf Table 38.8
Larger to L Eq. 26
Interference(infinite
radial)
r(A.B15 Fig. 38.4 pDcA,E)
Larger to ‘W) Table 38.3, Eq. 22

*r* = radus of pwl bang analyzed, f,

“b = width Of aquifer. ft
+P*D = We,
1 = length of aqwfei, ft
§r ,A,Bj =distance between centers of Reservoirs A and 8. ft
WATERDRIVEOIL RESERVOIRS 36-5

TABLE 38.2-COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF METHODS 1 AND 2 FOR SAMPLE CALCULATION

MZtLal APf” PO Z” 4PW”

QuaXer or Balance Field AI, 210 fi Method 1 Mzi%d 2
Interval No (B/D) (Psi) rD=m (psi/B/D) (Psi) (psi)
500 55 1.651 1.000 55 55
1.100 136 1.960 1.414 136 135
318 2.147 2.732 318 317
478 2.282 2.000 478 477
581 2.389 2.236 581 584

663 2.476 2.449 663 672

616 2.550 2.646 616 630
8 599 2.615 2.828 599 614
9 3,100 652 2.672 3.000 652 664
IO 3,600 733 2.723 3.162 733 739

11 3,500 761 2.770 3.317 761 761

12 3,600 803 2.812 3.464 803 607
13 3,800 858 2.851 3.606 858 860
14 4,100 928 2.887 3.742 928 934
15 3,900 949 2.921 3.873 949 946

The procedure for both methods can be illustrated best If the AZD selected is the correct value, m, as a func-
by an application to a single-pool aquifer. Assume that tion of n will be constant. Variations from a constant can
a reservoir has produced for 15 quarters and that Cols. result from (1) incorrect AtD, (2) production and pres-
2 and 3 in Table 38.2 are, respectively, the pressures at sure errors, (3) incorrect aquifer size or shape, or (4) aqui-
the end of each quarter and the average water-influx rates fer inhomogeneities. An examination of the m, plot will
obtained by material balance for each quarter. aid in the analysis of the cause.

Example Problem 1. Method 1. From the following Value of m, Possible Remedy

assumed best set of aquifer properties, check Table 38.1 increase with II decrease with At,
for the substitution of d in Eq. 20. decrease with n increase AtD
constant, then increasing finite-closed aquifer
c,,, = 5.5X10-’ psi-‘, constant, then decreasing finite-outcropping aquifer
/.i,,, = 0.6 cp,
h = 50 ft , For a finite-closed aquifer or finite-outcropping aqui-
fer, Eq. 29 or 30 is used to find rD.
01 = 27~ radians,
k = 76 md,
rD=2.3(NilAtD)0.518 ... . . . (29)
q5 = 0.16,
r,, = 3,270 ft, for N;,At, ~3.4, and

and the aquifer geometry is infinite radial. r~=3(A’i,Af~)“.30’ . . . .(30)

Calculate a convenient value (to minimize interpolation)
of dimensionless time interval (AZ,) for the quarterly in- for NirAtD 63.4, where N;, is the time interval number
terval (Ar=91.25 days) by varying the permeability (if where m, vs. n increases from a constant value.
necessary) in Eq. 20. In this case, AID = 10, correspond- In this example, m,. increased with n (Fig. 38.5.
ing to k=91 md, was selected. A check of Table 38.1 AtD = 10). Therefore, AtD was decreased from 10 to 1
shows that pi is to be obtained from Table 38.3 (also (large changes are recommended) and m, for At, = 1 was
tabulated in Table 38.2, Col. 4). calculated (Curve 2). Now m, is constant until about In-
terval 9 and then increases, indicating the possibility of
a finite-closed aquifer. Using Ni, =9 and AtD = I in Eq.
m
APS,, 29 gives a first approximation of 7 (rounded from 7.2)
?I= ), . (28)
for rD. The m,. calculated for AtD = 1 and rD =7 is rem
duced after Interval 9 (Curve 3) but is still too high and
therefore indicates that the aquifer is still too large. An
rg of 6 is taken for the next approximation, and this re-
where Ape is the known field pressure drop at original sults in a constant value of m, (Curve 4). This shows that
woe. the past field behavior (Col. 3, Table 38.2) can be dupli-
Calculate ApD as a function of interval number. Then cated by assuming a finite-closed aquifer where AtD = 1
calculate m, as a function of interval number using Eq. and rD=6 (Col. 6, Table 38.2). Because these aquifer
28 and plot m, as a function of n (Curve 1, Fig. 38.5). properties gave the best match to the past field perform-
Fig. 38.6 shows an example of the calculation procedure ance, they should be taken as the best set for predicting
for n=5 using equal time intervals. the future performance.
38-6 PETROLEUM ENGINEERINGHANDBOOK

TABLE 38.3-DIMENSIONLESS WATER INFLUX AND DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURES FOR INFINITE RADIAL AQUIFERS
w eD PO t, W c?D tD W eD to W
~___
0.112 0.112 1.5x103 4.136x10' 1.5~10~ 1.828~10~ 1.5x 10" 1.17xs100'"
0.278 0.229 2.0 x 103 5.315x10" 2.0x107 2.398x106 2.0x IO" 1.55x 1o'O
0.404 0.315 2.5x IO3 6.466x IO2 2.5x10' 2.961~10~ 2.5x 10" 1.92x10'"
0.520 0.376 3.0 x 103 7.590x10' 3.0x107 3.517x106 3.0x 10" 229x1o'o
0.606 0.424 4.0 x IO3 9.757x10' 4.0x107 4.610~10" 4.0x 10" 3.02~10"

2.5x 10 -' 0.689 0.469 5.0 x103 11.88 x103 5.0x107 5689x10' 5.0x10" 3.75xlO'O
3.0x10-' 0.758 0.503 6.0 x IO3 13.95 x103 6.0~10~ 6.758~10~ 6.0x IO" 4.47x 10"
4.0x10-' 0.898 0.564 7.0 x lo3 15.99 x103 7.0x107 7.816~10~ 7.0x IO" 5.19x IO'O
50x10- 1.020 0.616 8.0 x103 18.00 x103 8.0~10~ 8.866x10e 8.0x IO" 5.89x 10'0
6.0x 10 -' 1.140 0.659 9.0 x lo3 19.99 x 103 9.0x107 9.911xlO~ 9.0x IO" 6.58~10'~

7.0x10-' 1.251 0.702 1.0x lo4 21.96 x102 1.0~10~ 10.95 x 106 1.0~10'~ 7.28x IO"
8.0x10-' 1.359 0.735 1.5x lo4 3.146~10~ 1.5~10' 1.604x 10' 1.5x10" 1.08x10"
9.0x10-' 1.469 0.772 2.0 x lo4 4.679x103 2.0~10~ 2.108x 10' 2.0~10'~ 1.42~10"
1.0 1.570 0.802 2.5 x lo4 4.991 x103 2.5~10' 2.607~10'
1.5 2.032 0.927 3.0 x IO4 5.891 x IO3 3.0x 10' 3.100x10'

2.0 2.442 1.020 4.0x10" 7.634~10~ 4.0x10* 4.071x10'

2.5 2.838 1.101 5.0x104 9.342x103 50x108 5.032~10~
3.0 3.209 1.169 6.0 x lo4 11.03 x104 6.0~10" 5.984x10'
4.0 3.897 1.275 7.0~10~ 12.69 x104 7.0~10' 6.928x10'
5.0 4.541 1.362 8.0x lo4 14.33 x104 8.0~10' 7.865~10'

6.0 5.148 1.436 9.0 x IO4 15.95 x104 9.0x10* 8.797x10'

7.0 5.749 1.500 l.OxlO~ 17.56 x104 1.0~10~ 9.725x10'
8.0 6314 1.556 1.5~10~ 2.538~10~ 1.5~10' 1.429x10n
9.0 6.661 1.604 2.0~10~ 3.308x104 2.0x10"
1.0x10' 7417 1.651 25~10~ 4.066x IO4 2.5~10"

1.5x10' 9.965 1.829 3.0x105 4.817~10~ 3.0~10" 2.771~10'

2.0x10' 1.229x10' 1.960 40~10~ 6.267~10~ 40x10' 3.645~10'
2.5x10' 1.455x10' 2.067 5.0~10~ 7.699x IO4 5.0~10~ 4.510x108
3.0x IO' 1.681~10' 2.147 6.0~10~ 9.113x104 60x10' 5.368~10'
4.0x10' 2.088~10' 2.282 7.0~10" 10.51 x105 7.0~10~ 6.220~10'

5.0x10' 2.482~10' 2.388 8.0~10~ 11.89 x105 8.0~10' 7.066~10'

6.0x IO' 2.860x10' 2.476 9.0x10" 13.26 x105 9.0x10" 7.909x 108
7.0x10' 3.228~10' 2.550 1.0~10" 14.62 x105 1.0~10'~ 8.747x10B
8.0x10' 3599x10' 2.615 1.5~10" 2.126~10~ 1.5~10'~ 1.288~10"
9.0x10' 3.942x 10' 2.672 2.0 x lo6 2.781x lo5 2.0~10'~ 1.697x10"

1.0x10* 4.301x10' 2.723 2.5 x IO6 3.427x lo5 2.5x 10" 2.103~10~
1.5x10* 5.980x10' 2.921 3.0 x106 4.064x lo5 3.0x IO" 2.505~10~
2.0x 102 7.586~10' 3.064 4.0 x lo6 5.313x105 4.0x10'" 3.299x10"
2.5x102 9.120x10' 3.173 5.0x lo6 6.544~10~ 5.0~10'" 4.087~10"
3.0x10' 10.58 x10' 3.263 6.0 x IO" 7.761 x IO5 6.0~10'" 4.868~10~

4.0x10* 13.48 x10' 3.406 7.0 x106 8.965x10' 7.0~10" 5.643~10"

5.0x10* 16.24 x10' 3.516 8.0~10" 10.16 x106 8.0~10'" 6.414~10~
6.0x 10' 18.97 x10' 3.608 9.0x106 11.34 x106 9.Ox1O'o 7.183~10~
7.0x 102 21.60 x.10' 3.684 1.0x10' 12.52 x106 1.0~10" 7.948x10'
80x102 24.23 x10' 3.750
9.0x10' 26.77 x10' 3.809
l.OxlOJ 29.31 x10' 3.860

If an infinite aquifer had been indicated, it may be de- 2. If it appears that the production and/or pressure data
sirable in some cases to predict the future performance may be in error, refer to the following discussion of Errors
assuming first an infinite aquifer and then a finite-closed in Basic Data.
aquifer having a calculated rg based on the best estimate
of AtD and setting N;, equal to the last interval number Example Problem 2. Method 2. This method is based
in Eq. 20 or 30. on the following principles: (I) the slope of Z (m, times
Note that, in general. the plot of m,. will not be a J>I)) as a function of time is always positive and never
smooth plot because of errors in basic data. The first few increases; (2) a constant slope of Z vs. time indicates a
values are particularly sensitive to errors and generally finite aquifer (see Eqs. 25 and 26) and therefore the ex-
may be ignored. trapolated slope is constant; and (3) a constant slope of
If it is possible to obtain a relatively constant value of Z vs. log time indicates an infinite radial aquifer (Eq. 22).
v?,., check the production and pressure data for errors. Extrapolation of this constant slope continues to simulate
If the production and pressure data are correct, try Method an infinite aquifer.
WATER DRIVE OIL RESERVOIRS 38-7

e
l-l “15
0.18
e, 5
*p, =6 108.7
0.1 6
t ew AP = 1050.6
e 4 D2
0.14 %+I-,
e = 467.5
-3 ApD

E 3.12 e AP
1
= 148.5
*2 D4
ApoI
e *P
0.10 II = 53.5
%I
i
0.08
.087 I= 7828.8
u
0.06 n=5
3 5 7 9 II 13 I5 581
m =--0074
TIME INTERVAL YUMBER r5 7828.8 .

Fig. 38.5-Estimation of m,, N,, and roP fordata inTable 38.2 Fig. 38.6-Sample pressure-drop calculation
(Method 1).

As in the first procedure, time is divided into equal in- Fig. 38.7 shows that three trials were needed to obtain
tervals. The first approximation to 2 can be obtained as a constant value of 1 for m. Col. 7, Table 38.2, shows
in Method 1 or by arbitrarily using the square root of the that the final Z’s will duplicate the past pressure perform-
interval number (Col. 5, Table 38.2, and Trial 1, Fig. ance and therefore may be used to predict the future per-
38.7). A fitting factor m is calculated as a function of time formance. Because Z becomes a straight line as a function
for Trial 1 in exactly the same manner used to calculate of n, a finite-closed aquifer is indicated (Principle 2).
M r in Method 1. Therefore, Z can be extrapolated as a straight line to cal-
culate the future performance.

APf,, Errors in Basic Data. Good results were obtained for

mn= n (31)
both methods, since accurate water influx and pressure
c e,,,,+,m,,AZ, “.“““““.‘. data were used. In many cases a solution for m, and Ape
j=l in Method 1 or Z in Method 2 is impossible because of
However, instead of m being plotted, m is used to cal- errors in basic data. In these cases the errors may be elim-
inated by smoothing the basic data or may be adjusted
culate the next approximation of Z by use of Eq. 32.
somewhat by using Eqs. 33 and 34.5
New Z, =m,(old Z,,). . . .(32) m, -m
6Apf,, = -0. l- Apf,, . (33)
The new values of Z are plotted as a function of n (Tri- m,
al 2, Fig. 38.7), and a smooth curve is drawn through
the points, making certain the slope is positive and never
increases (Principle 1). This procedure is repeated with
values of 2 from this smoothed curve until the fitting fac-
tors are relatively constant and equal to 1 (Trial 3, Fig.
38.7).
The final 2 curve then is extrapolated to calculate the
future performance as follows.
1. If the final slope of Z as a function of time is con-
stant, extrapolate Z at a constant slope (Principle 2).
2. If the final slope is not constant as a function of time
but is constant as a function of log time, first assume that
the aquifer is an infinite radial system and will continue
to behave as such (Principle 3) and extrapolate Z as a
straight line as a function of log time; then assume that
the aquifer is immediately bounded and extrapolate Z as
a straight line on a linear plot of time using the last known
slope (Principle 2).
3. If the final slope is not constant for either time or “0 2 4 6 8 IO 12 14 ”
n
log time, extrapolate Z as a straight line using half the
last known slope. Fig. 38.7-Estimation of Z for data in Table 38.2 (Method 2).
38-0 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

TABLE 38.4-WATER DRIVE BEHAVIOR EQUATIONS

Type Aquifer Basis

Infinite
radial lo t Eq. 22
Infinite
hear ;
Li Eq. 21
0.1
Finiteoutcropping L Eq. 23
Finiteclosed t Eq. 25 or 26
0.06
0.04

EL 0.02
The equations for the infinite-radial and finite-
outcropping aquifers are commonly referred to in the liter-
0.0 I ature as the “simplified Hurst” and “Schilthuis”6 water
drive equations.
0.006 The procedure consists of calculating mF for the past
history using Eq. 35 or 36, plotting mF as a function of
time, and extrapolating m,V to predict the future water
drive performance. Since the method assumes a constant
water influx rate, the use of these equations should be
limited to short-term rough approximations of future water
drive behavior. Large errors may be obtained if the
method is used to predict the behavior for large changes
TIME ( QUARTERS 1 in reservoir withdrawal rates.
Fig. 38.8 shows a comparison of mF as a function of
Fig. 38.8-Estimation of mF and F function for approximate time for various values of F and the data in Table 38.2.
water drive analysisof data in Table 38.2. These curves seem indicative of either an infinite linear
or radial aquifer (the curves for these assumptions more
nearly approach a constant value), whereas the more
rigorous analyses indicated a finite aquifer. The selection
and of the best curve to use in predicting the future perform-
ance is difficult because of the fluctuations in the curves
caused by variations in water influx rates. Note that this
difficulty would be compounded if there were errors in
the production and pressure data.

--!---&e
AZ
n,i,i+,-, , AZ,,
I j=2
.. . .(34)
Fetkovitch’ presented a simplified approach that is
based on the concept of a “stabilized” or pseudosteady-
state aquifer productivity index and an aquifer material
where balance relating average aquifer pressure to cumulative
water influx. This method is best suited for smaller aqui-
@f” = correction to Apf,, ,
fers, which may approach a pseudosteady condition quick-
6e% = correction to eM? n , and ly and in which the aquifer geometry and physical
ti = average value of m.
properties are known.
In a manner similar to single-well performance, the rate
In applying Eqs. 33 and 34 to Method 1, replace m by of water influx is expressed by Eq. 37.
m, and AZ by ApD. Note that, since Eqs. 33 and 34 im-
ply that the last values of Z (or APO) are reasonably cor-
rect, some judgment must be exercised when making these ew,=Ja(Pa -p,), .. ... . .. . . (37)
adjustments.
where
Approximate Methods. If the water influx rate is con- e wp= water influx rate, B/D,
stant for a sufficiently long period of time, the following J, = aquifer productivity index, B/D-psi,
equations can be used to estimate water drive behavior p, = average aquifer pressure, psi, and
roughly. P W’= pressure at the original WOC, psi.

A P w,,, =mFervr,,F .. . (35) Combining Eq. 37 with a material-balance equation for

the aquifer, the increment of influx over a time interval
and t,, -t,- 1 is given by Eq. 38.
1 ‘2 4M.r
W e,,,m,l,=- - ............... (36)
s F ’
mF, I Aw = wet[Pa(n-j) -p wn [l -,(-J,*‘,)‘((,,V,,)]
e
where F is an approximation to pD and a function of the Pd
type of aquifer and m,G is a proportionality factor. See
Table 38.4 for function and aquifer type. . . . . . . . . ..~......_...._.___ (38)
WATERDRIVEOIL RESERVOIRS 38-9

where
WC,, = ~C..,P,,, total aquifer expansion capacity,
bbl,
IJ’,~,;= initial water volume in the aquifer, bbl,
PO1 = initial aquifer pressure, psi, and
c ,I’, = total aquifer compressibility, psi -1 .

~~~~,~,,=p~j[l-~], .t..., . (39)

RESERVES IN)
7.08x 10 -’ kh
Jo = ~,,,(ln rD-0,75) . . (40) Fig. 38.9-Estimation of reservoir volume and water drive
(Brownscombe-Collins method).

for a closed radial system, and

tiplied by the factor X calculated by Eq. 43 gives the best
estimate of OOIP for the selected permeability. Eq. 44
3(1.127x IO-‘)kbh
Jo = (41) gives the minimum variance for this permeability.
PJ
-*of, WPE,
for a closed linear system.
x=“- n . . (43)
Original Oil in Place (OOIP) c (APE,)~
j=l
Occasionally. it may be necessary to estimate the OOIP
and to make a water drive analysis simultaneously. In and
general. the methods available are very sensitive to errors
in basic data so that it is necessary to have a large amount
.d .. . .
of accurate data. Also, since the expansion of the reser- i W~+P~,-XA~~,)~,
voir above the bubblepoint is relatively small, generally n j=1
only the data obtained after the reservoir has passed
through the bubblepoint will be significant in defining the where
OOIP. In the three methods to be discussed, the aquifer A~,z = total pressure drop at original WOC (field
will be assumed to be infinite and radial. data), psi,
Ap, = total pressure drop at WOC (calculated
Brownscombe-Collins Method. This method’ assumes using reservoir voidage rates), psi, and
that the OOIP and the aquifer permeability are unknown ApE = total pressure drop at WOC (calculated
and that the reservoir and aquifer properties other than using reservoir expansion rates). psi.
permeability are known.
The pressure performance and the variance are calcu- van Everdingen, Timmerman, and McMahon Method.
lated using Eqs. 7 and 42 for a given assumed aquifer This method9 assumes that the OOIP, aquifer conduc-
permeability and various estimates. The minimum vari- tivity k/m/p, and diffusivity kI(@pc) are unknown. Com-
ance from a plot of variance vs. OOIP (Fig. 38.9) will bination of the material-balance equation and Eq. 8 and
be the best estimate of OOIP for the selected permeability. solving for the OOIP yields Eq. 4.5.

c2=i -$ (AP.~, -a~,,.). (42) N=A +m/,F(t), . . . . . (45)

/
where
This procedure is repeated for various estimates of per- 1
meability until it is possible to obtain a minimum of the A= U’,JvB, +N,,(R,, -R,)& + w,,l.
minimums. The permeability and the OOIP associated V’V- 1P,;
with this minimum should be the best estimates for the
assumptions made. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._... (46)
It is possible to calculate the best estimate of OOIP for

1
II
each selected permeability by the following procedure. 1
F(t) = C *PC,,+ 1-j) Wa/, , (47)
Using the best available estimate of OOIP. calculate the CFVmllBoi [ j=I
reservoir voidage and expansion rates as a function of
time. Select an aquifer permeability and use these rates
in place of the water influx rates in Eq. 6 to calculate pres- F”=Ph-P
-+I, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(48)
sure drops Ap, ,, and APE,, The estimated OOIP mul- PY
38-l 0 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

TABLE 36.5-DIMENSIONLESS WATER INFLUX FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING RADIAL AQUIFERS

To =I.5 70 =2.0 rD =2.5 fD =3.0 rD =3.5 rD =4.0 rD =4.5

t, weD to W eD t, W eD t, weD tD weD

--~~
tD weD tD w,D
5.0x 10 -? 0.276 5.0~10~' 0.278 1.0x10-' 0.408 3.0x10m 0.755 1.00 1.571 2.00 2.442 2.5 2.835
6.0x10-* 0.304 7.5x10-" 0.345 1.5x10-' 0.509 4.0x10- 0.895 1.20 1.761 2.20 2.598 3.0 3.196
7.0x10-2 0.330 1.0x10-' 0.404 2.0x10-' 0.599 5.0x10 - 1.023 1.40 1.940 2.40 2.748 3.5 3.537
8.0x10-' 0.354 1.25x10-' 0.458 2.5x10-' 0.681 6.0x10 - 1.143 1.60 2.111 2.60 2.893 4.0 3.859
9.0x10m2 0.375 1.50x10-' 0507 3.0x10-' 0.758 7.0x10 - 1.256 1.60 2.273 2.80 3.034 4.5 4.165

1.0x10-' 0.395 1.75x10-' 0.553 3.5x10-' 0.829 8.0~10~ 1.363 2.00 2.427 3.00 3.170 5.0 4.454
11x10~' 0.414 2.00x10-' 0597 4.0x 0-l 0.897 9.0x10 -' 1.465 2.20 2.574 3.25 3.334 5.5 4.727
1.2x10-' 0.431 2.25x10-l 0.638 4.5x 10-l 0.962 1.00 1.563 2.40 2.715 3.50 3.493 6.0 4.986
1.3x10-' 0.446 2.50~10 -' 0.678 5.0x 0-l 1.024 1.25 1.791 2.60 2 649 3.75 3.645 6.5 5.231
1.4x10-' 0.461 2.75x10-l 0.715 5.5x 0-l 1.083 1.50 1.997 2.80 2.976 4.00 3.792 7.0 5.464

1.5x10m' 0.474 3.00x 10 -' 0.751 6.0x 0-l 1.140 1.75 2.184 3.00 3.098 4.25 3.932 7.5 5.684
1.6x10-' 0.486 3.25x10-l 0.785 6.5x 0-l 1.195 2.00 2.353 3.25 3.242 4.50 4.068 8.0 5.892
1.7x10m1 0.497 3.50x10-' 0.817 7.0x 0-l 1.248 2.25 2.507 3.50 3.379 4.75 4.198 8.5 6.089
1.8~10~' 0.507 3.75x10-1 0.848 7.5x 0-l 1.229 2.50 2.646 3.75 3.507 5.00 4.323 9.0 6.276
1.9x10-' 0.517 4.00x10 -' 0.677 8.0x10 -' 1.348 2.75 2.772 4.00 3.628 5.50 4.560 9.5 6.453

2.0x 10 -' 0.525 4.25 x 10 -' 0.905 8.5x10-' 1.395 3.00 2.886 4.25 3.742 6.00 4.779 10 6.621
2.1x10-' 0.533 4.50 x IO -' 0.932 9.0x10 -' 1.440 3.25 2.990 4.50 3.850 6.50 4.982 11 6.930
2.2x10-l 0.541 4.75 x IO -' 0.958 9.5x10m' 1.484 3.50 3.084 4.75 3.951 7.00 5.169 12 7.200
2.3~10~' 0.548 5.00 x 10 -' 0.982 1.0 1.526 3.75 3.170 5.00 4.047 7.50 5.343 13 7.457
2.4x10-l 0.554 5.50x10-' 1.028 1.1 1.605 4.00 3.247 5.50 4.222 8.00 5.504 14 7.680

2.5~10.' 0.559 6.00x10 -' 1.070 1.2 1.679 4.25 3.317 6.00 4.378 8.50 5.653 15 7.880
2.6x10 -' 0.565 6.50x IO-' 1.108 1.3 1.747 4.50 3.381 6.50 4.516 9.00 5.790 16 8.060
2.8x 10 -' 0.574 7.00x10m' 1.143 1.4 1.811 4.75 3.439 7.00 4.639 9.50 5.917 18 8.365
3.0x 10 -' 0.582 7.50x10-' 1.174 1.5 1.870 5.00 3.491 7.50 4.749 10 6.035 20 8.611
3.2x 10 -' 0.588 8.00x10 -' 1.203 1.6 1.924 5.50 3.581 8.00 4.846 11 6.246 22 8.809

3.4x10-' 0.594 9.00x 10-l 1.253 1.7 1.975 6.00 3.656 8.50 4.932 12 6.425 24 8.968
3.6~10~' 0.599 1.00 1.295 1.8 2.022 6.50 3.717 9.00 5.009 13 6.580 26 9.097
3.8x10-' 0.603 1.1 1.330 2.0 2.106 7.00 3.767 9.50 5.078 14 6.712 28 9.200
4.0x10m' 0.606 1.2 1.358 2.2 2.178 7.50 3.809 10.00 5.138 15 6.825 30 9.283
4.5x10-' 0.613 1.3 1.382 2.4 2.241 8.00 3.843 11 5.241 16 6.922 34 9.404
5.0x10m' 0.617 1.4 1.402 2.6 2.294 9.00 3.894 12 5.321 17 7.004 38 9.481
6.0x10-' 0.621 1.6 1.432 2.8 2.340 10.00 3.928 13 5.385 18 7.076 42 9.532
7.0x10 -' 0.623 1.7 1.444 3.0 2.380 11.00 3.951 14 5.435 20 7.189 46 9.565
8.0x10-' 0.624 1.8 1.453 3.4 2.444 12.00 3.967 15 5.476 22 7.272 50 9.586
2.0 1.468 3.8 2.491 14.00 3.985 16 5.506 24 7.332 60 9.612
2.5 1.487 4.2 2.525 16.00 3.993 17 5531 26 7.377 70 9.621
3.0 1.495 4.6 2.551 18.00 3.997 18 5.551 30 7.434 80 9.623
4.0 1499 5.0 2.570 20.00 3.999 20 5579 34 7.464 90 9.624
5.0 1.500 6.0 2.599 22.00 3.999 25 5.611 38 7.481 100 9.625
7.0 2.613 24.00 4.000 30 5621 42 7.490
8.0 2.619 35 5.624 46 7.494
9.0 2.622 40 5.625 50 7.497
10.0 2.624

and Generally, Y is calculated with laboratory-determined

values of FV - 1. Because Y vs. p is generally a straight
y= ph-p line, smoothed values of Ycan be calculated with Eq. 50:
P(FV-,). ~.~..............,._.._,,,,

FV = ratio of volume of oil and its dissolved Y=b+m, . . . (50)

original gas at a given pressure to its
volume at initial pressure, where h= intercept and m =slope.
N = OOIP. STB, The equations for obtaining the least-squares tit to Eqs.
46 and 47 for a given dimensionless time interval, At,.
N,, = cumulative oil produced, STB,
and n data points are
W,] = cumulative water produced. bbl,
R,, = cumulative produced GOR, scf/STB.
B,, = oil FVF, bbl/STB, II

B,q = gas FVF. bbhscf, and nN= c A,-m, i F(t), .(51)

p/1 = bubblepoint pressure. psia. j=l J=I
WATER DRIVE OIL RESERVOIRS 38-11

TABLE 38.5-DIMENSIONLESS WATER INFLUX FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING RADIAL AQUIFERS (continued)

r, = 5.0 rD = 6.0 rD = 7.0 rD =8.0 rD =9.0 r, =lO.O

to W ell
___~
tD W eD tD weD tD weD rD
_-_
weD rD weD

3.0 3.195 6.0 5.148 9.00 6.861 9 6.861 10 7.417 15 9.965

3.5 3.542 6.5 5.440 9.50 7.127 10 7.398 15 9.945 20 12.32
4.0 3.875 7.0 5.724 IO 7.389 11 7.920 20 12.26 22 13.22
4.5 4.193 7.5 6.002 11 7.902 12 a.431 22 13.13 24 14.09
5.0 4.499 8.0 6.273 12 6.397 13 8.930 24 13.98 26 14.95

5.5 4.792 8.5 6.537 13 a.876 14 9.418 26 14.79 28 15.78

6.0 5.074 9.0 6.795 14 9.341 15 9.895 28 15.59 30 16.59
6.5 5.345 9.5 7.047 15 9.791 16 10.361 30 16.35 32 17.38
7.0 5.605 10.0 7.293 16 10.23 17 10.82 32 17.10 34 18.16
7.5 5.854 10.5 7.533 17 10.65 18 11.26 34 17.82 36 18.91

8.0 6.094 11 7.767 18 11.06 19 11.70 36 18.52 38 19.65

a.5 6.325 12 8.220 19 11.46 20 12.13 38 19.19 40 20.37
9.0 6.547 13 8.651 20 11.85 22 12.95 40 19.85 42 21.07
9.5 6.760 14 9.063 22 12.58 24 13.74 42 20.48 44 21.76
10 6.965 15 9.456 24 13.27 26 14.50 44 21.09 46 22.42

11 7.350 16 9.829 26 13.92 28 15.23 46 21.69 48 23.07

12 7.706 17 10.19 28 14.53 30 15.92 48 22.26 50 23.71
13 8.035 18 10.53 30 15.11 34 17.22 50 22.82 52 24.33
14 8.339 19 10.85 35 16.39 38 18.41 52 23.36 54 24.94
15 8.620 20 11.16 40 1749 40 18.97 54 23.89 56 25.53

16 8.879 22 il.74 45 18.43 45 20.26 56 24.39 58 26.11

18 9.338 24 12.16 50 19.24 50 21.42 58 24.88 60 26.67
20 9.731 25 12.50 60 20.51 55 22.46 60 25.36 65 28.02
22 10.07 31 13.74 70 21 45 60 23.40 65 26.48 70 29.29
24 10.35 35 14.40 80 22.13 70 24.98 70 27.52 75 30.49

26 10.59 39 14.93 90 22.63 80 26.26 75 28.48 80 31.61

28 10.80 51 16.05 100 23.00 90 27.28 80 29.36 85 32.67
30 10.89 60 16.56 120 2347 100 28.11 a5 30.18 90 33.66
34 11.26 70 16.91 140 23.71 120 29.31 90 30.93 95 34.60
38 il.46 80 17.14 160 23.85 140 30.08 95 31.63 100 35.48

42 11.61 90 17.27 180 23.92 160 30.58 100 32.27 120 38.51
46 11.71 100 17.36 200 23.96 180 30.91 120 34.39 140 40.89
50 11.79 110 17.41 500 24.00 200 31.12 140 35.92 160 42.75
60 11.91 120 17.45 240 31.34 160 37.04 la0 44.21
70 11.96 130 17.46 280 31.43 180 37.85 200 45.36

80 il.98 140 17.48 320 31.47 200 38.44 240 46.95

90 11.99 150 17.49 360 31.49 240 39.17 280 47.94
100 12.00 160 17.49 400 31.50 280 39.56 320 48.54
120 12.0 180 17.50 500 31.50 320 39.77 360 48.91
200 17.50 360 39.88 400 49.14

220 17.50 400 39.94 440 49.28

440 39.97 480 49.36
480 39.98

uI
and

J=i j=l J=f

The variance of this fit from field data can be calculat-

BEST ESTIMATE
ed by Eq. 53.
Id OF At,
I
02=1 i {A,,-N+m,[F(r)],}? (53) Ato
n /=I
Fig. 38.10-Estimation of reservoirvolumeand waterdrive(van
Everdingen-Timmerman-McMahon method).
The minimum in a plot of variance vs. various assumed
values of At, will be the best estimate of At, and can
be used in Eqs. 51 and 52 to solve for the best estimate
of N and m,, (see Fig. 38. IO).
36-12 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

TABLE 38.6-DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURES FOR FINITE CLOSED RADIAL AQUIFERS

ID=1.5 rD =2.0 r,=25 rD = 3.0 rD = 3.5 r. =4.0 rn =4.5

to PO tLl PO tD
__- tD -~-
PO PO tD PO --
tD PO t, PD

6.0x10-' 0.251 2.2x10-' 0.443 4.0x 10-l 0.565 5.2x10 0.627 1.0 0.802 1.5 0.927 2.0 1.023
8.0x10-' 0.288 2.4x10-l 0.459 4.2x10-l 0.576 5.4x 10 0.636 1.1 0.830 1.6 0.948 2.1 1.040
1.0x10-' 0.322 2.6x10-l 0.476 4.4x 10-l 0.587 5.6x10 0.645 1.2 0.857 1.7 0.968 2.2 1.056
1.2x10-' 0.355 2.8x10-l 0.492 4.6x 10-l 0.598 6.0x10 0.662 1.3 0.882 1.8 0.988 2.3 1.072
1.4x10-l 0.387 3.0x10-' 0.507 4.8% lo-' 0.608 6.5x10 0.683 1.4 0.906 1.9 1.007 2.4 1.087

1.6x10-' 0.420 3.2x10-l 0.522 5.0x lo-' 0.618 7.0x10 0.703 1.5 0.929 2.0 1.025 2.5 1.102
1.8x10-' 0.452 3.4x10-l 0.536 5.2x 10-l 0.682 75x10 0.721 1.6 0.951 2.2 1.059 2.6 1.116
2.0x10-' 0.484 3.6x10-l 0.551 5.4x 10 -' 0.638 8.0x 10 0.740 1.7 0.973 2.4 1.092 2.7 1.130
2.2x10-l 0.516 3.8x10-l 0.565 56x10-' 0.647 8.5x10 0.758 1.8 0.994 2.6 1.123 2.8 1.144
2.4x10 -' 0.548 4.0x10 -' 0.579 5.9x10-' 0.657 9.0x IO 0.776 1.9 1.014 2.8 1.154 2.9 1.158

2.6x10-l 0.580 4.2x10-l 0.593 6.0x 10-l 0.666 9.5x10 0.791 2.0 1.034 3.0 1.184 3.0 1.171
2.8x10 -' 0.612 4.4x10-' 0.607 6.5x 10-l 0.688 1.0 0.806 2.25 1.083 3.5 1.255 3.2 1.197
3.0x10 -' 0.644 4.6x10-l 0.621 7.0x 10-l 0.710 1.2 0.865 2.50 1.130 4.0 1.324 3.1 1.222
3.5x10 -' 0.724 4.8x IO-' 0.634 7.5x10-' 0.731 1.4 0.920 2.75 1.176 4.5 1.392 3.6 1.246
4.0x 10 -' 0.804 5.0x10-' 0.648 8.0x IO-' 0.752 1.6 0.973 3.0 1.221 5.0 1.460 3.8 1.269

4.5x10m' 0.884 6.0x IO -' 0.715 8.5x10-' 0.772 2.0 1.076 4.0 1.401 5.5 1.527 4.0 1.292
5.0x 10 -' 0.964 7.0x 10-l 0.782 9.0x10-' 0.792 3.0 1.328 5.0 1.579 6.0 1.594 4.5 1.349
5.5x10m' 1.044 8.0x10-' 0.849 9.5x 10-l 0.812 4.0 1.578 6.0 1.757 6.5 1.660 5.0 1.403
6.0x10-' 1.124 9.0x10-' 0.915 1.0 0.832 5.0 1.828 7.0 1.727 5.5 1.457
1.o 0.982 2.0 1.215 8.0 1.861 6.0 1.510

2.0 1.649 3.0 1.596 9.0 1.994 7.0 1.615

3.0 2.316 4.0 1.977 10.0 2.127 8.0 1.719
5.0 3.649 5.0 2.358 9.0 1.823
10.0 1.927
11.0 2.031

12.0 2.135
13.0 2.239
14.0 2.343
15.0 2.447

Havlena-Odeh Method. In this method, lo the material- cf = formation compressibility, psi t ,

balance equation is written as tire equation of a straight Cl, = formation water compressibility, psi t ,
line containing two unknown constants, N and m,, Com- s,,. = formation water saturation, fraction, and
bination of the material-balance equation and Eq. 8 yields m = fitting factor.
Eq. 54. (See Fig. 38.10.)
Eq. 54 is the equation of a straight line with a slope
of mP and a y intercept of N.
Nfm, c *PW I -;) WA,
vR,, j=i
Estimates of TD and Are are made and the appropri-
. . . . (54) ate values of W,D are obtained from Table 38.3 or 38.5,
EN,, EN,, according to system geometry. The summation terms in
Eq. 54 then may be calculated and a graph plotted, as
where shown in Fig. 38.11. If a straight line results, the values
of mp and N are obtained from the slope and intercept
of the resulting graph. An increasing slope indicates that
the summation terms are too small, while a decreasing
+p Bf, (cf+Sw~w)(P;
E,tr =B,-B,
slope indicates that the summation terms are too large.
I/ -P,,)
’ I-S,,. The procedure is repeated, using different estimates of
TD and/or Ato until a straight-line plot is obtained. It
should be noted that more than one combination of i-o
and AND may yield a reasonable straight line-i.e., a
straight-line result does not necessarily determine a unique
VR,,= cumulative voidage at the end of interval solution for N and mp.
II, RB.
EN = cumulative expansion per stock-tank barrel Future Performance
OOIP. RB, The future field performance must be obtained from a si-
B, = two-phase FVF, bbl/STB. multaneous solution of the material-balance and water
W,, = cumulative water produced, STB, drive equations. If the reservoir is above saturation pres-
Wi = cumulative water injected. STB. sure, a direct solution is possible; however, if the reser-
G, = cumulative gas injected. scf. voir is below saturation pressure, a trial-and-error
B,, = water FVF, bbl/STB, procedure is necessary.
WATER DRIVE OIL RESERVOIRS 38-13

TABLE 3&G-DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURES FOR FINITE CLOSED RADIAL AQUIFERS (continued)

rD = 5.0 rD =6.0 rD =7.0 rD =8.0 rD = 9.0 rD = 10.0

t, PO ‘0 PO t, PO t, PO tD PD t,
__~ PO
3.0 1.167 4.0 1.275 6.0 1.436 8.0 1.556 10.0 1.651 12.0 1.732
3.1 1.180 4.5 1.322 6.5 1.470 8.5 1.582 10.5 1.673 12.5 1.750
3.2 1.192 5.0 1.364 7.0 1.501 9.0 1.607 11.0 1.693 13.0 1.768
3.3 1.204 5.5 1.404 7.5 1.531 9.5 1.631 11.5 1.713 13.5 1.784
3.4 1.215 6.0 1.441 8.0 1.559 10.0 1.653 12.0 1.732 14.0 1.801

3.5 1.227 6.5 1.477 8.5 1.586 10.5 1.675 12.5 1.750 14.5 1.817
3.6 1.238 7.0 1.511 9.0 1.613 11.0 1.697 13.0 1.768 15.0 1.832
3.7 1.249 7.5 1.544 9.5 1.638 11.5 1.717 13.5 1.786 15.5 1.847
3.8 1.259 8.0 1.576 10.0 1.663 12.0 1.737 14.0 1.803 16.0 1.862
3.9 1.270 8.5 1.607 11.0 1.711 12.5 1.757 14.5 1.819 17.0 1.890

4.0 1.281 9.0 1.638 12.0 1.757 13.0 1.776 15.0 1.835 18.0 1.917
4.2 1.301 9.5 1.668 13.0 1.801 13.5 1.795 15.5 1.851 19.0 1.943
4.4 1.321 10.0 1.698 14.0 1.845 14.0 1.813 16.0 1.867 20.0 1.968
4.6 1.340 11.0 1.757 15.0 1.888 14.5 1.831 17.0 1.897 22.0 2.017
4.8 1.380 12.0 1.815 16.0 1.931 15.0 1.849 18.0 1.926 24.0 2.063

5.0 1.378 13.0 1.873 170 1.974 17.0 1.919 19.0 1.955 26.0 2.108
5.5 1.424 14.0 1.931 18.0 2.016 19.0 1.986 20.0 1.983 28.0 2.151
6.0 1.469 15.0 1.988 19 0 2.058 21.0 2051 22.0 2.037 30.0 2.194
6.5 1.513 16.0 2.045 20.0 2.100 23.0 2.116 24.0 2.090 32.0 2.236
7.0 1.556 17.0 2.103 22.0 2.184 25.0 2.180 26.0 2.142 34.0 2.278

7.5 1.598 18.0 2.160 24.0 2.267 30.0 2.340 28.0 2.193 36.0 2.319
8.0 1.641 19.0 2.217 26.0 2.351 35.0 2.499 30.0 2.244 38.0 2.360
9.0 1.725 20.0 2.274 28.0 2.434 40.0 2.658 34.0 2.345 40.0 2.401
10.0 1.808 25.0 2.560 30.0 2.517 45.0 2.817 38.0 2.446 50.0 2.604
11.0 1.892 30.0 2.846 40.0 2.496 60.0 2.806

12.0 1.975 45.0 2.621 70.0 3.008

13.0 2.059 50.0 2.746
14.0 2.142
15.0 2.225

There are several methods of solution because there are

several possible combinations of the various material-
balance and water drive equations. However, only one
combination will be used to illustrate the general appli-
cation to (1) a reservoir above the bubblepoint pressure,
and (2) a reservoir below the bubblepoint pressure. In
either case, it will be necessary to know (1) the satura-
tions behind the front from laboratory core data or other
sources, (2) the water production as a function of frontal
advance, and (3) the pressure gradient in the flooded por-
tion of the reservoir.
,’
Pressure Gradient Between New and Original Front
Positions. Eq. 55 shows that the difference between the
average reservoir pressure and the pressure at the origi-
nal WOC is a function of water-influx rate, aquifer fluid
and formation properties, and aquifer geometry.
00
0
1 AP%,
e
EN

where FG is the reservoir geometry factor. The linear Fig. 38.11-Estimation of OOIP and mp.
frontal advance is given by

L.f
FG= .,_...,.....,..........I
(56)
0.001127hb

and the radial frontal advance is given by

27r In@, irf)

FG= .____.____............ (-57)
0.00708ha :
38-14 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

TABLE 38.7- DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURES FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING RADIAL AQUIFERS

r,=1.5 rD =2.0 r. =2.5 rD =3.0 rD =3.5 rD = 4.0 rD =6.0

to PD to PD t, PD ‘D PO tD PO tD PO tD
~___ PO
5.0x10-' 0.230 2.0~10~' 0.424 3.0x10-' 0.502 5.0~10~' 0.617 5.0x 10 -' 0.620 1.0 0.802 4.0 1.275
5.5x10-2 0.240 2.2x10-l 0.441 3.5x10-' 0.535 5.5~10~' 0.640 6.0x10-' 0.665 1.2 0.857 4.5 1.320
6.0x10-' 0.249 2.4~10~' 0.457 4.0~10~' 0.564 6.0~10~' 0.662 7.0x10-' 0.705 1.4 0.905 5.0 1.361
7.0x10 -2 0.266 2.6x10-l 0.472 4.5~10~' 0.591 7.0x10m' 0.702 8.0x10 -' 0.741 1.6 0.947 5.5 1.398
8.0x10-' 0.282 2.8x10-' 0.485 5.0x10-' 0.616 8.0x10-' 0.738 9.0x10-' 0.774 1.8 0.986 6.0 1.432

9.0x10-' 0.292 3.0~10~' 0.498 5.5x10-l 0.638 9.0x10m' 0.770 1.0 0.804 2.0 1.020 6.5 1.462
1.0x 10-l 0307 3.5~10~' 0.527 6.0~10~' 0.659 1.0 0.799 1.2 0.858 2.2 1.052 7.0 1.490
1.2x10-' 0.328 4.0x IO-' 0.552 7.0x 10-l 0.696 1.2 0.850 1.4 0.904 2.4 1.080 7.5 1.516
1.4x10-' 0.344 4.5x10-l 0.573 8.0x10-' 0.728 1.4 0.892 1.6 0.945 2.6 1.106 8.0 1.539
1.6x10-' 0.356 5.0~10~' 0.591 9.0x10-' 0.755 1.6 0.927 1.8 0.981 2.8 1.130 8.5 1.561

1.8x10-' 0367 5.5x10-l 0.606 1.0 0778 1.8 0.955 2.0 1.013 3.0 1.152 9.0 1580
2.0x10m' 0.375 6.0x10-' 0.619 1.2 0.815 2.0 0.980 2.2 1.041 3.4 1.190 10.0 1.615
2.2x10-l 0381 6.5~10~' 0.630 1.4 0.842 2.2 1.000 2.4 1.065 3.8 1.222 12.0 1.667
2.4x10-' 0.386 7.0~10~' 0.639 1.6 0.861 2.4 1.016 2.6 1.087 4.5 1.266 14.0 1.704
2.6~10~' 0390 7.5x10-' 0.647 1.8 0.876 2.6 1.030 2.8 1.106 5.0 1.290 16.0 1730

2.8~10~' 0.393 8.0x10-' 0.654 2.0 0.887 2.6 1.042 3.0 1.123 5.5 1.309 18.0 1.749
3.0x10-' 0.396 8.5x 10-l 0.660 2.2 0.895 3.0 1.051 3.5 1.158 6.0 1.325 20.0 1.762
3.5x10m' 0.400 9.0x IO-' 0.665 2.4 0.900 3.5 1.069 4.0 1.183 7.0 1.347 22.0 1.771
4.0x10-' 0.402 9.5x10-' 0.669 2.6 0.905 4.0 1.080 5.0 1.215 8.0 1.361 24.0 1.777
4.5x10-' 0.404 1.0 0.673 2.6 0.908 4.5 1.087 6.0 1.232 9.0 1.370 26.0 1.781

5.0x10 -' 0.405 1.2 0.682 3.0 0.910 5.0 1.091 7.0 1.242 10.0 1.376 28.0 1.784
6.0x IO-' 0.405 1.4 0.688 3.5 0.913 5.5 1.094 8.0 1.247 12.0 1.382 30.0 1.787
7.0x lo- 0.405 1.6 0.690 4.0 0.915 6.0 1.096 9.0 1.240 14.0 1.385 35.0 1.789
8.0x10-' 0.405 1.8 0.692 4.5 0.916 6.5 1.097 10.0 1.251 16.0 1.386 40.0 1.791
2.0 0.692 5.0 0.916 7.0 1.097 12.0 1.252 18.0 1.386 50.0 1.792

2.5 0.693 5.5 0.916 8.0 1.098 14.0 1.253

3.0 0.693 6.0 0.916 10.0 1.099 16.0 1.253

where can be combined with Eqs. 6 and 5.5 and solved for the
Lf = linear penetration of water front into water-influx rate:
reservoir, ft, e w,, =
rf = radius to water front after penetration. ft,
and
*P (,,,, ,) +(*tqr,r/V,+-,,,)-mr 2 oil ,,,,, ,,*PD,
(Y = angle subtended by reservoir, radians. .,= 2

%*PD, +(*tlv,,~,,,)+(ll.,,.F,B/~I, 1
Note that FG is a function of distance traveled by the
front so that, if the pressure gradients between the reser- . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . (59)
voir and the original reservoir boundary are known for
the past history, F, may be evaluated as a function of The calculated water-influx rate now can be used in Eq.
frontal advance. Future values of FG then can be obtained 58 to calculate Ap(,,, and the whole procedure is repeat-
by extrapolating FG as a function of frontal advance on ed for the next time interval. If Eq. 27 is used instead
some convenient plot (linear, semilog, etc.) of Eq. 6, mr= 1 and ApD is replaced by AZ in Eq. 59.

Reservoir Above Bubblepoint Pressure. Above the bub- Reservoir Below Bubblepoint Pressure. To simplify the
blepoint pressure the total compressibility can be assumed calculation procedure, it was assumed that (1) uniform
to be constant; so the material-balance equation saturations exist ahead of and behind the front, (2) the
saturations do not change as any portion of the reservoir
is bypassed, and (3) the changes in pressure are selected
(qr,, -e,,,8 W small enough that the changes in oil FVF’s are very small.
APO,, = +Apo,,,- ,/, . . (58) Fig. 38.12 shows the saturation changes as the front ad-
vl7co, vances into the unflooded reservoir volume I/,- 1 during
time interval n.
where The following equations will be used in this method.
Water influx rate:
*P,,,, = total reservoir pressure drop from initial
pressure at end of interval n, II

q,,, = total production rate, RB/D,

.I -
V,, = total reservoir PV, bbl, and
(60)
c 0, = total reservoir compressibility, psi - ’, m,ApD, -(p,,,.FGlk,,.) ”
WATER DRIVE OIL RESERVOIRS 38-15

TABLE 38.7- DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURES FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING RADIAL AQUIFERS (continued)

ID =8.0 r,=lO ,,=I5 r,=20 r,=25 r,=30 r,=40

to PO tD PO tD PO tD PO tD PO to PO to PO
7.0 1.499 10.0 1.651 20.0 1.960 300 2.148 50.0 2.389 70.0 2.551 12.0x IO 2.813
7.5 1.527 12.0 1.730 22.0 2.003 35.0 2.219 55.0 2.434 80.0 2.615 14.0~10 2.888
8.0 1.554 14.0 1.798 24.0 2.043 40.0 2.282 60.0 3.476 90.0 2.672 16.0~10 2.953
8.5 1.580 16.0 1.856 26.0 2.080 45.0 2.338 65.0 2.514 10.0x10 2.723 18.0~10 3.011
9.0 1.604 16.0 1.907 28.0 2.114 50.0 2.388 70.0 2.550 12.0x 10 2.812 20.0x10 3.063

9.5 1.627 20.0 1.952 30.0 2.146 60.0 2.475 75.0 2.583 14.0x10 2.886 22.0x 10 3.109
10.0 1.648 25.0 2.043 35.0 2.218 70.0 2.547 80.0 2.614 16.0x 10 2.950 24.0x 10 3.152
12.0 1.724 30.0 2.1I1 40.0 2.279 80.0 2.609 85.0 2.643 16.5x 10 2.965 26.0x 10 3.191
14.0 1.786 35.0 2.160 45.0 2.332 90.0 2.658 90.0 2.671 17.0x 10 2.979 28.0x 10 3.226
16.0 1.837 40.0 2.197 50.0 2.379 10.0x10 2.707 95.0 2.697 17.5x10 2.992 30.0x 10 3.259

18.0 1.879 45.0 2.224 60.0 2.455 10.5x10 2.728 10.0x10 2.721 18.0x10 3.006 35.0x 10 3.331
20.0 1.914 50.0 2.245 700 2.513 11.0x10 2.747 12.0x10 2.807 20.0x10 3.054 40.0x 10 3.391
22.0 1.943 55.0 2.260 800 2.558 11.5x10 2.764 14.0~10 2.878 25.0~10 3.150 45.0x10 3.440
24.0 1.967 60.0 2.271 90.0 2.592 12.0~10 2.781 16.0x10 2.936 30.0x10 3.219 50.0x10 3.482
26.0 1.986 65.0 2.279 10.0x10 2.619 12.5x10 2.796 18.0~10 2.984 35.0x10 3.269 55.0x10 3.516

28.0 2.002 70.0 2.285 12.0~10 2.655 13.0x10 2.810 20.0x10 3.024 40.0x10 3.306 60.0x 10 3.545
30.0 2.016 75.0 2.290 14.0x10 2.677 13.5x10 2.823 22.0x10 3.057 45.0~10 3.332 65.0x 10 3.568
35.0 2.040 80.0 2.293 160x10 2.689 14.0~10 2.835 24.0~10 3.085 50.0x10 3.351 70.0x10 3.588
40.0 2.055 90.0 2.297 18.0~10 2.697 14.5x10 2.846 26.0x10 3.107 60.0x10 3.375 80.0x 10 3.619
45.0 2.064 10.0~10 2.300 200x10 2.701 15.0~10 2.857 28.0~10 3.126 70.0x10 3.387 90.0x10 3.640

50.0 2.070 11.0x10 2.301 22.0x10 2.704 16.0~10 2.876 30.0x10 3.142 80.0~10 3.394 10.0x10' 3.655
60.0 2 076 12.0x 10 2.302 24.0x10 2.706 180x10 2.906 35.0~10 3.171 90.0x10 3.397 12.0x10' 3.672
70.0 2.078 13.0x10 2.302 26.0~10 2.707 200x10 2.929 40.0x10 3.189 10.0x10* 3.399 14.0x10~ 3.681
80.0 2 079 14.0x10 2.302 28.0x10 2.707 240x10 2.958 45.0~10 3.200 12.0~10' 3.401 16.0x10* 3.685
16.0x 10 2.303 30.0x10 2.708 28.0x10 2.975 50.0x10 3.207 14.0~10' 3.401 18.0x10* 3.687

30 0x10 2.980 60.0x 10 3.214 20.0 x 10' 3.688

40.0~10 2.992 70.0x10 3.217 25.0x 10' 3.689
50.0x10 2.995 80.0x 10 3.218
90.0 x10 3.219

Flooded and unflooded volumes:

(e I\.,, - 4 it ,, W,,
Al’,, = (61) S
f~(I-sj,,.-sor-s~,) ,,-, “.‘..“’ On-l

% n-l
and Siw

V,,=V,,-, -AL’,. . .

Oil saturation in V,: s

On-l Siw
S
gn-I
S
S On
T' Orn
r s4'" %
S
~RAV, [So,,vm,, -S,,,, I wn Sii
+ -q,,,At, . . (63) L:
B C’,,

Gas production: (b)

vrz[s,,,t
,,-s,,?
1 Fig. 38.12-Saturation change with frontaladvance.
aGPft
= B
h’w,,

+ fRAv&,,, I, -‘<v,> 1 +q
II,,
At jj
!I .’8, (64)
B KI,
38-16 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

TABLE 38.7-DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURES FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING RADIAL AQUIFERS (continued)

r,=50 rD =60 r,=70 r,=80 r,=90 r,=lOO

tD PD t, PO to PO tD PO t, PO t, PD
20.0x 10 3.064 3.0 x 10' 3.257 5.0x10" 3.512 6.0x IO* 3.603 8.0 x10* 3.747 1.0x 10" 3.859
22.0x 10 3.111 4.0x10' 3.401 6.0 x 10’ 3.603 7.0x 10" 3.680 9.0x10' 3.806 1.2x 103 3.949
24.0 x10 3.154 5.0x IO2 3.512 7.0x10' 3.680 8.0x10' 3.747 1.0~10~ 3.858 1.4x lo3 4.026
26.0x10 3.193 6.0 x IO* 3.602 8.0~10' 3.746 9.0x10' 3.805 1.2x 103 3.949 1.6x IO* 4.092
28.0 x10 3.229 7.0 x10* 3.676 9.0x 10' 3.803 10.0x10' 3.857 1.3 x IO3 3.988 1.8x IO3 4.150

30.0 x10 3.263 8.0 x lo* 3.739 10.0~10' 3.854 12.0x IO" 3.946 1.4~10~ 4.025 2.0x IO3 4.200
35.0x10 3.339 9.0 x 102 3.792 12.0x 102 3.937 14.0x 102 4.019 1.5x IO3 4.058 2.5x IO3 4.303
40.0x10 3.405 10.0xlo2 3.832 14.0x 10' 4.003 15.0x lo2 4.051 18~10~ 4.144 3.0x IO3 4.379
45.0 xl0 3.461 12.0~10~ 3.908 16.0x 10' 4.054 16.0x 10' 4.080 2.0 x103 4.192 3.5x 103 4.434
50.0x 10 3.512 14.0~10~ 3.959 18.0~10~ 4.095 18.0x IO' 4.130 2.5 x103 4.285 4.0x lo3 4.478

55.0 x10 3.556 16.0x IO2 3.996 20.0~10~ 4.127 20.0x 10' 4.171 3.0 x 103 4.349 4.5x 103 4.510
60.0x 10 3.595 18.0~10~ 4.023 25.0~10' 4.181 25.0x 10' 4.248 3.5 x102 4.394 5.0x IO3 4.534
65.0x 10 3.630 20.0x10* 4,043 30.0~10~ 4.211 30.0~10~ 4.297 4.0 x lo3 4.426 5.5x IO3 4.552
700x10 3.661 25.0x IO2 4.071 35.0~10' 4.228 35.0x 10' 4.328 4.5 x103 4.446 6.0x IO3 4.565
75.0 x 10 3.668 30.0 x IO2 4.084 40.0~10' 4.237 40.0~10~ 4.347 5.0 x103 4.464 6.5x lo3 4.579

80.0x10 3.713 35.0x 102 4.090 45.0~10' 4.242 45.0x 10' 4.360 6.0 x lo3 4.482 7.0x lo3 4.583
85.0 x10 3.735 40.0x 10" 4.092 50.0~10~ 4.245 50.0x IO2 4.368 7.0 x103 4.491 7.5x IO3 4.588
90.0x10 3.754 450x10 4.093 55.0~10' 4.247 60.0~10~ 4.376 8.0~10~ 4.496 8.0x IO3 4.593
95.0x10 3.771 50.0x102 4.094 60.0~10' 4.247 70.0~10" 4.380 9.0 x lo3 4.498 9.0x IO3 4.598
10.0x 102 3.787 55.0~10' 4.094 65.0~10~ 4.248 80.0~10~ 4.381 10.0~10~ 4.499 10.0~10~ 4.601

12.0x10' 3.833 70.0x102 4.248 90.0x102 4.382 11.0x103 4.499 12.5~10~ 4.604
14.0x 102 3.662 75.0x102 4.248 10.0~10~ 4.382 12.0~10~ 4.500 15.0x IO3 4.605
16.0~10~ 3.881 80.0~10' 4.248 11.0~10~ 4.382 14.0~10~ 4.500
18.0~10~ 3.892
20.0 x102 3.900

22.0x 10' 3.904

24.0~10' 3.907
26.0~10~ 3.909
28.0~10' 3.910

GOR (relative permeability): 6. Calculate the GOR with Eq. 65.

7. Calculate the GOR with Eq. 66 for average values
of pressure and saturation.
(65) 8. Compare the GOR’s obtained in Steps 6 and 7 and,
if they agree, proceed to the next interval. If they do not
agree, estimate a new pressure drop and repeat Steps 2
GOR (production): through 8.
If the water drive equation for unequal time intervals
AGn is used, the need for re-evaluating the pressure functions
R,=----qo,, At, . . .. (66) for each trial in a given interval can be eliminated. This
procedure calls for selecting a given pressure drop and
estimating the length of the next time interval in Steps
For these equations,
1 and 8 and this program. The remaining steps are un-
fR = fraction of reservoir swept,
changed.
S, = oil saturation, fraction,
S, = gas saturation, fraction, Reservoir Simulation Models. The capability of mathe-
S,,. = water saturation, fraction, and matical simulation models to calculate pressure and fluid
Sj,,. = interstitial water saturation, fraction. flow in nonhomogeneous and nonsymmetrical reservoir/
aquifer systems has been thoroughly described in the liter-
One method for solutions using equal time intervals is ature since the early 1960’s. Widespread availability of
as follows. computers and models throughout the industry has helped
1. Estimate the pressure drop during the next time in- to remove many of the idealizations and restrictions re-
terval. garding geometry and/or homogeneity that are a practi-
2. Calculate the water-influx rate with Eq. 60. cal requirement for analysis by traditional methods. These
3. Calculate AL’, and V, with Eqs. 61 and 62. models have the capability to analyze performance for vir-
4. Calculate the oil saturation in V, for the predicted tually any desired description of the physical system, in-
oil production during Interval n with Eq. 63. cluding multipool aquifers. See Chap. 48 for more
5. Calculate gas production with Eq. 64. information.
WATER DRIVE OIL RESERVOIRS 38-17

TABLE 38.7-DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURES FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING RADIAL AQUlFERS(contlnued)

rD =200 fD =300 rD =400 fD = 500 r,=600 rD = 700

to PO t, PO t, PO to PO t, PO t, PO
1.5~10~ 4.061 6.0 x lo3 4.754 1.5x104 5.212 2.0x104 5.356 4.0~10~ 5.703 5.0~10~ 5.814
2.0x103 4.205 8.0~10~ 4.896 2.0~10~ 5.356 2.5~10~ 5.468 4.5~10~ 5.762 6.0~10~ 5.905
2.5x lo3 4.317 10.0~10~ 5.010 3.0~10~ 5.556 3.0 x lo4 5.559 5.0~10~ 5.814 7.0~10~ 5.982
3.0x 103 4.408 12.0~10~ 5.101 4.0x104 5.689 3.5x104 5.636 6.0~10~ 5.904 8.0~10~ 6.048
3.5x 103 4.485 14.0~10~ 5.177 5.0~10~ 5.781 4.0 x lo4 5.702 7.0~10~ 5.979 9.0~10~ 6.105

4.0x 1034.552 16.0~10~ 5.242 6.0~10" 5.845 4.5x IO4 5.759 8.0x10" 6.041 10.0~10~ 6.156
5.0x10" 4.663 18.0~10~ 5.299 7.0~10~ 5.889 5.0x104
5.810 9.0x104 6.094 12.0~10~ 6.239
6.0~10~ 4.754 20.0~10~ 5.348 8.0~10~ 5.920 6.0~10~ 5.894 10.0~10~ 6.139 14.0~10~ 6.305
7.0x103 4.829 24.0~10" 5.429 9.0x104 5.942 7.0x104 5.960 12.0~10~ 6.210 16.0~10~ 6.357
8.0~10~ 4.894 28.0~10" 5.491 10.0~10~ 5.957 8.0x10" 6.013 14.0~10~ 6.262 18.0~10~ 6.398

9.0~10~ 4.949 30.0~10~ 5.517 11.0~10~ 5.967 9.0x104 6.055 16.0~10~ 6.299 20.0~10~ 6.430
10.0x103 4.996 40.0~10" 5.606 12.0~10~ 5.975 10.0x10' 6.088 18.0~10~ 6.326 25.0~10~ 6.484
12.0x103 5.072 50.0~10~ 5.652 12.5~10~ 5.977 12.0~10" 6.135 20.0~10~ 6.345 30.0~10~ 6.514
14.0x103 5.129 60.0~10~ 5.676 13.0~10~ 5.980 14.0~10~ 6.164 25.0~10~ 6.374 35.0~10~ 6.530
16.0~10" 5.171 70.0~10" 5.690 14.0~10~ 5.983 16.0x10" 6.183 30.0~10~ 6.387 40.0~10~ 6.540

18.0~10~ 5.203 80.0~10~ 5.696 16.0~10~ 5.988 18.0~10~ 6.195 35.0~10~ 6.392 45.0~10~ 6.545
20.0x 1035.227 90.0x103 5.700 18.0~10~ 5.990 20.0~10~ 6.202 40.0~10~ 6.395 50.0~10~ 6.548
25.0~10~ 5.264 10.0~10~ 5.702 200x10" 5.991 25.0~10~ 6.211 50.0~10~ 6.397 60.0~10~ 6.550
30.0x103 5.282 12.0~10~ 5.703 24.0~10~ 5.991 30.0x104 6.213 60.0~10~ 6.397 70.0~10~ 6.551
35.0x 103 5.290 140~10~ 5.704 26.0~10~ 5.991 35.0~10~ 6.214 80.0~10~ 6.551

40.0x 1035.294 15.0x10" 5.704 40.0~10" 6.214

Nomenclature

A = constant described by Eq. 46 J, = aquifer productivity index, B/D-psi

b = intercept k = permeability, md
B, = gas FVF, bbl/STB L = aquifer length, ft
B, = oil FVF, bbl/STB Lf = linear penetration of water front into
B, = two-phase FVF, bbl/STB reservoir, ft
B,,. = water FVF, bbl/STB m = fitting factor (see Page 38-7); ratio of
cf = formation compressibility, psi -I initial reservoir free-gas volume to
C (,, = total reservoir compressibility, psi-’ initial reservoir oil volume; slope
c,~ = formation water compressibility, psi -I mF = proportionality factor
cwt = total aquifer compressibility, psi - ’ mrJ = influx constant, bbl/psi (see Eqs. 9
d = geometry term obtained from Table and IO)
38.1 m,. = rate constant, psiibbl-D (see Eqs. 3
e,,. = water influx rate, B/D through 5)
e WB = water influx rate at Reservoir B, B/D n = interval
e I,,111,,I = water-influx rate at interval n+ 1 -j, N = OOIP, STB
BID N,, = time interval number
,, = total water influx rate at interval
c 1v1 y,, = cumulative oil produced, STB
n, B/D P ‘I = average aquifer pressure, psi
E,li = cumulative expansion per stock-tank PN, = initial aquifer pressure, psi
barrel OOIP, bbl ph = bubblepoint pressure, psi
f~ = fraction of reservoir swept pi = dimensionless pressure term
F = approximation to po and a function of PD(A,B) = dimensionless pressure term for
type of aquifer Reservoir B with respect to
FG = reservoir geometry factor Reservoir A
F(r) = influence function P II’= pressure at original WOC, psi
FV = ratio of volume of oil and its dissolved P II’,, = cumulative pressure drop at the end of
original gas at a given pressure to interval n, psi
its volume at initial pressure Ape = known dimensionless field pressure
G, = cumulative gas injected, scf drop at original WOC
!I = aquifer thickness, ft APO, = dimensionless pressure drop to time
j = summation of time period 1 fo,, period i
38-18 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

TABLE 38.7- DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURES FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING RADIAL AQUIFERS (continued)

rD = 800 rD = 900 rD =I,000 rD =I,200 fD =1.400 rD =1,600

to PO tLJ PO tL7 PO t, PO t, PO tD PO

7.0x10" 5.983 8.0x 10' 6.049 1.0x IO5 6.161 2.0 x105 6.507 2.0x lo5 6.507 2.5~10~ 6.619
8.0~10~ 6.049 9.0 x104 6.106 1.2~10~ 6.252 3.0x 105 6.704 2.5~10~ 6.619 3.0x 105 6.710
9.0x lo4 6.108 10.0x lo4 6.161 1.4~10~ 6.329 4.0 x lo5 6.833 3.0x IO5 6.709 3.5x105 6.787
100x10~ 6160 120~10~ 6251 1.6~10" 6.395 5.0 x 105 6.918 3.5x 105 6.785 4.0x105 6.853
12.0x104 6.249 14.0x lo4 6.327 1.8~10~ 6.452 6.0~10~ 6.975 4.0x105 6.849 5.0x lo5 6.962

140x104 6322 160~10~ 6.392 2.0~10~ 6.503 7.0x10" 7.013 5.0x105 6.950 6.0~10~ 7.046
16.0~10~ 6.382 18.0x lo4 6.447 2.5~10~ 6.605 8.0x10" 7.038 6.0~10~ 7.026 7.0x 105 7.114
180x104 6432 20.0 x lo4 6.494 3.0x105 6.681 9ox105 7.056 7.0x IO5 7.082 8.0~10~ 7.167
20.0x104 6.474 25.0 x lo4 6.587 3.5~10~ 6.738 10.0x10~ 7.067 8.0x lo5 7.123 9.0 x 105 7.210
250x10" 6551 300x10" 6652 4.0~10" 6.781 120x105 7.080 9.0x105 7.154 10.0x lo5 7.244

30.0x104 6.599 40.0 x104 6.729 4.5x lo5 6.813 14.0x105 7.085 10.0x 105 7.177 15.OxlO~ 7.334
35.0x104 6.630 45.0x10" 6.751 5.0~10~ 6.837 16.0 x lo5 7.088 15.0x IO5 7.229 20.0x IO5 7.364
40.0x lo4 6.650 50.0x10" 6.766 5.5~10~ 6.854 18.0~10" 7.089 20.0~10~ 7.241 25.0~10~ 7.373
45.0 x lo4 6.663 55.0x10" 6.777 6.0~10~ 6.868 19.0x105 7.089 25.0~10~ 7.243 30.0~10~ 7.376
50.0x10" 6.671 60.0~10" 6.785 7.0~10~ 6.885 20.0 x 105 7.090 30.0~10~ 7.244 35.0~10~ 7.377

550x104 6.676 70.0 x104 5.794 8.0~10~ 6.895 21.0x105 7.090 31.0~10~ 7.244 40.0~10~ 7.378
60.0x lo4 6.679 80.0x IO4 6.798 9.0x lo5 6.901 22.0x105 7.090 32.0~10~ 7.244 42.0~10~ 7.378
70.0x10" 6.682 90.0 x IO4 6.800 10.0~10~ 6.904 23.0 x10' 7.090 33.0x 10' 7.24 44.0x IO5 7.378
80.0 x lo4 6.684 10.0 x IO5 6.801 12.0~10~ 6.907 24.0 x lo5 7.090
100.0x10" 6.684 14.0~10~ 6.907
16.0~10~ 6.908

APO, = dimensionless pressure drop to time v

M,
initial water volume in the aquifer, bbl
=
period j aquifer width, ft
w =

APL = total pressure drop at WOC (calculated W rD = dimensionless water-influx term

using reservoir expansion rates). psi we,, = cumulative water influx at end of
Apy = total pressure drop at original WOC interval n, bbl
(field data), psi w,, = W,.,,,p,i, total aquifer expansion
*PO,+I-.;) = average pressure drop in interval, psi capacity, bbl
pressure drop at Reservoir A caused w; = cumulative water injected, bbl
AP,,,A,B) =
by Reservoir B, psi w,, = cumulative water produced, bbl

APIA,, = total pressure drop at Reservoir A at Y= constant described by Eqs. 49 and 50

end of interval H. psi z= resistance function
A,-.],. = total pressure drop at WOC (calculated z,, = new values of Z
using reservoir voidage rates), psi CY= angle subtended by reservoir, radians

Yo,, = total oil production rate at end of 6e ,,,,, = correction to e,,.,,

interval n. BID @?f,, = correction to A pi,,

total production rate. B/D Pl!, = water viscosity, cp
02 = variance
aquifer radius, ft
dimensionless radius=r,,/r,,. dJ= porosity, fraction
radius to water front after
penetration, ft
TABLE 38.8-DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURES FOR
r,,, = field radius, ft FINITE-CLOSED LINEAR AQUIFERS
J/, = cumulative produced GOR, scf/STB to PO -!k- PO
R .’3, = average solution GOR at end of o.005 0.07979 0.18 0.47900
interval n, scf/STB 0.01 0.11296 0.20 0.50516
0.02 0.15958 0.22 0.53021
gas saturation, fraction
0.03 0.19544 0.24 0.55436
interstitial water saturation, fraction 0.04 0.22567 0.26 0.57776
oil saturation, fraction
0.05 0.25231 0.28 0.60055
residual oil saturation at end of interval 0.06 0.27639 0.30 0.62284
n. fraction 0.07 0.29854 0.4 0.72942
0.08 0.31915 0.5 0.83187
St, = formation water saturation, fraction
0.09 0.33851 0.6 0.93279
fD = dimensionless time
0.10 0.35682 0.7 1.03313
AIn = dimensionless time interval
0.12 0.39088 0.8 1.13326
VP = total reservoir PV. bbl 0.14 0.42224 0.9 1.23330
VR = cumulative voidage, bbl 0.16 0.45147 1.0 1.33332
 WATER DRIVE OIL RESERVOIRS 38-19

TABLE 38.7-DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURES FOR FINITE OUTCROPPING RADIAL AQUIFERS (continued)

r,=1,800 rD =2,000 rD =2,200 rD =2,400 rD = 2,600 rD =2,800 rD = 3,000

tD PO to PO t, PO tD PO tD PO t, PD tD PO

3.0~10~ 6.710 4.0x105 6.854 5.0~10~ 6.966 6.0~10~ 7.057 7.0~10~ 7.134 8.0x lo5 7.201 1.0~10~ 7.312
4.0~10~ 6.854 5.0x105 6.966 5.5~10~ 7.013 7.0~10" 7.134 8.0~10~ 7.201 9.0x lo5 7.260 1.2x106 7.403
5.0x IO5 6.965 6.0x105 7.056 6.0~10~ 7.057 8.0~10~ 7.200 9.0x105 7.259 10.0x IO5 7.312 1.4~10~ 7.480
6.0~10~ 7.054 7.0x 105 7.132 6.5~10~ 7.097 9.0x105 7.259 10.0~10~ 7.312 12.0x105 7.403 1.6~10" 7.545
7.0x 105 7.120 8.0~10~ 7.196 7.0~10~ 7.133 10.0~10~ 7.310 12.0~10~ 7.401 16.0~10~ 7.542 1.8~10~ 7.602

8.0~10~ 7.188 9.0 x lo5 7.251 7.5x105 7.167 12.0x lo5 7.398 14.0~10~ 7.475 20.0x lo5 7.644 2.0 x 10" 7.651
9.0x IO5 7.238 lO.Ox10~ 7.298 8.0~10" 7.199 16.0~10~ 7.526 16.0~10~ 7.536 24.0~10~ 7.719 2.4 x IO6 7.732
10.0x lo5 7.280 12.0x105 7.374 8.5~10~ 7.229 20.0~10~ 7.611 18.0~10~ 7.588 28.0x105 7.775 2.8 x 106 7.794
15.0x 105 7.407 14.0x105 7.431 9.0x105 7.256 24.0x IO5 7.668 20.0x lo5 7.631 30.0x 105 7.797 3.0 x106 7.820
20.0x 105 7.459 16.0~10" 7.474 10.0~10~ 7.307 28.0~10~ 7.706 24.0~10~ 7.699 35.0x lo5 7.840 3.5~10~ 7.871

30.0 x lo5 7.489 18.0~10~ 7.506 12.0~10~ 7.390 30.0~10" 7.720 28.0~10~ 7.746 40.0x lo5 7.870 4.0 x IO6 7.908
40.0x105 7.495 20.0 x lo5 7.530 16.0~10~ 7.507 35.0~10' 7.745 30.0~10~ 7.765 50.0x 105 7.905 4.5x106 7.935
50.0x lo5 7.495 25.0~10" 7.566 20.0~10~ 7.579 40.0~10" 7.760 35.0~10~ 7.799 60.0x lo5 7.922 5.0x106 7.955
51.0x105 7.495 30.0x10" 7.584 25.0~10~ 7.631 50.0~10" 7.775 40.0~10~ 7.621 70.0x IO5 7.930 6.0x lo6 7.979
52.0x i05 7.495 35.0x105 7.593 30.0~10~ 7.661 60.0~10" 7.780 50.0~10~ 7.845 80.0x i05 7.934 7.0x106 7.992

53.0x 105 7.495 40.0x10" 7.597 35.0~10" 7.677 70.0~10~ 7.782 60.0~10~ 8.656 90.0x lo5 7.936 S.OXlO~ 7.999
54.0x lo5 7.495 50.0x10" 7.600 40.0~10" 7.686 80.0~10" 7.783 70.0~10~ 7.860 10.0x 10" 7.937 9.0x106 8.002
56.0x IO5 7.495 60.0~10" 7.601 50.0x IO5 7.693 90.0x10" 7.783 80.0~10~ 7.862 12.0x 10" 7.937 10.0~10~ 8.004
64.0x IO5 7.601 60.0~10" 7.695 95.0x10" 7.783 90.0x105 7.863 13.0x IO6 7.937 12.0 x 106 8.006
70.0 x105 7.696 1O.OXlO~ 7.863 150x10~ 8.006
80.0~10" 7.696

Key Equations With SI Units

The equations in this chapter may be used directly with 3(8.527 x 10 -5)kbh
practical SI units without conversion factors, except for J,= tLM.L , . .(41)
certain equations containing numerical constants. These
equations are repeated here with appropriate constants for
SI units. Lf
FG= 8,527x,o-5 hb, .. ...

P II

112 r = . (3)
8.527~10-~ kha’ .“““’ and

2a In(r,/rf)
P ,I’ FG= 5,36x1o-4 ha, .............. .....
mr= (4)
8,527x10-” kh’ ...“.“’

where
!J ,J k is in md,
t?lr= (5)
8.527x10-” khb’ “‘....’ h is in m,
b is in m,
m,,=(l)& ,,‘bar,,?,
, (9) L is in m,
rD is dimensionless,
m,,=(1)r#x,,.,hb2, . . (10) r,,. is in m.
p,,. is in mPa*s,
8.527 x 10 -s kt c,,., is in kPa - ’,
tD = (20)
(#)(‘b,,,p,,p ’ . J, is in mj/d*kPa,
~1,. is in kPa/m3 *d,
tnp is in m3/kPa,
5.36x 1O-1 kh
FG is in m-‘, and
Jo = p,,,,(ln rD -0.75) - (40)
01 is in radians.
38-20 PETROLEUM ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

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AIME (1949) 186. 305-24. to the Unsteady~State PartiallWater-Drive Reservoir Performance Prob-
2. Mottada, M.: “A Practical Method for Treating Oillield Interference lem,” .Soc. Per. Eng. J. (Sept. 1961) 184-94; Trans., AIME. 222.
in Water-Drive Reservoirs,” J. Per. Twh. (Dec. 1955) 217-26;
Trurts.. AIME. 204. Howard, D.S. Jr. andRachford, H.H. Jr.: “Comparison of Pressure Dis-
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Calculatmg Water Influx,” J. Pet. Tech. (Dec. 1960) 58-60; Trms., Tech. (April 1956) 92-98; Trans., AIME. 207.
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4. Hicks. A.L. ( Weber, A.G., and Ledbetter, R.L.: “Computing Tech- Hurst, W.: “Water Influx Into a Reservoir and Its Application to the
mques for Water-Drive Reservoirs,” J. PH. Twh. (June 1959) Equation of Volumetric Balance.” Trans., AIME (1943) 151, 57-72.
65-67; Trum.. AIME. 216.
5. Hutchwon. T.S. and Sikora. V.J.: “A Generaltzed Water-Drive Hutchinson. T.S. and Kemp, C.E.: “An Extended Analysis of Bottom-
Analysis.“J. Prt. T&r. (July 1959) 169-78; Trclns.. AIME, 216. Water-Drive Reservoir Performance,” J. Pet. Tech. (Nov. 1956)
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7. Fetkovich. M.J.: “A Simplified Approach to Water lntlux Lowe. R.M.: “Performance Predictions of the Marg Tex Oil Reservoir
Calculations-Finite Aquifer Systems.” J. Pc~t. T&I. (July 1971) Using Unsteady-State Calculations,” J. Per. Tech. (May 1967) 595-600.
814m28.
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and Water Drive from Pressure and Production Hratory,” Trtrnv., c&s.” J. Pej. Tech. (Dec. 1960) 55-57: Trms AIME, 219.
AIME (194Y) 186, 92-99.
9. Van Everdingen. A.F.. Timmerman. E.H., and McMahon, J.J.: Mueller, T.D. and Witherspoon, P.A : “Pressure Interference Effects
“Application of the Material Balance Equation to a Partial Water- Within Reservoirs and Aquifers.” J. Per. Tech. (April 1956)471-74;
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IO. Havlena. D. and Odrh. A.S.. “The Material Balance as an Equation Nabor. G.W. and Barham, R.H.: “Linear Aquifer Behawor.” J. Per.
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Chatas, A.T.: “A Practical Treatment of Nonstcady-State Flow Prob- Stewart, F.M.. Callaway. F.H., and Gladfelter. R.E.: “Comparisons ot
lems in Rew-voir System-I.” Per. Enx. (May 1953) B42- Methods for Analyzing a Water Drive Field. Torchlight Tensleep
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Chatas, A.T.: “A Practical Treatment of Nonsteady-State Flow Prob AIME, 201.
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Wooddy, L.D. Jr. and Moore, W.D.: “Performance Calculations for
Chatas. A.T.: “A Practical Treatment of Nonsteady-State Flow Prob- Reservoirs with Natural or Artificial Water Drtves.” J. PH. Twh. (Aug.
lems in Reservoir Systems-III.” Per. Eng. (Aug. 1953) B46- 1957) 245-5 I; Trans., AIME, 210