Lesson 1

LESSON 1
An Exercise to Determine Your Educational Philosophy Find out to

which philosophy you adhere. To what extent does each statement
apply to you? Rate yourself 4 if you agree with the statement always, 3
if you agree but not always, 2 if you agree sometimes, and 2 if you
agree sometimes, and 1 if you don’t agree at all.
STATEMENT 1234
1. There is no substitute for concrete experience __ _/_ __ __
in learning.
2. The focus of education should be the ideas that __ __ _/_ __
relevant as today as when they were first conceived.
3. Teachers must not force their students learn the __ __ _/_ __
matter if it does not interest them.
4. Schools must develop students’ capacity to reason _/_ __ __ __
by stressing on the humanities.
5. In the classroom, students must be encouraged to __ __ __ _/_
interact with one another to develop social virtues such as cooperation
and respect.
6. Students should read and analyze the Great Books, __ __ _/_ __
the creative works of history’s finest thinkers and writers.
7. Help students expand their knowledge by helping them __ __ __ _/_
apply their previous experiences in solving new problems.
8. Our course of study should be general, not specialized; __ _/_ __ __
liberal, not vocational; humanistic, not technic
9. There is no universal, inborn human nature, We are born __ __ _/_
__
and exist and then we ourselves freely determine our essence.
10. Human beings are shaped by their environment. __ __ _/_ __
11. Schools should stress on the on the teaching of _/_ __ __ __
basic skills.
12. Change of environment can change a person _/_ __ __ __
13. Curriculum should emphasize on the traditional __ _/_ __ __
disciplines such as math, natural science, history grammar, literature.
14. Teacher cannot impose meanings; students make __ _/_ __ __
Meaning of what they are taught.
15. Schools should help individuals accept themselves __ __ _/_ __
accept themselves as unique individuals and accept responsibility for
their feelings, thoughts and actions.
16. Learners produce knowledge based on the experiences. __ _/_ __
__
17. For the learner to acquire the basic skills, s/he must __ __ _/_ __
go through the rigor and discipline of serious study.
18. The teacher and the school head must prescribe what __ __ _/_ __
is most important for the students learn.
19. The truth shines in an atmosphere of genuine dialogue. __ __ _/_ __
20. A learner must be allowed to learn at his/her own pace. __ __ _/_
__
A
TEST YOUR MASTERY. You may need to research further in order to
gain mastery. The first exercise in this lesson (An exercise to
determine your life philosophy) may help. To which philosophy does
each theory of man belong? A person:
Behaviorism 1. Is a product of his environment.
Existentialism 2. Has no universal nature.
Perennialism 3. Has rational and moral powers.
Behaviorism 4. Has no choice; he is determined by his

environment.
Existentialism 5. Can choose what he can become.
Behaviorism 6. Is a complex combination of matter that responds

to physical stimuli.
Behaviorism 7. Has no free will.
Perennialism 8. Has the same essential nature with others.
Perennialism 9. Is a rational animal.
Existentialism 10. First exists then defines him/herself

Progressivism 11. Is a social animal who learns well through an
active interplay with others.
Behaviorism 12. Is a communicating being.
Behaviorism 13. Is a maker of meaning.
Perennialism 14. A constructor of knowledge
Perennialism 15. Is a product of changes and experiences.

B. Upon which philosophy/ies is each program/practice anchored?
1. Back-to-the Basic Movement Essentialism
2. Conduct of National Achievement Test to test acquisition of
elementary/secondary learning competencies Essentialism
3. Use of the Great Books Perennialism
4. Use of rewards and incentives Behaviorism
5. Learners learning at their own pace Progressivism
6. Use of simulation and problem-solving method Essentialism
7. Mastery of the 3 r’s Essentialism
8. The traditional approach to education Essentialism
9. Subject matter-centered teaching Essentialism
10. Student-centered teaching Behaviorism
11. Authoritarian approach to teaching Essentialism
12. Non-authoritarian approach to teaching Perennialism/

Essentialism
13. Making meaning of what is taught Essentialism

14. Understanding message through verbal, non-verbal and para-
verbal means Behaviorism
15. Asking learners to draw meaning from what they are taught
Behaviorism/ Essentialism
1. Essentialism
2. Essentialism
3. Essentialism
4. Behaviorism
5. Perennialism
6. Progressivism
7. Perennialism
8. Behaviorism
9. Essentialism
10. Behaviorism
11. Essentialism
12. Behaviorism
13. Essentialism
14. Progressivism
15. Progressivism
C.
Progressivism Existentialism
Perenialism Reconstructionism
Essentialism
Behaviorism Constructionism
D. Research work. Research on the following

philosophies. Those marked with asterisk (*) are a
must. Give the gist of each philosophy. Cite those
thoughts with which you agree and also those with
which you disagree.
1. Christian philosophy (*)
- Christian philosophy is the set of philosophical ideas initiated by
Christians from the 2nd century to the present day. Christian
philosophy emerged with the aim of reconcile science and faith,
starting from natural rational explanations with the help of Christian
revelation.
2. rationalism
- Rationalism is the philosophical view that knowledge is acquired
through reason, without the aid of the senses. Mathematical
knowledge is the best example of this, since through rational
thought alone we can plumb the depths of numerical relations,
construct proofs, and deduce ever more complex mathematical
concepts.
3. empiricism
- empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or
primarily from sensory experience. It is one of several views of
epistemology, along with rationalism and skepticism. Empiricism
emphasizes the role of empirical evidence in the formation of ideas,
rather than innate ideas or traditions.
4. pragmatism
- Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that considers words and
thought as tools and instruments for prediction, problem solving,
and action, and rejects the idea that the function of thought is to
describe, represent, or mirror reality.
5. reconstructionism
- Reconstructionism/Critical Theory Social reconstructionism is a
philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a
quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy.
Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights
social reform as the aim of education.
6. Confucianism (*)
- The worldly concern of Confucianism rests upon the belief that
human beings are fundamentally good, and teachable, improvable,
and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor,
especially self-cultivation and self-creation. Confucian thought
focuses on the cultivation of virtue in a morally organized world.
7. Hindu philosophy
- Hindus focus on shiksha (education) as value based worthwhile
learning (Chinta Mani Yogi). They believe that through education,
one can attain the skills essential for living/survival but vidya is
attained for life. Through shiksha, one can become successful but
having vidya, is having the ability to attain wisdom.
8. Buddhist philosophy
- The chief aim of Buddhist education is all round development of
child's personality. This includes his physical, mental, moral and
intellectual development. The other aims of Buddhist Education are
to make a free man, a wise, intelligent, moral, non-violent & secular
man.
9. Paolo Freire’s philosophy (*)
- Paulo Freire is often described as a humanistic, militant educator
who believed that solutions in education are always found in
concrete context. Students should be asked what they want to learn.
There must be a collaboration, union and cultural synthesis.
10. Socrate’s philosophy
- Socrates believed that philosophy should achieve practical results
for the greater well-being of society. He attempted to establish an
ethical system based on human reason rather than theological
doctrine.

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LESSON 1

An Exercise to Determine Your Educational Philosophy Find out to

Existentialism 2. Has no universal nature.

Perennialism 3. Has rational and moral powers.

Behaviorism 4. Has no choice; he is determined by his

Behaviorism 6. Is a complex combination of matter that responds

Perennialism 8. Has the same essential nature with others.

Perennialism 9. Is a rational animal.

Existentialism 10. First exists then defines him/herself

Perennialism 14. A constructor of knowledge

Perennialism 15. Is a product of changes and experiences.

3. Use of the Great Books Perennialism

4. Use of rewards and incentives Behaviorism

5. Learners learning at their own pace Progressivism

6. Use of simulation and problem-solving method Essentialism

7. Mastery of the 3 r’s Essentialism

8. The traditional approach to education Essentialism

9. Subject matter-centered teaching Essentialism

10. Student-centered teaching Behaviorism

11. Authoritarian approach to teaching Essentialism

12. Non-authoritarian approach to teaching Perennialism/

13. Making meaning of what is taught Essentialism

D. Research work. Research on the following

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