Biology 

project 
Topic​: microbes in
human welfare

BY : HARROOP SINGH
CLASS : XII
SECTION : K
Acnowledgement 
 

 
I would like to express my special thanks and
gratitude to my teacher (Mrs Kanika Soni) who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic (microbes in human welfare),
which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and
i came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.
Table of Contents 
● What are microbes?
● What is Microbiology?
● Applications of Microbiology
● Microbes in Household Products
● Microbes as Source of Food
● Microbes in Industrial Products
● Fermented Beverages
● Antibiotics
● Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive
Molecules
● Microbes in Sewage Treatment
● Primary treatment
● Secondary treatment or Biological treatment
● Microbes in Production of Biogas
● Microbes as a Biocontrol Agent
● Biological control of pest and disease
● Microbes as Biofertilizers
What are Microbes? 
Microbes are available all around, in air, water, soil and so on likewise in
extraordinary conditions, extremophiles microbes are developed in
media to develop colonies, seen with the bare eye.
Microbes​ are various – bacteria, fungi, protozoa, bacteria, fungi and
minute plants viruses, viroids furthermore prions (proteinaceous agents
of infection)

What is Microbiology? 
“​
Micro​” - (symbol μ) is a unit prefix in the metric system denoting a
factor of 10−6 (too small to be seen with the naked eye), “​ Bio​” - the
Greek root word bio means 'life.' and “​ Logy​” -logy is a suffix in the
English language means “the study of”.
Microbiology​ is the study of very small living organisms called
microorganisms/ microbes.
Fig: Role of Microorganisms
Applications of Microbiology 
● Food production eg: bread
● beverage production eg: beer
● Microbes in biogas production
● As biocontrol agents
● In sewage treatment
● Bioremediation: decontamination of hazardous
wastes
● As biofertilizers
● As a source of food single cell protein (SCP)
● Useful industrial products like ethanol fuel
● production of antibiotics
● production of amino acids
● Genetic engineering: pharmaceuticals
● making vaccines
● helps in making curd
● help in enzyme production eg: proteases,lipases,etc
● help as insecticides
● enhancing soil fertility
(A)Microbes in Household 
Products 
● Lactic Corrosive Bacteria (LAB) develop in milk and change it into
curd.
● LAB produces acids that coagulate and incompletely process milk
proteins.
● LAB enhances dietary nature of milk by expanding vitamin B12
● LAB assumes a critical role in checking disease bringing about
microbes.
● Dough used to make dosa and idli is likewise matured by bacteria.
● The puffed-up appearance of the mixture is because of the
creation of CO2.
● Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is accustomed to
making bread.
● Large openings in ​'Swiss chedda​r' are because of the creation of
a huge measure of CO2 by a bacterium named
Propionibacterium shermanii​.
● The ​'Roquefort cheddar​' is aged by particular fungi, which gives
particular flavor.
 (B)Microbes as Source of 
Food 
It alludes to the microbial biomass or aggregate protein add up to
separated from uncontaminated microbial cell culture (monoculture) and
this may be utilized as a protein supplement. It is utilized in light of the
fact that: -

● They have high protein and low-fat substance.

● It is a great wellspring of vitamins especially B-complex.
● It can be created consistently.
● Waste materials are utilized as a substrate for the generation of
these proteins.
● SCP life forms develop easily and quickly.
● some common single celled proteins are : spirulina, rhodobacter
capsulatus , chlorella , trichoderma , aspergillus oryzae etc
 (C)Microbes in Industrial 
Products 
● Microbes are utilized as a part of industry to combine and develop
various items
● Beverages, chemicals, natural acids, vitamins and anti-infection
agents are a few cases.
● Microbes are developed in huge vessels called fermenters.

(1) Fermented Beverages  

● Yeasts​ are utilized for generation of beverages like rum, beer,
wine, brew, whiskey, liquor or rum.
● Saccharomyces cerevisiae​ ordinarily called 'brewer's yeast
utilized for fermenting malted oats and natural product juices to
deliver ethanol.
● The sort of crude material utilized for fermentation and preparing
diverse sorts of mixed beverages are delivered.
● Wine and lager are delivered without distillation.
● Whisky, rum, and brandy are delivered by distillation of the
fermented soup​.
(2)Antibiotics 
● Antibiotics​ are the synthetic substances which are delivered by a
few microbes and can kill or retard the development of different
microbes.
● The first anti-infection found is the ​
penicillin​, prepared from a
fungus ​Penicillium notatum​.
● Antibiotics have extraordinarily enhanced our ability to treat
dangerous diseases, for example, diphtheria, plague, leprosy and
whooping cough​.

Antibio Producer Activ Site or mode of

tic organism ity action

Penicil Penicillium Gram-positive Wall

lin chrysogenum bacteria synthesis

Erythrom Streptomyces Gram-positive Protein

ycin erythreus bacteria synthesis

Streptomy Streptomyces Gram-negative Protein

cin griseus bacteria synthesis

Rifamy Streptomyces Tubercul Protein

cin mediterranei osis synthesis

Bacitra Bacillus Gram-positive Wall

cin subtilis bacteria synthesis
(3)Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules 
● Aspergillus niger​(a fungus) produces ​citric acid.
● Clostridium butylicum​(a bacterium) deliver ​butyric acid.
● Acetobacter aceti​(a bacterium) gives ​acetic acid​ .
● Lactobacillus​(a bacterium) gives ​lactic acid​
.
● Lipases​are utilized as a part of cleanser delivered by
microbes.
● Pectinase, proteases, ​and​ cellulase​make packaged organic
product juices clearer.
● Streptokinase​delivered by S ​ treptococcus​is utilized as a
'coagulation buster', for expelling clumps from the veins.
● Cyclosporin-A​delivered by a fungus called ​Trichoderma
polysporum​is utilized as an immunosuppressive drug as a
part of organ transplantation.
● Statins​delivered by ​Monascus purpureus​are utilized as agents
that lower the blood cholesterol levels.
 (D)Microbes in Sewage 
Treatment 
● The squander water is produced in urban communities and town
containing human excreta. This metropolitan water-water is called
sewage.
● Before transfer to the common body, sewage is dealt with inside
sewage treatment plants (STPs) to make it less contaminating.
● Treatment is finished by heterotrophic microbes normally introduce
in sewage.

(1)Primary treatment 
● Involves the physical expulsion of particles – small and big from
sewage through sedimentation and filtration.
● Initially, the debris that is found floating is expelled by consecutive
filtration.
● The grit (small rock pieces and soil) are evacuated by
sedimentation.
● The solids that settle down frame the primary sludge, and the
supernatant structures the effluents.
● The effluents obtained from the primary or initial settling tank is
further taken for secondary treatment.

 
(2)Secondary treatment or Biological treatment 
● The initial effluent is passed into huge air circulation tanks.
● This permits a vigorous development of helpful high-impact
microbes into flocs.
● The development of microbes devours the significant part of the
natural matter in the profluent. This altogether decreases the BOD
(Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of the profluent.
● BOD alludes to the measure of oxygen required to oxidize total
natural matter by bacteria that is present in one liter of water.
● BOD is the measures of the natural matter present in the water.
● More the BOD of the wastewater more is its contaminating
potential​.
● Once the BOD of sewage is lessened essentially, the effluent is
then passed into the settling tank where the bacterial "flocs" are
permitted to settle down. This sediment is alluded as activated
sludge.
● Small portion of activated sludge is pumped back to air circulation
tank to serve as the inoculums.
● The remaining slop is pumped into anaerobic sludge digester.
● In the anaerobic sludge digester, there are different sorts of
bacteria which develop anaerobically and digest and process the
bacteria and fungi in the sludge.
● During this assimilation bacterium create biogas, (blend of
methane, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide)
● The effluent obtained from secondary treatment plant is
discharged into normal water body like waterways and streams.
 
(E)Microbes in Production of 
Biogas 
● Biogas​ is a blend of gasses (overwhelmingly methane) created by
the microbial movement and is utilized as fuel.
● A few bacteria develop anaerobically on cellulosic material; deliver
a huge measure of methane alongside CO2 and H2S. These
bacteria together are known as ​methanogens​. One basic
bacterium is ​Methanobacterium.

This is a multistep chemical as well as a biological process that is useful

in waste administration as well as vitality creation. There are four essential
strides of anaerobic processing that incorporate hydrolysis, acidogenesis,
acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. All through this whole procedure, vast
natural polymers that make up Biomass are separated into smaller particles by
microorganisms and chemicals. Towards the end of the anaerobic assimilation
process, the Biomass is changed over into Biogas, to be specific
carbondioxide and methane, and in addition digestate and wastewater​. Biogas
microbes comprise r: ​Clostridium​, ​Pseudomonas, Methanobacillus and
Methanococcous .
  
 
(F)Microbes as a Biocontrol 
Agent 
● Biocontrol alludes to the utilization of organic techniques for
controlling plant diseases and vermin.
● Effect of utilization of concoction, bug spray, and pesticide to
control disease and vermin:
● These chemicals are dangerous and to a great degree
destructive to people and creatures
● Polluting our surroundings (soil, ground water), natural
products, and vegetables.
● Soil is contaminated through utilization of weedicides to
evacuate weeds.

 
Biological control of pest and disease 
● Use of biocontrol measures will extraordinarily diminish our
reliance on lethal concoction and pesticides.
● The Dragonflies and Ladybird are utilized to dispose of aphids and
mosquitoes.
● Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are used to control caterpillars of
butterfly.
● Spores that have been dried are blended with water and showered
onto powerless plants, where these are eaten by the larvae of
insects.
● In the gut of the hatchlings, the poison is discharged and the
hatchlings die.
 ● Trichoderma, a free-living fungus is used to control a few plant
pathogens.
● Baculoviruses are pathogen that assault different arthropods and
insects.
● The greater part of baculoviruses utilized as organic control
specialists are in the family Nucleopolyhedrovirus.
● These viruses are an excellent contender for narrow- range,
species- specific insecticidal application.
● They have no negative effects on plants, warm-blooded creatures,
fowls, fishes, and so forth.
● This is exceptionally useful in integrated pest managements (IPM).

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(G)Microbes as Biofertilizers 
Bioferilizers are the living organisms that supplement nature of the soil
.Important biofertilizers include fungi, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.

● Rhizobium frame root knobs in leguminous plants and fixes

nitrogen present in the air.
 ● Azospirilium and Azotobacter are free-living bacteria that fix
nitrogen present in the atmosphere and in this way expanding
nitrogen content of soil.
● Mycorrhiza: fungi that are symbiotically connected with the roots of
the plants.
●
● Mycorrhiza​:
● Provide phosphorus present in the soil to the plants.
● Make the plant impervious to the root-borne pathogen.
● Increase resistance to drought and salinity.
● Cyanobacteria​ like Nostoc, Anabaena, and Oscillatoria and so on:
● Fix air nitrogen.
● Add natural matter to the soil and Increase soil fertility

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bibliography 
● wikipedia
● www.biology of microbes.com
● www.bioferlilizer microbes.com
● biology class12CBSE.com
● www.microbes.in