B.Sc.

III Semester 1

Unit - I
Fundamentals of object - Oriented programming:

1. Introduction to Java Programming Language:

 Java is a high-level, third generation programming language, like C, FORTRAN,
Smalltalk, Perl, and many others.
 Java is an object oriented programming language from Sun Microsystems. James
Gosling has developed Java language.
 We can use Java to write computer applications that play games, store data or do any of
the thousands of other things computer software can do.
 Even though Java is used in many areas, programming community treats Java as a
language for internet programming (Web Programming).
 Compared to other programming languages, Java is similar to C Programming
language.
 Java was first released publicly in November 1995.
2. What is the History of Java?
 In 1990, Sun Micro Systems Inc. (US) was conceived a project to develop software for
consumer electronic devices that could be controlled by a remote. This project was
called Stealth Project but later its name was changed to Green Project.
 Java was invented for the development of software for consumer electronic devices like
TVs, Toasters, and Refrigerators etc.
 In January 1991, Project Manager James Gosling and his team members Patrick
Naughton, Mike Sheridan, Chris Wrath, and Ed Frank met to discuss about this project.
 Gosling thought C and C++ would be used to develop the project. But the problem he
faced with them is that they were system dependent languages.
 James Gosling with his team started developing a new language, which was completely
system independent. This language was initially called OAK. Since this name was
registered by some other company, later it was changed to Java.
 The main aim had to make java simple, portable and reliable.
 James Gosling and his team members were consuming a lot of coffee while developing
this language. Good quality of coffee was supplied from a place called “Java Island‟.
Hence they fixed the name of the language as Java. The symbol for Java language is cup
and saucer.
 Sun formally announced Java at Sun World conference in 1995. On January 23rd 1996,
JDK1.0 version was released.

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Following table shows the year and beginning of Java.

Year Progress
1990 Sun decided to developed software that could be used for electronic devices. And the
project called as Green Project head by James Gosling.
1991 Announcement of a new language named “Oak”
1992 The team verified the application of their new language to manage a list of home
appliances using a hand held device.
1993 The World Wide Web appeared on the Internet and transformed the text-based
interface to a graphical rich environment.
1994 The team developed a new Web browser called “Hot Java” to locate and run Applets.
1995 Oak was renamed to Java, as it did not survive “legal” registration. Many companies
such as Netscape and Microsoft announced their support for Java.
Version 1.0 of Java Development kit (JDK) was released for free by sun micro
systems.
1996 Java language is now famous for Internet programming as well as a general purpose
Object oriented language.
1997 Sun releases Java Development Kit(JDK 1.1)
1998 Sun releases Software Development Kit (SDK 1.2)
1999 Sun releases Java 2 platform Standard Edition (J2SE) and Enterprise Edition J2EE).
This comes to three editions.
J2SE – Java 2 standard edition
J2ME- Java 2 Micro Edition
J2MEE – Java 2 Enterprises Edition
2000 J2SE with SDK 1.3 was released.
2002 J2SE with SDK 1.4 was released.
2004 J2SE with JDK 5.0 was released. ( Previously numbered 1.5)
2006 Java SE 6 ( Previously numbered 1.6)
2011 Java SE 7 ( Previously numbered 1.7)
2014 Java SE 8 ( Previously numbered 1.8)

LIST OF PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES

There are six types of programming principles. These are as follows.
 Unstructured programming (USP)
 Procedure oriented programming (POP)
 Modular ( or) structured oriented programming (SOP)
 Object oriented programming (OOP)

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Unstructured programming (USP): According to unstructured programming concept,

program is developed by organizing data and instructions in sequential order.
Draw backs of unstructured programming.
 Redundant data, Because of redundancy the size of program
increases.
 Occupy more space, which reduce speed.
 There is no proper organization of data and operations.
Ex: Assembly languages, Machine Language are USP Programming
Languages.
Procedural oriented programming (POP)
Operations provided by a program are divided into small pieces and
each piece of a program is called subroutine.
What is subroutine?
A small program within a program is called subroutine. The
subroutine can be either procedure or function.
Ex: COBAL, and PASCAL are called procedural oriented languages.
Advantages of procedural oriented programming:
Modularity: It is a concept of developing an application in sub modules i.e. procedure
oriented approach.
Reusability: Write once and use many times.
Simplicity: It is easy to understand operations of a program.
Efficiency: By reducing the size of a program efficiency of procedure oriented programs
increases.
Characteristics of procedural oriented programming:
 Large programs are divided into small programs.
 Most of the functions share global data.
 Functions transform data from one another.
Drawbacks of procedural oriented programming:
 Concentrated on development of functions.
 In large program it is very difficult to identify what data is used by which
function.
 Debugging application is complex.
Write about structured programming language. Give its advantages.
 Structured program is a top down approach in which the
overall program structure is broken down into separate
modules.
 It allows the code to be efficiently loaded into the
memory and to be reused in other programs.
 Structure oriented program is subset of procedural
oriented programming approach.
 In this approach reusability of subroutines are between
the programs.
 C is a structured oriented (or) procedure oriented
programming language.

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Advantages:
 The goal of structured programming is to write correct programs that are easy to
understand and modify.
 Modules enhance the programmer‟s productivity.
 With modules, many programmers can work on a single large program, with each
working on different module.
 A structured program can be written in less time than an unstructured program.
 Modules or procedures written for one program can be reused in both programs as
well.
 A structured program is easy to debug.
 Individual procedures are easy to change as well as understand.

3. What is object oriented programming/Paradigm? What the features are of

object oriented paradigm?

Programming paradigm: A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of

computer programming.

There are four main paradigms:

1. Imperative programming paradigm
2. Functional Programming paradigm
3. Object-oriented programming paradigm
4. Logic programming paradigm
Object oriented programming: Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a
programming paradigm that represents concepts as "objects" that have data fields
(attributes that describe the object) and associated procedures known as methods.

Method Method
Object = Data + Methods
Data

Method Method

 OOPs were invented to overcome the drawbacks of POPs.

 OOP treats data as a critical element in the program development and does
not allow it to flow freely around the system.

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 Object oriented programming allows us to decompose a problem into a

number of entities called objects and then builds a data and functions
around these entities (objects).
 Everything is represented in the form of object in OOPs. Objects protects of
its data and functions from outside objects.
 The data of an object can be accessed only by the functions associated with
the object.
 OOP‟s offers several benefits to both the programming designer and the
user.
 The new technology provides greater programmer productivity, better quality
of software and lesser maintenance of cost.
 A structure once created can be reused this is the fundamental property of
OOP‟s concept.

Features of object oriented programming:

 Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.

 Programs are divided into what are known as objects.
 Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects.
 Methods that operate on data of an object are tied together in the data structure.
 Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.
 Objects may communicate with each other through methods.
 New data and methods can be easily added.
 Follow bottom-up approach in program design.

4. What is Object oriented programming language and explain the concepts.

OOP‟s concepts are the concepts or rules which are suppose to be satisfied by a programming
language in order to call that programming language, as an object oriented programming
language.
The OOP‟s concepts are
1. Class
2. Object
3. Encapsulation
4. Inheritance
5. Data abstraction
6. Polymorphism
7. Message Passing
OOP‟s concepts are only three and all others applications of the OOP‟s concepts. Encapsulation
is known as the backbone of the OOP‟s concepts.
Class:
 A class is a group of objects that share common properties and relationships.
 A class is user-defined data type which holds both data and member functions

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 Class is structure representing the data and its related and corresponding functions.
 For example Mango, Apple and Orange are objects of the class “Fruit”.
Fruit Mango;

Object:
 Object is the basic run time entity in a object oriented
system.
 Object may represent a person, a place, a bank account
or any item that the program may handle.
 Each object contains both data and code to manipulate
the data.
 Objects are the variables of classes.

Encapsulation:
 The concept of binding the data along with its corresponding and related functionalities
is known as encapsulation.
 The concept of encapsulation was invented in order to provide highest security for the
data part of an application and make programming simple.
Example: Company – in company, the department access and work with their data (on their
own). One department cannot access the data of other department directly
Inheritance:
 The mechanism of deriving a new class from an old one is called inheritance. The old
class is referred to as base class and new one is called as derived class.
Example: Automobiles and pulled vehicles are sub class of vehicles, vehicles is the base class of
automobiles and pulled vehicles.
Car and bus are sub classes of „automobiles‟. „Automobiles‟ is the base class of car and bus.
Vehicles

Automobiles Pulled Vehicles

Car Bus

Data abstraction:
 It refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background
details or explanation.

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Example: Switch board- you only press certain switch according to your requirement. What is
happening inside, how it is happening etc. you need to know, again this is abstraction. You
only the essential things to operate on switch board without knowing the background details of
the switchboard.
Polymorphism:
 (Poly means ―many and morph means ―form). Polymorphism means the ability to take
more than one form. Polymorphism is broadly used in implementing inheritance.
 Polymorphism is the ability for a message or data to be processed in more than one form.
Example: If you give 5+7, it results into 12, the sum of 5&7. If you give ‘A+ BC’ it results
into ‘ABC’ the concatenated strings. The same operation ‘+’ is able to distinguish between
the two operations depending upon the type it is working on.

The following diagram shows that a single method name draw() can be used to
handle different numbers and types of arguments.
Shape

Circle: draw() Rectangle: draw() Triangle: draw()

Draw () Draw ()

Message Passing
Draw ()
An OOP consists of the set of objects that communicate with each other. Objects
communicate with one another by sending and receiving information in the same
way people pass messages to one another as shown below.
Object1

Object3
Object2

Object4 Object5

The message passing involves specifying the name of the object, name of the
method and information to be sent. For example consider a statement:
Student .marks (htno);

Object Message Information

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5. What are the Advantages or benefits of OOP?

The new technology provides greater programmer productivity, better quality of
software and lesser maintenance of cost.OOP offers several benefits to both the programming
designer and the user.

1) Through inheritance we can eliminate redundant code and extend the use of extend
the use of existence class.
2) It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to co-exist without any interface.
3) It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects.
4) User defined data types can be easily created.
5) Software complexity can be easily managed.
6) Inheritance enforces inventions of new data types.
7) Object oriented systems can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.
8) It is possible to map objects in problem domain to those objects in the program.
9) The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs that can
be accessed by code in other parts of the program.
10) We can build programs from standard working modules this leads saving of
development time.

6. Applications of OOP:

OOP is used in the development of most software systems.Today oops is used in the design of
Graphical User Interface (GUI) on systems such as windows operating system.
 Artificial Intelligence and expert system.
 Simulation and modeling studies.
 Object oriented data bases systems.
 Object oriented operating systems.
 Real time systems.
 Office Automation system.
 CAD/CAM systems.
 Multimedia applications and Graphical User Interface (GUI).
 Computer based training educations.
 Data recovery systems.
 Distributed systems.
 Audio and Video manipulation tools.
 Image processing tools.

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7. What are the Features (Buzz words) of JAVA?

When Java was first created, Sun Microsystems described it with a series of buzzwords. “Java
is simple, Object Oriented, robust, secure, portable, high-performance, and architectural,
interpreted, multithreaded, distributed, dynamic language”.

Simple: - Java programming language is very easier. It is syntactically similar to C and C++.
Complex features of these languages are either simplified or totally eliminated in Java.

Object Oriented:-Unlike C++, Java purely object oriented programming language. Java
programs use classes and objects. We call any language as object oriented programming
language when it has the five features. 1. Classes and objects 2.Encapsulation 3.Abstraction
4.Inheritance 5.Polymorphism.

Robust (Strong/ Powerful): -Java is a most strong language which provides many securities to
make certain reliable code. Java programs will not crash because of its exception handling and
its memory management features.

Secure: - Java is designed for use on Internet. Security problems like eyes dropping; tampering,
impersonation and virus can be eliminated. Thus java programs are useful in construction of
highly secure systems.

Portable: - Programs developed in Java can be compiled in variety of operating environments

without modifications to the source code. Memory size of Java variables is the same in
environment. This is another contributing factor for the portability of Java application.

High- Performance:- When compared to other interpreted languages, Java offers high
performance. Along with interpreter there will be JIT (Just In Time) compiler which enhances
the speed of execution.

Architectural-neutral:- This feature is in accordance with the sun Microsystems slogan about
java programs. “Write once and run anywhere”. This feature is famously known as platform
independence. Java byte code is not machine dependent; it can run on any machine with any
processor and with any OS.

Interpreted:- Java programs are both compiled and interpreted. JVM interprets the class file
into machine code.

Multithreaded: - A thread is an individual process in a program. Each thread (or process) can
execute block of statements and perform a separate task. Thus multiple threads can perform
multiple tasks. This is an essential feature to design server side programs.
Distributed:- Java has rich libraries for network programming and distributed computing. As
java is mainly meant for Internet based programming, it is no surprise that java is distributed.
An application is said to be distributed if the business objects are geographically dispersed in the
network and communicating one another.

Dynamic: - Java is also dynamic language. Java is capable of dynamically linking in new class,
libraries, methods and objects. We can develop programs in Java which dynamically change on
Internet (e.g.: Applets).

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Overview of Java Language

8. Write about Structure of Java program

A Java program may contain one or more sections as given below.

Document section

Package Statements

Import Statements

Interface Statements

Class Definitions

Main Method Class

Main Method definition

1) Document Section:
 This is an optional section
 This section consist information about the program
 It is not understand by compiler
 This documenttation is provided by using comments.
 Java supports three methods of documentation.
// ………….. ……. Single line comment
/* ……………… */ Multiline comment
// * …………. *// Document comment
2. Package Statement:
 It is an optional section.
 This statement declares a package name and informs the compiler that the classes
defined here are belongs to this package.
package student;
3. Import statement:
 Similar to #include statement in C.
 This statement is used for importing existing packages.

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 It does not import complete class/ package.

 It must be exist before class definition
import student.test;
4. Interface statements:
 It is also an optional section.
 It is like a class but include a group of method declarations.
 This is used only when we implement the multiple inheritance features in the program.
5. Class definition section:
 class is data type.
 Classes are the primary and essential elements of a java program.
 A java program may contain multiple class definitions.
class class_name
{

Attributes;

Methods;

6. Main method class:

 Main method class is the essential part of a java program. A simple program may contain
only this part.
 The main method creates objects of various classes and establishes communication between
them.

9. Write a Simple Java program and explain in detail.

A simple Java program is as follows

class Simple

public static void main(String args[])

System.out.println(“Hello Good Morning , I am Mahesh”);

System.out.println(“Java is better than C++”);

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Class declaration:
The first line class “Simple” declares a class; everything must be placed inside a class. „Simple‟
is a java identifier that specifies the name of the class. „class’ is a keyword and declares a new
class definition.
Opening brace:
Every class definition in Java begins with an opening brace and ends a matching closing brace.
The main line:
The third line “public static void main(String args[])” defines a method named main. Every
Java program must include main() method.

 Public – The keyword public is an access specifier that declares the main
method is accessible to all other classes.
 Static – The keyword static declares the method that belongs to entire class.
There is no need to create an object to invoke the static method.
 Void – The type modifier void specifies that the main method doesn‟t return any
value.
 String args[] – Declares a parameter args[],is used for command line argument.
 The output line:The statement “System.out.println(“Java is better than
C++”);”This is similar to the printf() statement of „C‟. The println method is a
member of out object, which is static data member of System class. This line
prints the string
Helo Good Morning, I am Mahesh

Java is better than C++ on the screen.

The method println always appends a new line character to the end of the string. Every Java
statement must end with a semicolon.

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10. What is token? Write about Java Tokens

Token:
 A java Program is a collection tokens, comments and white spaces.
 Smallest unit of a program or an individual unit is called token.
 Tokens can be keyword, operator, separator, constant and any other identifiers.
 When we are working with token we can’t split the token or we can’t break the token.
 In JAVA we have five types of tokens available.
a) Reserved keywords
b) Identifiers
c) Literals
d) Operators
e) separators
Keyword:
 It is a reserved word some meaning is already allocated to this word. And
that meaning already knows by compiler.
 Keywords are an essential part of a language definition.
 Keywords are combined with operators and separators according to syntax.
 We cannot use keywords as names for variables, classes, methods, arrays
and so on.
 All keywords must be used in lower case letters.
 In Java total number of keywords is 50.
Eg: continue for new switch if Boolean

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Identifiers
An identifier is a name given to the program elements such as variables, arrays, classes,
objects, methods, labels, packages and interfaces. Identifiers may consist of sequence of
letters, numerals, or underscores.
Rules for forming identifier names:
 Identifiers cannot include any special characters or punctuation marks (like #, ,
^,?,., etc) except $ and underscore.
 Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
 Length of identifier is unlimited.
 In identifier declarations name of the variable must starts with alphabet or
underscore only.
Examples: roll_number, marks, name, emp_number, basic_pay, HRA, DA, dept_code
Literals:
Literals are sequence of characters(digits, letters, and other characters) that represent constant
values to be stored in variables. Java language specifies 5 types of literals.

 Integer literals Eg: -10, 123

 Floating point literals Eg: -10.55, 0.55
 Character literals Eg: „x‟, „5‟.
 String literals Eg: “123”, “Mahesh”.
 Boolean literals Eg: True, false.
Operators:
It is a special kind of symbol which performs a particular task.
Operator: An operator is a symbol that performs an operation.
Operand: An operator acts upon variables which are called operands.
a+b
Operators are of many types such as Arithmetic operators, Relational operators, Logical
operators, Assignment operators, Increment and Decrement operators and Special.
Separators:
By using separators we can separate individual units. Separators are symbols used to indicate
where the groups of code is divided and arranged. The separators are
 Parenthesis ( )
 Braces {}
 Brackets []
 Semicolon ;
 Comma ,
 Period .

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11. Write about Java Statements

A statement is executable combination of tokens ending with a semicolon. Java implements
several types of statements.

Statement Description

1. Empty Statement These do nothing and are used during program

development as a place holder.
2. Labeled Statement Any statement may begin with a labels in java
are used as arguments of jump statements.
3. Expression Statement Most statements are expression statements. Java
have 7 types of expressions statements.
Assignment, Pre_increment, Post_increment,
Pre_decrement, Post_decrement etc.

This selects one of several control flows. There

4. Selection Statement are 3 types of selection statements in Java. If,
if…else, switch.
5. Iteration Statement This specify how and when looping will take
place. There are 3 types of iterative statements.
while, do, for

6. Jump Statement Jump statement pass control to forward or

backward in the program. There are 4 types of
jump statements. break, continue, return and
throw.

7. Synchronization Statement
These are used for handling multithreading.

8. Grouping Statement Guarding statements are used for safe handling

of code from Exceptions. This statements use the
keywords try, catch and finally.

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12. How to Implement a Java program

JDK is the software development environment. It is used for developing java
program and applet. It includes the JRE (Java runtime environment), javac (Java
compiler), jar, javap, etc.Implementation of Java program is a series of steps.

 Creating the program.

 Compiling the program.
 Running the program.

Creating the program:

We can create a program using any text editor.

eg: class Test

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“Hello”);
System.out.println(“Welcome to Java”);
}
}
We must save this program in a file called Test.java. That is the file name contains class name.
This file is called source file.
Compiling the program:
To compile the program we must run the Java compiler javac, with the name of the source file
on the command line.
javac Test.java
If there is no errors then the compiler creates a file called Test.class containing the byte code of
the program.
Running the program:
We use the java interpreter to run the program. At the command prompt type
java Test
Now, the interpreter looks for the main method in the program and begins execution from
there. When executed our program displays following

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Hello

Welcome to Java

13. Write about Java Virtual Machine

 JVM is a program or software which provides runtime environment for byte
code.
 JVM is platform dependent program.
 JVM is having common specifications irrespective of O.S. and architecture.
 Java compiler translates the source code into byte code.
 The process of compiling a java program into byte code is also referred as
virtual machine code.

Java Program Java Compiler Byte Code

 The virtual machine code is not machine specific. The machine code is
generated by the java interpreter by acting an intermediary between the virtual
machine and real machine.

Byte Code Java Interpreter Machine Code

JVM mainly can do the following

 Locates a file and loads the code.

 Verifies the code.
 Converts byte-code into machine code (executed code).
 Allocates the memory into RAM.
 Executes the code.

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14. Explain in detail Command Line arguments

 Command line arguments are parameters that are supplied to the program at the time of
execution.
 Java programs can receive and use the arguments provided in the command line.
 The arguments provided in the command line are passed to the array args[] as its elements.
Eg: java Test Basic Fortran C++ Java

This command line contains 4 arguments. These are assigned to the array args as follows

Basic -> args[0]

Fortran -> args[1]

C++ -> args[2]

Java -> args[3]

//a program to command line arguments

class Cmdline
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int count, i=0;
String item;
count=args.length;
System.out.println(“No. of arguments=”+count);
while(i<count)
{
item=args[i];
System.out.println(“Java is:”+item);
i=i+1;
}
} }

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CONSTANTS, VARIABLES & DATA TYPES:

15. What is constant? Explain different type Constants.

Constants in Java refers to the fixed value, that do not change during execution of
a program. It is a fixed never changed during the execution of the program.
Constants are used to define fixed values like pi or electron charge.

Integer Constants:

An integer constant refers to sequence of digits 0-9, preceded by an optional

minus signed.

Eg: -32, 100

Real Constants:

The numbers with decimal point is called as real constants or floating point
constants. Real constants are expressed either in decimal notation or exponential
notation.

Eg: 12.5, -0.03

For example, the value 215.65 may be written as 2.1565e2 in exponential

notation. Here e2 means multiply by 102.

Single character constants:

It contains a single character enclosed in a pair of single quote mark.

Eg: „x‟, „5‟, „&‟.

String Constants:

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A string constants is a sequence of character enclosed in a double quote.

The characters may be alphabets, digits, special characters and blank space.

Eg: “gminformatics”, “123”

Backslash Character constants :

Java supports some special backslash character constants that are used in
output methods. For example the symbol „\n‟ stands for new line character. A list
of such backslash character constants are given below. These character
combinations are known as “Escape Sequences”.
Constant Meaning
„\b‟ Back Space
„\f‟ Form Feed
„\n‟ New Line
„\r‟ Carriage return
„\t‟ Horizontal tab
„\‟‟ Single quotes
„\”‟ Double quotes
„\\‟ Back Slash

16. What is data type? Explain different types of Data Types.

Data types are the keywords and tell the compiler which type of data (information)
is maintained in memory.Data types will decide what type of values need to be
hold into variables.
In Java, we have eight data types which are organized in four groups. They are
integer category data types, float category data types, character category data
types and Boolean category data types.

DATA TYPES

Integer category Character category Boolean category Float category

Byte Float
Char Boolean
Short Double

int

long

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1. Integer Category data types: These are used to represent integer data type
contains four data type which are given in the following table.

S.NO Data Type Size (Bytes) Range

1 Byte 1 0127 to -128
2 Short 2 +32767 to -32768
3 Int 4 +2147483647 to -2147483648
4 Long 8 + 9.223*1018
2. Float category data types: Float category data types are used for representing
the data in the form of scale, precision i.e. these category data types are used for
representing float values. This category contains two data types; they are given in
the following table.
S.NO Data type Size( Byte) Range NO. of decimal places
1 Float 4 +2147483647 to -2147483648 8
2 Double 8 + 9.223*1018 16
3. Character category data types:
A character is an identifier which is enclosed within single quotes.
In java to represent character data, we use a data type called char. This data type
takes two bytes since it follows UNICODE character set.
Java is available in 18 international languages and it is following UNICODE
character set.
UNICODE character set is one which contains all the characters which are
available in 18 international languages and it contains 65536 characters.

Data type Size( Bytes) Range

Char 2 +32767 to -32767

Boolean category data types:

Boolean category data types are used for representing logical values. i.e. TRUE or
FALSE values..To represent logical values we use a keyword called Boolean
This data type takes 0 bytes of memory space.

String data type

A string represents group of characters. A string is considered as data type as well

as a „class‟.

String name =” Mahesh MCA”

String str = new string(“ A string”)

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 22

17. What is variable and write the rules to follow while selecting a variable?

Variable:
A variable is defined as a meaningful name given to a data storage location in computer
memory. Or
A Variable is a quantity that does change during the program execution.
Rules for forming identifier names:
 The variable must begin with an alphabet.
 Upper and lower case letters are different.
 It should not be a keyword.
 White space is not allowed.
 Variables names can be of any length.
 Name of the memory location is called variable.
 Before using any variable in the program it must be declare first.
 Declaration of variable means need to mention data type, name of the
variable followed by semicolon.
 In variable declarations name of the variable must starts with alphabet or
underscore only.
 In variable declaration existing keywords operators, separators, constants
and any other special characters will be not allowed.
Declaration of variables
The general form is

Syntax: datatype var1, var2, …varn;

Here, variables are separated by commas and the declaration must end with a
semicolon.

Eg: int count;

float sum, avg;
double pie;
Giving values to variables
Values can be given to a variable in two ways.

 By using an assignment statement.

 By using an read statement
Assignment Statement:
A simple method of giving values to variables is through the assignment statement.

Syn: variablename=value;

Eg: a=10;
We can also assign a value to variable at the time of declaration.

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B.Sc. III Semester 23

Syn: datatype variablename=value;

Eg: int a=10;

Scanner classes (For reading inputs dynamically)

 We can take input from a user and display something on the screen
 In Java, we input with the help of the Scanner class. Java has a number of
predefined classes which we can use.
 This class contains some utility methods to read input like integer, float, double,
string, Boolean.
 Predefined classes are organized in the form of packages.
 This Scanner class belongs to java‟s “util” package.
 So to use the Scanner class, we first need to include java.util package in our
program.
import java.util.Scanner; // This will import just the Scanner class
import java.util.*; // This will import the entire java.util package

 After importing, we need to write the following statement in our program.

Scanner s = new Scanner (System.in);

 Here we are declaring s as an object of Scanner class.

 System.in as an argument to the constructor. i.e. input will be given to the
system.
int n;
n = s.nextInt(); // s is object of Scanner class

Statement n = s.nextInt(); is used to input the value of an integer variable 'n' from the user.

Here, nextInt() is a method of the object s of the Scanner class.

Method Inputs
nextInt() Integer
nextFloat() Float
nextDouble() Double
nextLong() Long
nextShort() Short
next() Single word
nextLine() Line of Strings
nextBoolean() Boolean

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 24

18. How to declare Scope of variable?

Scope is how far a variable can be accessed. The scope of variables is depends on
location where a variable is declared. A block is begin with an opening curly brace
and ended by a closing curly brace. Java allows variables to be declared with in
any block. A block defines a scope.

The scope defined by a method begins with it‟s opening brace. However, if that
method has parameters, they are also included within the method‟s scope. So we
can protect from unauthorized access and modification. Java variables are
classified into three kinds.

1. Instance variables.
2. Static Variables (Class variables)
3. Local variables.

Instance variables: ( Non static variables)

 Instance variables are declared inside a class but outside the methods and
blocks.Instance variable is also known as non-static variable. It has the
unique value for each object (instance).
 Instance variables must be accessed by object name. i.e object name.var
name.
 Instance variable is created when an object is created with new keyword
and destroyed when object is destroyed.
Syntax : DataType v1,v2….vn
Static variables
 These variables are also called as class variables.
 These variables are declared inside the class but outside the methods and
blocks but by using „static‟ keyword. These variables also called static
variables.
 Static variable is the class level variable which is declared with static
keyword.Static variable tells the compiler that there is only one copy of this
variable in existence.
 If one object change the value if you would like to reflected to all other
objects make your variables as static variables.
 All the objects can have same value same state by using static variables.
 Static variable is created when program starts and destroyed when the
program stop. Static variables must be accessed with respect to class name.
i.e. class name. var name

syntax:- static data Type v1,v2….vn

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 25

Local variables:
 Variables declared and used inside methods are called local variables.
 They are not available for use outside the method definition.
 Local variables can also be declared inside program blocks that are defined
between an opening brace { and a closing brace }.
 There is no special keyword for declaring local variable.

int x = 0;
{
------- Block 1
int n = 5; Block 2
-------
}

{
-------
int m = 10; Block3
-------
}

Each block contains its own set of local variable declarations. In the above figure
the variable x declared in block 1 is available in all the three blocks. The variable
n declared in block 2 and is available only in block 2. Similarly m is accessible in
block3.
class VariableType
{
int a=10; //instance variable
static int b=20; //static variable
public int m1()
{
int c = 30; //local variable
System.out.println("c = "+c);
return 0;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
VariableType v = new VariableType ();
System.out.println("a = "+v.a+" b = "+b);
v.m1(); //invoke the m1 method
}

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 26

Write about Symbolic Constants

In JAVA to make the identifiers are as constants, we use a keyword called final.
Final is a keyword which is playing an important role in three levels. They are at
variable level, at method level and at class level.

When we don‟t want to change the value of the variable, then that variable must
be declared as final.
A symbolic constants can be declared with the following format

Syntax for FINAL VARIABLE INITIALIZATION

Final data type v1=val1, v2=val2 … vn=valn;

For example:
Final int a=10;
a=a+20; //invalid
a=30; //invalid

FINAL int PASS=40;

 Symbolic names take the same from as variable names. But they are written in
CAPITALS to make difference from normal variable names.
 After declaration of symbolic constants they shouldn‟t be assigned any other
value in the program.
 They cannot be declared inside a method. They should be used only as class
data members in the beginning of the class.

Write about Type Casting

Type casting is the process of converting the value in one data type to another
data type. It uses the following syntax.
type var1 =( type ) var2;
Ex:- int m=50;
byte b = (byte) m;
short b = (short) m;
Casting is often necessary when a method returns a type different than one we
required. Four integer types can be casted to any type other than Boolean. Casting
into smaller type may result in the loss of data. Similarly the float and double can
be casted into any type except Boolean. Casting a floating point value to an integer
will result in the loss of fractional part.

Automatic conversion (Widening):

The following table shows the casting that results in no loss of information:

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 27

From To
byte short,int,long,float,double.
short int,long,float,double.
char int,long,float,double.
Int long,float,double.
long float,double.
float double
double
For some types, it is possible to assign a value of one type to a variable of a different type
to a cast.java does the conversion of the assigned value automatically this is known as
automatic conversion. Automatic type conversion is possible only if the destination type has
enough precision to store the source value.
Automatic type conversion is possible only the process of assigning a smaller type to a
large is known as promotion or widening.
Eg: byte a=10;
int a=b;
Narrowing:
The process of assigning a large type to a smaller type is known as “narrowing”. This may
result in the loss of information. Narrowing is also known as explicit type casting. It is
programmers responsibility to cast(convert) large type to small data type.

Ex:- int m=129;

byte b =(byte) m; // here loss of value
//a program to find total and average by using type casting
class Avg
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a,b,c,tot;
float avg;
a=2; b=3; c=6;
tot=a+b+c;
avg=(float)tot/3; //type casting
System.out.println(“tot=”+tot);
System.out.println(“avg=”+avg);
}
}

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 28

Operators and expressions

What is operator explain different type operators:

An operator is a symbol used to perform an operation. If an operator acts on a

single variable, then it is called ‘Unary Operator’. If an operator acts on two
variables then it is called ‘Binary Operator’. If an operator acts on three variables
then it is called ‘Ternary Operator’. The following are the Operators available in
Java.
Java provides a rich set of operators to manipulate variables. We can divide all the Java
operators into the following groups:
1. Arithmetic operators.
2. Relational operators.
3. Logical operators.
4. Assignment operators.
5. Increment and Decrement operators.
6. Conditional operator.
7. Bit - Wise operators.
8. Special operators.
1. Arithmetic operators: These operators are used to perform fundamental operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.

Operator Meaning Example Result

+ Addition or unary plus 3+4 7
- Subtraction or unary minus 5-7 -2
* Multiplication 5*5 25
/ Division (gives quotient) 14/7 2
% Modulo division(gives remainder) 20%7 6
Relational operators:
Relational operators are used to compare two values or expressions. There are six
relational operators.

Operator Meaning Example

== Equal x == 3
!= Not equal x != 3
< Less than x<3
> Greater than x>3
<= Less than or equal to x <= 3
>= Greater than or equal to x >= 3
2. Logical operators: Logical operators are used to combine two or more relational
expressions.

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B.Sc. III Semester 29

These operators are useful to construct compound conditions.

To construct compound condition is a combination of more than one simple condition.

Operator Meaning Example Explanation

&& And operator if(a>b && a>c) If a value is greater than b and c
System.out.print(“yes”); then only yes is displayed
|| or operator if(a==1 || b==1) If either a value is 1 or b value is
System.out.print(“yes”); 1then yes is displayed
! not operator if( !(a==0) ) If a value is not equal to zero
System.out.print(“yes”); then only yes is displayed

And (&&)operator: Logical and(&&) returns when both operands are true otherwise it returns
false.
A B A && B
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Or (||)operator : Logical or (||)returns true when either of it‟s operands are true and returns
false if both the operands are false.
A B A || B
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Not (!) operator: This operator negates the result of a expression. It means if the condition is
true then it gives false and if the condition is false then it gives true.
A !A
T F
F T
4. Assignment operator: It is a binary category operator which is used to assign
the right side value to left side. When we are working with binary operators it
should require and among those two operands.
Syntax: L=R;
When we are working with left side argument must be variable type only, and right
argument is optional.
Simple Assignment :
The general form of the simple assignment is

Variable=constant or variable or expression;

Ex : a=b=1;

M=n=g=a+b;
Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 30

5. Increment and Decrement Operators:

Increment Operator (++):
The increment operator is a unary operator. It is used to increase the
value of an operand by 1. The operand must be a variable. The increment operator
„++‟ has different meaning depending on the position it is used. It means this
operator is used in two ways. They are pre-increment and post-increment.

Pre-increment: If the „++‟ operator precedes the operand then it is called “Pre
increment”. In this method, the pre-increment operator increments the value of
variable first and then the new value is used in the expression.
For example: c = ++a; means a = a + 1;
c = a;
Post-increment: If the „++‟ operator succeeds the operand then it is called “Post
increment”. In this method, the old value of the variable is used in expression and
then it is incremented.
For example: c = a++; means c = a;
a = a + 1;
Decrement Operator (– –):
The decrement operator is a unary operator. It is used to decrease the
value of an operand by 1. The operand must be a variable. The decrement
operator „– –‟ has different meaning depending on the position it is used. It means
this operator is used in two ways. They are pre-decrement and post-decrement.
Pre-decrement: If the „– –‟ operator precedes the operand then it is called “Pre
decrement”. In this method, the pre-decrement operator decrements the value of
variable first and then the new value is used in the expression.
For example: c = – –a; means a = a – 1;
c = a;
Post-decrement: If the „– –‟ operator succeeds the operand then it is called “Post
decrement”. In this method, the old value of the variable is used in expression and
then it is decremented.
For example: c = a– –; means c = a;
a = a – 1;

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 31

Initial Values Expression Final Values

A B A B
3 7 a = ++b 8 8
3 7 a = b++ 7 8
3 7 a = – –b 6 6
3 7 a = b– – 7 6

6. Conditional Operator: This operator performs condition based execution. This

operator operates on three operands. Hence it is also known as Ternary Operator.
This operator simplifies “if…else” control statement. The general form of
conditional operator is as follows:
Syntax: var = (condition) ? Statement1 : Statement2 ;
Working: The conditional operator first evaluates the given condition. If the
condition is true then „Statement1‟ is evaluated. If the condition is false then
„Statement2‟ is evaluated.
Example:-
import java.io.*;
class max
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
int a,b,large;
DataInputStream d=new DataInputStream(System.in);
System.out.print(“Enter First Number”);
a=Integer.parseInt(d.readLine());
System.out.print(“Enter Second Number”);
b= Interer.parseInt(d.readLine());
large = (a>b) ? a : b;
System.out.println(“Large value is “ + large);
}
}
7. Bitwise Operators: Java has the capability of manipulating the bits (0 or 1)
directly stored in the memory. These operators perform bitwise operations on a bit
by bit level. However, they must be used only with integer or character type of
values. The operators are as follows.

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Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND
¦ Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR (Exclusive OR)
~ 1‟s complement
<< Left shift
>> Right shift
>>> Right shift with Zero fill

Bitwise AND (&) operator: If all the bits are “1” then this operator returns “1”
otherwise it returns “0”.
Truth table:
& 1 0
1 1 0
0 0 0
Example: Let x = 15 and y = 19, then z = x & y is as follows
Value of x : 00001111
Value of y : 00010011
Value of z : 00000011
(x & y)

Bitwise OR ( ¦ ) operator: If any or all the bits are “1” then it returns “1”
otherwise it returns “0”.
Truth table:
¦ 1 0
1 1 1
0 1 0
Example: Let x = 15 and y = 19, then z = x ¦ y is as follows

Value of x : 00001111
Value of y : 00010011
Value of z : 00011111
(x ¦ y)

Bitwise XOR ( ^ ) operator: If one bit is “1” and other is “0” then it returns “1”
otherwise it gives “0”.
Truth table:
^ 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0

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Example: Let x = 15 and y = 19, then z = x ^ y is as follows

Value of x : 00001111
Value of y : 00010011
Value of z : 00011100
(x ^ y)

1‟s complement (~) operator: This operator is a unary operator that reverses the
state of each bit. That means it changes “0” as “1” and “1” as “0”.
Example: Let x = 19, then z = ~x is as follows

Value of x : 00010011
Value of z : 11101100
( ~x )
Left Shift (<<) operator:
This operator is used to move bit patterns to the left. It is used in the following
form op<<n
Here, „op‟ is an integer value and „n‟ is number of bit positions. The left shift
operator shifts all the bits of operand „op‟ to the left by „n‟ positions. The left most
„n‟ bits in the original bit pattern will be lost and right most „n‟ bit positions are
filled with zeros.
Example: Let us consider „a‟ is an unsigned integer whose bit pattern is as
follows:
a 1100110011001111
a<<3  0110011001111000
a<<5  1001100111100000
The left shift operator is used for multiplication purpose. It means, x<<n gives the
result as x*2n.
Example : 5<<1 gives 10, 5<<2 gives 20, 5<<3 gives 40
Right Shift (>>) operator:
This operator is used to move bit patterns to the right. It is used in the following
form
op>>n
Here, „op‟ is an integer value and „n‟ is number of bit positions. This operator shifts
all the bits of operand „op‟ to the right by „n‟ positions. The right most „n‟ bits in
the original bit pattern will be lost and left most „n‟ bit positions are filled with
zeros.
Example: Let us consider „a‟ is an unsigned integer whose bit pattern is as
follows:
a 1100110011001111
a>>3  0001100110011001
a>>5  0000011001100110
The right shift operators can also be used for division purpose. It means, x>>n
gives the result as x
n
Example : 15>>1 gives 2 7, 15>>2 gives 3, 15>>3 gives 1

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 34

Right Shift Zero fill (>>>) operator:

When dealing with positive numbers, there is no difference between >>> and
>> operators. The difference arises when dealing with negative numbers. The
negative numbers have the higher order bit set to 1. The Right shift Zero fill
operator shifts zeros into all the upper bits, including the higher order bit. Thus
make a negative number into positive number.
op>>>n

8. Special Operators: The following are the special operators used in Java.
1) Instanceof Operator
2) Dot Operator
3) Cast Operator
4) new Operator

Instanceof Operator: The instanceof is an object reference operator and return

true if the object on the left hand side is an instance of the class given on the right
side. This operator determines whether the object belongs to a particular class or
not.
Ex: s1 instanceof (student);
It gives true if the object person belongs to the class student; otherwise it is false
Dot Operator: this operator is also called as member selection operator (.). The
Dot Operator is used to access the instance variables, methods of class objects,
classes, and sub-packages from a package.
Ex: person.age;
person.salary( );
Cast Operator : Cast operator is used to convert one data type into another data
type. This operator can be used by writing datatype inside parenthesis.
Ex: double x = 10.54;
int y = (int) x; // stores 10 into y.
new Operator : new operator is used to create objects to classes. Objects are
created on heap memory by JVM, at runtime.
Syntax : classname obj = new classname( );

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
 B.Sc. III Semester 35

Write about expressions:

Definition: An expression is a collection of operands joined together by certain

operator that represent a value. There are two types of expressions. They are
1. Arithmetic or Numeric Expression
2. Relational or Boolean Expression

Arithmetic Expression:
When an expression uses arithmetic operators then it is called arithmetic or
numeric expression. An arithmetic or numeric expression always represents
numeric value.

1. Two successive operators are not permitted. However, the space(s) or

parenthesis can be used to separate two successive operators.
Example: a*-25 is invalid, a*(-25) is valid
2. Arithmetic operations cannot be implied. It means, no operator is assumed to
be present.
Example: a = bc+d(x+y+z) is invalid
a = b*c+d*(x+y+z) is valid.
3. The evaluation of an arithmetic expression follows the precedence order of
operators.
Example: 5+2*5 gives 15 and (5+2)*5 gives 35
4. There cannot be imbalance of parenthesis. The number of left parenthesis must
be equal to the number of right parenthesis.
5. The arithmetic operation between two integers gives integer result. It is Integer
mode expression.
Example: 5/2 gives 2
6. The arithmetic operation between two float values gives float result. It is real
mode expression
Example: 5.0 / 2.0 gives 2.5
7. The arithmetic operation between an integer and a float value gives float result.
It is mixed mode expression.
Example: 5 / 2.0 gives 2.5
8. The arithmetic operation can be performed between integer and character data
types.
Example: „A‟+30 gives 95

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
 B.Sc. III Semester 36

Relational or Boolean Expression:

When an expression uses relational and logical operators then it is called
relational expression. A relational expression is also known as condition or logical
expression. This expression gives the result either true (1) or false (0).
Examples:
1. a>b
2. salary <= 5000
3. x==0
4. (a>b¦ ¦a>c)
5. ((avg >= 50) && (avg <= 75))

OPERATOR PRECEDENCE:

In „java‟ language, an expression is evaluated based on the precedence

order of operators. The following table shows various operators and their
precedence.

Evolution of operators in an expression is as follows:

1.An expression will be evaluated based on the priority of operators.
Example: 5+3*2
In the above expression, there are two operators (+ and *) in which * has
high priority. So the operator * is evaluated first and then + is evaluated. Hence
the result is 11.
2.If an expression has equal priority operators then the expression is evaluated
based on the associativity.
Example: 5+3–2
In the above expression, the operators „+‟ and „–‟ have equal priority. Their
associativity is left to right. So first “+” is evaluated and then „–‟ is evaluated.
Hence the result is 6.
3.In case, if we want to change priority order then we can put an expression
within parenthesis. Example: (5+3)*2 gives the result 16

Example: x=3*2/2+3/2+2–2+3*2
=6/2+3/2+2–2+3*2
=3+3/2+2–2+3*2
=3+1+2–2+3*2
=4+2–2+6
=6–2+6
=4+6
= 10

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B.Sc. III Semester 37

Operator Meaning Assocativity Rank

. Member selection Left to right 1
() Function Call Left to right 1
[] Array Element Reference Left to right 1
- Unary Minus Right to left 2
++ Increment Right to left 2
-- Decrement Right to left 2
! Logical Negation Right to left 2
~ One‟s Compliment Right to left 2
(type) Casting Right to left 2

* Multiplication Left to right 3

/ Division Left to right 3
% Modulo Division Left to right 3
+ Addition Left to right 4
- Subtraction Left to right 4
<< Left shift Left to right 5
>> Right shift Left to right 5
>>> Right shift with zero fill Left to right 5
< Less than Right to left 6
<= Less than or equal to Right to left 6
> Greater than Right to left 6
>= Greater than or equal to Right to left 6
Instance Of Reference compare Left to right 6
== Equality Left to right 7
!= Inequality Left to right 7
& Bitwise AND Left to right 8
^ Bitwise XOR Left to right 9
| Bitwise OR Left to right 10
&& Logical AND Left to right 11
|| Logical OR Left to right 12
?: Conditional Operator Right to left 13
= Assignment Operator Right to left 14
Op= Short hand assignment Right to left 14

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B.Sc. III Semester 38

UNIT-II

DECISION MAKING & BRANCHING

INTRODUCTION TO DECISION CONTROL STATEMENTS:

Control structures: Control statements are used to provide the flow of execution with
condition. In java, control structures can be divide three parts:

In JAVA, control statements are classified into three categories as:

a) Selection (or) Decision Control Statements

b) Loop (or) Iterative Control Statements
c) Branch (or) Jump Control Statements

The control structures are used to control the flow of program execution. In C
language there are there are three types of flow statements are exist.

Control statements

Selection statements Iterative statements Jumping statements

Conditional Statements
Branching statements
while break

if for continue

if- else For each return

if- else-if
do-while
switch

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Conditional branching or conditional selection statements:

The conditional branching statements help to jump from one part of the program
to another depending on whether a particular condition is satisfied or not. These
decision statements include:
1. If statement
2. if-else statement
3. if-else-if statement
4. switch statement
1. if statement: The simplest form of decision control statement that is generally
used in decision making. It executes the specified set of instructions based on the
condition. The general syntax of simple „if statement‟ follows.
Syntax of if statement:
if (condition)
{
statement1;
…………….
statementn;
}
Working: if the condition is true, then the statement block will be executed.
Otherwise the statement block will be skipped and the execution will jump to the
next statement after the statement block.
The statement - block may be a single statement or a group of statements.
If there is only a single statement in the statement block, there is necessity of
curly braces ({ } ).
if(expression)
{
statements
}
class SimpleIf
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
if(5>6)
{

System.out.println("Hello !");
System.out.println("Welcome to JAVA world");
}
System.out.println("This is Mahesh!"); }
}

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 40

2. if-else statement: Using else is always optional.

 In implementation we having alternate block of condition then go for else
part.
 When we are constructing the „else‟ part mandatory to place „if‟ part also.
Because without if there is no else among those if and else only one block will
be executed.
i-e. When if condition false then only else part will be executed.
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
statement1;
statement2;
}
else
{
statement3; }

Working: if the Condition is true then the statement – block 1 will be executed.
Otherwise the statement – block2 will be executed.

class Exifelse
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
if(2>3)
{
System.out.println("Welcome !");
System.out.println("Hello!");
}
else
{
System.out.println("Mahesh!");
System.out.println("MCA!");
}
}
}

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 41

3. if-else-if statement (Nested if else): If it is a concept of placing a condition part

within another condition. We can construct „n‟ number of nested blocks but any
type of editor can support up to 255 blocks.
Syntax:
if(condition1)
{
block 1;
}
else if(condition2)
{
block2;
}
else
{
block3;
}
}

Ex: Class Nesting

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=3,b=7,c=4;
Sytem.out.print(“Larget value is : “);
if( a>b)
{
if(a>c)
System.out.println(a);
else
System.out.println(b);
}
else
{
if (b>c)
System.out.println(b);
else
System.out.println(c);
}
}
}

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 42

4) Switch case (case control structures)

By using series of „if‟ statements we can make a selection in a number of alternatives, but
it is too complicated to develop. Then go for „switch statement‟ or case control
statement.
 Switch is a keyword. By using switch case we can create selection statements with
multiple choices.
 Multiple choices can be created by using case keyword.
 When we are working with switch it require condition or expression of type integer
only
 When we are working with switch all case constant values will be mapping switch
condition return value.
 At the time of execution if condition return values is match with anyone of the
cases then from matching is up to break, everything will be executed, if the break
is not exist including default all cases will be executed.
 A default is a special kind of case which will execute automatically when the
matching case is not occurred. Using default is always optional, in implementation
when we are not handling all cases of the switch block then recommended go for
default.

Syntax to switch case

switch(condition)
{
case const1: Block1;
break;
case const2: Block 2
break;
case const3: Block 3;
break;
default: block n;
}

class SwitchDemo{
public static void main(String[] args){
char grade = 'B';
switch ( grade )
{
case 'A':
System.out.println( " Excellent ! " );
break ;
case 'B':
System.out.println( " Outstanding ! " );
break ;
case 'C':
System.out.println( " Good ! " );

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 43

break ;
case 'D':
System.out.println( " Can do better " );
break ;
case 'E':
System.out.println( " Just passed " );
break ;
case 'F':
System.out.println( " You failed " );
break ;
default :
System.out.println( " Invalid grade " );
}
} }

2. Iteration Statements: Set of instructions give to the compilers to execute set of statements
until condition became false that is loop.
The way of repetitions are forms the circle, that‟s why iteration statements are called loops. i.e.
loops means forming a circle. The basic purpose loop is code repetition.
In implementation whenever the repetition are occurred when instance of writing statement go
for loops.
In JAVA programming language loops are classified into three types.
1. While
2. For
3. Do-while

While loop: This loop repeatedly executes a group of statements as long as condition is true. When we
are working with while loop always pre-checking process will occur and it repeats in clock direction.

Syntax to while
While(condition)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
………….
………….
Statement n;
inc /dec;
}
Working: The „while‟ statement executes all the statements in the statement-block as
long as the condition returns true (non-zero) value. When the condition returns false (0)
then the loop is terminated and the control is transferred to the statement after the
statement-block.

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 44

Write a program to display 1 to 10 numbers using while loop.

import java.io.*;
class Exwhile
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
int i=1;
System.out.println("list of 1 to 10 numbers");
while(i<=10)
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}
}
}
For loop: - It is an entry controlled loop. When we are working with for loop it contains three parts.
1. Initialization
2. Condition
3. Iteration
Syntax to for loop:
for(initialization; condition; iteration)
{
Statement block:
}
Working:
 The execution process of the for loop always starts from initialization
 Initialization will be executed only once when we are entering into the loop first time
 After execution of the initialization block control will pass to conditional block, if the condition
is evaluated as true then control will pass to statement block.
 After execution of the statement block control will pass to iteration block, after execution of the
iteration, once again the control will pass to the condition.
 Always the repetitions will happen between condition statement block and iteration only.
 When we are working with for loop it repeats in anti clock direction
Write a JAVA program to print 1 to 10 numbers.
import java.io.*;
class Exfor
{
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i;
System.out.println("list of 1 to 10 numbers");
for(i=1;i<=10;i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 45

}
The Enhanced for loop:
The enhanced for loop is also called for each loop, is an extended language
feature introduced with J2SE 5.0. This feature is used to retrieve the array elements
efficiently rather than using array indexes.
Syntax:
for( type identifier : Array Name )
{
statement-block;
}

In the above example “type” represents the data type, identifier represents the name of
the variable, Array Name indicates an Array.

For each loop

import java.util.*;
class ForEachloop
{
public static void main(String args[] ) {
int a[]={1,3,5,7,9};
for(int i:a)
{
System.out.println(i+" ");
}
}
}

Do-while:
In implementation if at least need to be executed the statement block once. Then go for do-while. When
we are working with do-while always post checking process will occur I.e. after execution of the
statement block only condition will be evaluated.
Syntax to do-while
do
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
Statement 3;
Inc/dec;
}
While (condition);

Note:- in do-while loop mandatory to place semicolons after while.

Write a program to display 1 to 10 numbers using do-while loop.
import java.io.*;
class ExDowhile
{

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 46

public static void main(String args[])

{
int i=1;
System.out.println("list of 1 to 10 numbers");
do
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}
while(i<=10);
}
}

Break and continue (Jumping or Skipping) statements:

Branch control statements are used to transfer the control from one place to another
place. Java language provides three branch control statements. Those are

i) break statement ii) continue statement iii) return statement

break statements:
 „break‟ is a keyword by using break we can terminate loop body of switch body.
 Using break is always optional. But it should be exist within the loop body or switch
body only.
 In implementation where we know maximum number of repetitions but certain
condition is there we need to stop the repetition process, and then go for break. A
break is usually associated with an „if‟.
Syntax: break;
Write a JAVA Program to demonstrate break
class BreakExample1
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=1;
while(i<=10)
{
if(i==6)
break;
System.out.println("Mahesh");
i=i+1;
}
}
}

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 47

The ‘continue’ statement:

 Continue is a keyword by using „continue‟ we can skip some of statements from loop
body.
 Using continue always optional. But it should be within the loop body only.
 In implementation where we knows maximum number of repetitions but certain
conditions is there where we need to skip the statement block of loop body then go
for continue.
 A „continue‟ is usually associated with an‟if‟.
Syntax: continue;
Write a JAVA Program to demonstrate continue statement.
class ContinueExample1
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i==5)
continue;
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
Write a JAVA Program to demonstrate continue statement.

public class ContinueExample

{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int intArray[] = new int[]{1,2,3,4,5};

System.out.println("All numbers except for 3 are :");

for(int i=0; i < intArray.length; i++)
{
if(intArray[i] == 3)
continue;
else
System.out.println(intArray[i]);
}
}
}

Return statement:
 Return statement in used to explicitly return from a method.
 Return causes program control to transfer back to the caller of the method.
The return statement immediately terminates the method in which it is
executed.
 Return statement does not terminate any method only main method will
terminate.

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B.Sc. III Semester 48

Syntax:
return;
Ex: return x value;
return -1;
return (x+y-10);
return arr;
return obj;
Write a java program to demonstrate the effect of return statement.
class Return1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int num=1;
System.out.println("Before the return.");
if(num==1) return; // return to caller
System.out.println("After return.");
}
}

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 49

CLASSES, OBJECTS & METHODS

1. Discuss about class and object

Class:
 A class is a group of objects that share common properties and relationships.
 A class is user-defined data type which holds both data and member functions
 Class is structure representing the data and its related and corresponding functions.
 For example Mango, Apple and Orange are objects of the class “Fruit”.
Fruit Mango;

Class declaration
In java, the data items are called fields and functions are called methods.
Once a class is defined, we can create any number of objects belonging to that
class. In java these “variable” are called as instances of classes. Classes are
defined using the keyword “class”.
Syntax :
class <classname >
{
[fields declaration ; ]
[methods declaration ;]
}
Fields Declaration :
The variables which are declared inside a class are called fields. These variables
are also called instance variables because they are created whenever an object of
the class is instantiated.
Ex: class Rectangle
{
int length;
int width;
}
The class Rectangle contains two integer type instance variables. No memory
space is reserved for these instance variables.
Methods Declaration
Methods are declared inside the body of the class immediately after the
declaration of instance variables. The general form is

Syn: datatype methodname(parameter-list)

Body of the method;

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Here, Method declarations have four parts.

 The name of the method.

 The type of the value the method returns.
 A list of parameters.
 The body of the method.
 The method name is valid identifier.
 If the method does not return any value, the return type will be void.
 The parameter-list is always enclosed in a parenthesis, contains variable names
and type of the values we want to give the method as input. The variables in
the list separated by commas.
Eg: class Rectangle

int length, width;

void getdata(int x, int y) //Method declaration

length=x;
width=y;
}
int area()
{
int a=length*width;
return(a);
}
}
Object:
Instance of a class is called an object. Objects are the basic run-time entities in an
object Oriented system which can represent a person, a place, a bank account (or)
a table of data etc which have state and behavior. Identifying the state and
behavior for real-world objects is a great way to begin thinking in terms of object-
oriented programming.

Creating Objects
Creating an object is also referred as instantiating an object. Objects in java are
created using the new operator.

Rectangle r1;

r1=new Rectangle();

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B.Sc. III Semester 51

We can combined both the statements in one as

Rectangle r1=new Rectangle();

We can declare any number of objects of Rectangle class.

Rectangle r1=new Rectangle();

Rectangle r2=new Rectangle();

Accessing members of a class

The class members can be accessed using the dot(.) operator associated with
object. We cannot access the member variables and methods directly outside the
class.

objectname.variable=value;

object.methodname(parameter-list);

Here, objectname is the name of the object and variable is the name of the member
variables, methodname is the name of the method that we call, and parameter-list
is separated by commas of actual values that must match in the type and number
with parameter list of method declared in the class.
r1.length=4;
r1.width=6;
Another way of assigning values to the instance variables by using methods
declared inside the class.
r1.getdata(4,6);
Eg: class Rectarea
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Rectangle r1=new Rectangle();
Rectangle r2=new Rectangle();
r1.length=4;
r1.width=6;
r2.getdata(10,5);
int area1=r1.length*r1.width;
int area2=r2.area();
System.out.println(“Rectangle R1 area=”+area1);
System.out.println(“Rectangle R2 area=”+area2);
}
}

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 52

What is a constructor? What are its special properties?

Constructors
 Constructors have the same name as the class itself.
 Constructors do not specify a return type.
 Constructors are invoked automatically, when the objects are created.
 The constructor without arguments is called as default constructor.
 The constructor with arguments is called as paremeterized constructor.
Eg: class Rectangle
{
int length, width;
Rectangle(int x, int y) //Constructor method
{
length=x;
width=y;
}
int area()
{
int a=length*width;
return(a);
}
}
class Rectarea
{

public static void main(String args[])

Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(4,6);

int area=r1.area();

System.out.println(“area=”+area);

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 53

What is method overloading ? Give an example.

 In java, it is possible to create methods that have same name, but different
parameters list. This is called method overloading.
 Method overloading is used when objects are required to perform similar tasks
but using different input parameters. When we call a method in an object, it
matches the method name first and then the number and type of parameters is
to decide which definition to execute. This process is known as polymorphism.
Eg: class Room
{
float l,b;
Room(float x, float y) //Constructor1
{
l=x;
b=y;
}
Room(float x) //Constructor2
{
l=b=x;
}
float area()
{
return(l*b);
}

Write about Nesting of Methods

A method can be called by using only its name by another method of the
same class is known as nesting of methods.

Eg: class Big

{
int a,b;
Big(int x, int y)
{
a=x;
b=y;
}

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B.Sc. III Semester 54

int largest()
{
if(a>b)
return a;
else
return b;
}
void display()
{
int large=largest();
System.out.println(“Big=”+large);
}
}
class Biggest
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Big t= new Big(5,7);
t.display();
}
}
In the above example class big defines one constructor and two methods, namely
largest() and display(). The method display() calls the method largest() to
determine the largest number and display the result.
Defining a Subclass

Syn: class subclassname extends superclassname

variables declaration;

members declaration;

The keyword extends signifies that the properties of superclass extends to

the subclass. The subclass may have its own variables and methods as well as
those of the superclass.

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 55

UNIT-III

6) What is inheritance? Write benefits of inheritance

Inheritance: The mechanism of deriving a new class from an old one is called
inheritance. In which new class is called subclass or derived class and old class is
called super class or base class.
Advantages of INHERITANCE: Benefits of Inheritance:

1. Application development time is very less.

2. Redundancy (repetition) of the code is reducing. Hence we can get less
memory cost and consistent results.
3. Instrument cost towards the project is reduced.
4. One of the key benefits of inheritance is to minimize the amount of duplicate code
in an application by sharing common code amongst several subclasses, where
equivalent code exists in two related classes. This also tends to result in a better
organization of code and smaller, simpler compilation units.
5. Inheritance can also make application code more flexible to change because classes
that inherit from a common super class can be used interchangeably.
6. Reusability-> facility to use public methods of base class without rewriting the
same
7. Extensibility-> extending the base class logic as per business logic of the derived
class
8. Data hiding-> base class can decide to keep some data private so that it cannot be
altered by the derived class
9. Overriding-> With inheritance, we will be able to override the methods of the base
class so that meaningful implementation of the base class method can be designed
in the derived class.
7) Explain about different types of inheritance with example.

Types of inheritance:
1) Single Inheritance
2) Multiple Inheritance
3) Multi-level Inheritance
4) Hierarchical Inheritance
5) Hybrid Inheritance/ Multipath Inheritance
Single inheritance: A class is derived from only one super class and that super
class contains only one subclass then it is known as single inheritance.

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B.Sc. III Semester 56

Multiple inheritances: A class is derived from two or more super classes then it
is known as multiple inheritances.

Multilevel inheritance: - A class is derived

from any other derived class is known as multilevel inheritance.

Hierarchical inheritance: A super class contains two or more sub classes then it
is known as hierarchical inheritance.

Hybrid inheritance: - Applying of two or more types of inheritances is known as

hybrid inheritance.

Hybrid inheritance = combination of any available inheritances types.

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 57

Write about Visibility Controls (or) access specifiers?

It is possible to inherit all the members of a super class to its subclass by using
the keyword extends. However, it may be necessary to restrict the access to
certain variables and methods from outside the class.
In java we achieve this by applying visible modifiers to the member variables and
methods. The visibility modifiers are also called as access modifiers such as
public, private and protected.

Public: If we declare variables and methods as public, then these variables and
methods are accessible to all the classes outside this class.

Private: The members which are declared in private section can be accessed only
from within the class. By default all members are private.
Public: The members which are declared in public section can be accessed from
both inside and outside of the class.
Protected: The protected members are also same as private members. But
protected members can be also directly accessed in the subclass.
Friendly Access
When no access modifier is specified, then the members and methods defaults friendly.
Private Protected:
A member can be declared with two keywords private and protected. It is
accessible only the subclasses in same package and other package. But not
accessible other classes in same package and other packages.

Access Modifiers Private

Public Friendly Protected Private
Access Location Protected

Same class Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Subclass in same
Yes Yes Yes No Yes
package

Other class in same

Yes Yes Yes No No
package

Subclass in other
Yes No Yes No Yes
package

Other class in other

Yes No No No No
package

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 58

ARRAYS, STRINGS AND VECTORS:

ARRAYS

Introduction to Arrays
Definition: An array is a collection of memory locations which can share same data
name and same data type values.”
Syntax:
Data type array name [size];
Properties:
 An array is a collection of similar data type values in a single variable.
 In implementation when we require „n‟ number of similar data type values then go
for array.
 The array variables are created at the time of compilation.
 When we are working with arrays all elements will allocated in continuous memory
location only.
 When we are working with arrays we can access the elements randomly. Because
continuous memory locations are created.
 When we are working with arrays all elements will share same name with unique
identification value called index. Which starts from zero and ends with „size-1‟?
 When we are working with arrays we need to use array subscript operator i.e. [ ]

What is Array? Explain different types of arrays with Examples?

Definition: An array is a collection of memory locations which can share same
data name and same data type values.”
In JAVA language, arrays are classified into two types. They are
1. One Dimensional Arrays
2. Two Dimensional Arrays
One dimensional array:
When an array is declared with only one dimension (subscript) then it is called
“One dimensional array” or “single dimensional array”.
Declaring one dimensional Array:
The general format of declaring a one dimensional array is as follows.

Syntax: data type array_name[ ] ;

Format: datatype arrayname[];

Format: datatype[] arrayname;

Eg: int a[];

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int[] a;

Note: We do not enter the size of the arrays in the declaration.

Array initialization:
 After array creation we can put values into the array, this process is known
as initialization.
 We can initialize the elements of the array in the same way as the ordinary
variables when they are declared. The general form of initialization of array
is:
 <Data type> array name [size] = {value1, value2, …., values};
 Where the value1 refers to the first array element, value2 refers to the value
of the second array element. …so on.
Examples of initializing arrays:
int num[5]={10,20,30,40,50};
float cost [4]={0.45, 1.25, 3.75,0.35};
arr[0] arr[1] arr[2] arr[3] arr[4] arr[5]
22 56 89 10 99 43

Syn: arrayname[index]=value;

Eg: a[0]=10;
a[1]=12;
a[2]=14;
a[3]=16;
a[4]=18;
Creating memory locations: After the declaration, we need to create the memory
for arrays. Java allows creating arrays using new operator.
Syn: arrayname=new datatype[size];

Eg: a=new int[5];

Here, the variable a refers to an array of 5 integers. It is also possible to combine

the declaration and creation of arrays.

Eg: int a[]=new int[5];

We can also initialize arrays automatically in the same way as the ordinary
variables when they are declared.

Syn: datatype arrayname[]={val1, val2, ……… valN};

Eg: int a[]={10,12,14,16,18};

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In the above example the list of values are separated by commas and enclosed
within the braces.

/* program for demonstrate array initialization and printing array

elements*/

class ArrEx1
{
public static void main(String args[] )
{
int arr[]={10,20,30,40,50};
System.out.println("start array"+arr[0]);
System.out.println(arr[1]);
System.out.println(arr[2]);
System.out.println(arr[3]);
System.out.println(arr[4]);

}
}
Two dimensional arrays?
Two Dimensional Arrays
Collection of single dimensional array in a single variable is called two dimensional array
or array (array).
 In 2D array elements are arranged in rows and columns.
 When we are working with 2D array we need to use two subscript operators which
indicate row size and column size.
 The main memory of 2D array is row and sub memory is columns.
 In „2D array‟ array name always gives base address of the array i.e. first row base
address, arr+1 is next main memory of the array. i.e. second row base address.

0 1 2

0 [0][0] [0][1] [0][2]

1 [1][0] [1][1] [1][2]

 We may create a two dimensional array with the statements.

int a[][]; //declaration

a=new int[2][3]; //creation

(or)

int a[][]=new int[2][3];

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This creates a table with 2 rows and 3 columns. i.e. it stores 6 integers.

 A two dimensional may be initialize

int a[2][3]={{0,0,0},{1,1,1}};

Array length

We can obtain the length of the array a using a.length.

Eg: int a[]={10,12,14,16,18};

int size=a.length;

Prog1:

import java.util.Scanner;
class A4{

public static void main(String[] args){

float[][] s = new float[3][2];
Scanner s1 = new Scanner(System.in);

for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)

{

System.out.println("Enter marks of student : "+(i+1));

for(int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
{
System.out.println("Subject : "+(j+1));
s[i][j] = s1.nextFloat();
}

for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)

{

System.out.println("Student" + (i+1));

for(int j = 0; j < 2; j++)

{
System.out.println("Subject" + (j+1) + ":" + s[i][j]);
}
}
}
}

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STRINGS

What is a string? How to use it?

 A string is the sequence of characters enclosed within double quotes. Strings are
very useful because most of the data on internet will be in the form of strings
only.
 For example: name, vehicle number, address, credit card number etc. will come
under strings.
 In order to deal with strings we have two classes. They are java.lang.String and
java.lang.StringBuffer.
 A java string is not a NULL terminated.

 We can declare a String variable and directly store a String literal using
assignment operator.

String str = "Hello";

 We can create String object using new operator with some data.

String s1 = new String ("Java");

 We can create a String by using character array also.

• char arr[] = { 'g','m,'i',‟n‟,‟f‟,‟o‟,‟r‟,‟m‟,‟a‟,‟t‟,‟I‟,‟c‟,‟s‟};

Strings may be declared and created as follows:

String stringname;

stringname=new String(“string”);

Eg: String college;

college=new String(“gminformatics”);

These two statements may be combined as follows:

Eg: String college=new String(“gminformatics”);

 Like arrays, it is also possible to get the length of the string using the length
method of the class String.
int m=college.length();

 Java strings can be concatenated using „+‟ operator.

String college=”gm”+”informatics”;

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String methods

Method Call Task Performed

s2=s1.toLowercase Converts the string s1 to all lowercase.

s2=s1.toUppercase Converts the string s1 to all

uppercase.

s2=s1.replace(„x‟,‟y‟)
Replace all appearance of x with y.

s1.equals(s2)
Return true, if s1 is equal s2.

s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2)
Returns true, if s1=s2, ignoring the
case of characters.

Gives the length of s1.

s1.length()

Gives the nth character of s1.

s1.charAt(n)

Returns negative, if s1<s2. Returns

s1.compareTo(s2) positive, if s1>s2, and zero, if s1=s2.

STRINGBUFFER CLASS

 A StringBuffer implements a sequence of characters. A StringBuffer is like a

String, but can be modified in length and content.
 It creates 16 extra memory locations for a string.
 We can insert characters and substrings in the middle of the string (or) append
another string to the end.
Method Call Task Performed

s1.setCharAt(n,‟x‟) Modifies the nth character to x.

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s1.capacity() Gives the capacity of s1.

s1.append(s2) Appends the string s2 to the end of s1.

s1.reverse() Gives the reverse string of s1.

s1.insert(n,s2) Inserts the string s2 at the position n in

the string s1.

Set the length of the string s1 to n. if

s1.setLength(n)
n<s1.length() it is truncated. If
n>s1.length(), zero‟s are added to s1.

VECTORS

What is a vector? Explain the difference between a vector and an array?

 The vector class can be used to create a generic dynamic array known as vector.
It can be hold the elements of different type.
 The vector class is contained in java.util package.
 Vectors are created like arrays as follows:
Vector a=new Vector(); //declaring without size.

Vector b=new Vector(3); //declaring with size.

 A vector without size can store any number of items.

 Vectors can have number of advantages over arrays.
1. It is convenient to use vectors to store elements.
2. A vector can be used to store a list of elements that may be different items.
3. We can add and delete elements from the vector list when required.
4. A major constraint in using vectors is that we cannot directly store a simple
data types in a vector, we can store only through objects.
5. The vector class supports a number of methods that can be used to
manipulate the vectors.

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Method Call Task Performed

list.addElement(item) Adds the item at the end of the list.

list.elementAt(n) Gives the name of the nth object.

list.size() Gives the number of objects.

list.removeElement(item) Removes the specified item from the list.

Removes the item stored in the nth

position of the list.
list.removeElement(n)

Removes all elements in the list.

list.removeAllElement()

Copies all items from vector to array.

list.copyInto(array)

Inserts the item at nth position.

list.insertElementAt(item,n)

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What is an interface? How to extending and implementing interfaces?

 Java supports interfaces instead of multiple inheritances.
 A class can implement with more than one interface to support multiple
inheritance.
 An interface is a named collection of method declaration (without
implementations).
 An interface is similarly a class, it contains methods and variables. But the
difference is, it have only abstract methods and final variables.
 The interface do not specify any code to implement these methods, it is the
responsibility of the class that implement an interface.
 The syntax for defining an interface is similar to that for defining a class.
Syn: interface interfacename

Variables declaration;

Methods declaration;

In the above syntax, interface is the keyword and interfacename is any valid java
identifier.

 Variables are declared in the interface is as follows

Syn: final datatype variablename=value;

 Methods are declared in the interface is as follows

Syn: public returntype methodname(parameter_list);

Eg: interface item

static final int CODE=1001;

static final string NAMEe=”tomy”;

public void display();

Extending interfaces

Like classes, interfaces can also be extended. That is the new sub interface
will inherit all the properties of super interface. This is can be achieved by using
the keyword extends.
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Syn: interface name2 extends name1

…………………

…………………

Eg: interface item

static final int CODE=1001;

static final string NAME=”tomy”;

public void display();

interface itemcost extends item

public void showcost();

The interface itemcost will inherit both the variables CODE and NAME into it. We
can also extends several interfaces together into a single interface.

interface item

………….

………….

interface discount

………….

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………….

interface itemcost extends item,discount

………….

………….

Implementing interface

Interfaces are used as “superclasses” whose properties are inherited by

classes. Therefore it is necessary to create a class that inherits the given interface.

Syn: class classname implements interfacename

body of the class;

Here, the class classname implements the interface interfacename. A class

can also extends another class while implementing interfaces.

Syn:

class classname extends superclassname implements interface1, interface2, ….

body of the class;

Accessing interface variables:

Interfaces can be used to declare a set of constants that can be used in

different classes. The constants values will be available to any class that
implements the interface. The values can be used in any method or any variable
declaration.

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Eg: interface A

int m=10;

int n=20;

class B implements A

int x=m;

……………..

void demo(int size)

…………….

if(size<n)

…………….

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UNIT –IV

What is a thread? How to create a thread?

Definition
A thread is said to be a sub process.
 process is nothing but a program under execution.
 If a process (application) has multiple sub processes (threads), such
application is known as a multithread application.
Mostly used in web applications, Servelets, JSP
Modern operating system can execute several programs simultaneously. This
ability is known as multitasking. In system‟s terminology it is called
multithreading.
Creating Threads
 Creating threads in Java is simple. Threads contain a method called run(), and
are implemented in the form of objects.
 The run() method makes up the entire body of a thread..
 A run() method would appear as follows:
public void run()
{
…………
…………
}
 The run() method should be involved by an object of the thread. This can be
achieved by creating the thread and initiating with the help of another thread
method called start().
 A new thread can be created as, defining a class that extends Thread class
and override its run() method with the required code.
Extending the Thread class
We can make our class runnable as thread by extending the class
java.lang.Thread. This gives access to all the thread methods directly. It includes
the following steps
1) Declaring the class: The Thread class can be extended as follows
class A extends Thread
{
………….
………….
}
Here, A is a new type of Thread.
2) Implementing the run() method:
public void run()
{
…………..
………….. //Thread code
}

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We have to override this method in order to implement the code to be

executed by our thread.
3) Starting the Thread: To create an object and run the thread class, we must
write following statement.
A t1=new A();
t1.start(); //accessing run() method
Now, the thread is said to be in the running state.

Explain the life cycle of a thread?

The Life Cycle of a Thread

During the lifetime of a thread there are many states. They include.

1) Newborn state.
2) Runnable state.
3) Running state.
4) Blocked state.
5) Dead state.
A thread is always is one of the 5 states. It can move from one state to another
in the following way.

New Born
start() stop()

Running Runnable Dead State

stop()

suspend() resume() stop()

Blocked State
sleep() notify()
wait()

Newborn state:

When we create an object of a thread, then the thread is said to be in

newborn state. At this state, we can do any one of the following.

1) For running by using start() method.

2) For deleting by using stop() method.
New Born

Running Dead

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Running state:
The thread is executing by the processor.

A B C

. . .
Runnable

Running

Runnable state :
The runnable state means that the thread is ready for execution and is
waiting for the processor. That is the thread has joined in the queue.

A B C

. . .
Runnable

Running

Blocked state :
A thread is said to be blocked from the running state and runnable state.
This happens when the thread is suspended, sleeping or waiting. A blocked thread
is considered as “not runnable”, but not dead so it is run once again.

A B C

. . .
Runnable

Running resume()

notify()

Dead state:
Every thread ends its life when it has completed executing its run() method.
It is a natural dead. However, we can kill a thread by a stop() method at any state,
so it is a premature dead.

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What is an error handling? Explain different types of error in java?

A mistake may lead to an error causing a program to produce unexpected results.

An error may produce an incorrect output or may terminate the execution of the
program.

Types of Errors:
Errors may be classified into two types. They are
 Compile-time errors
 Run-time errors

Compile-time Errors:
All syntax errors will be detected and displayed by the java compiler and
therefore these errors is known as compile-time errors. Whenever the compiler
displays an error, it will not create the .class file. Therefore it is necessary to fix
the errors for to successfully compile and run the program.
class Error1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“Welcome to Java”) //Missing
}
}
The compiler displays the following message on the screen.
Error 1.java:5: ; expected

System.out.println(“Welcome to Java”)

1 error
Sometimes, a single error may be the source of multiple errors in the
compile-time. For example, an undeclared variable in a number of places will
cause a series of errors of type “undefined variable”. The most common errors are
 Missing semicolon
 Missing double quotes in strings.
 Use of undeclared variable.
 Misspelling of identifiers and keywords.
 Missing brackets and methods.
 Incompatible types in assignments.
 Use of „=‟ in the place of „==‟ operator.

Run-time Errors:
Sometimes, a program may compile successfully creating the .class file but
may not run properly. Such programs may produce wrong results due to wrong
logic or may terminate. The most common Run-time errors are
 Dividing an integer by 0(zero).

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 Accessing an element that is out of bounds of an array.

 Trying to store a value into an array of an incompatible class.
 Trying to cast an instance of a class to one of its subclass.
 Trying illegally to change the state of a thread.
 Attempting to use a negative size for an array.
 Converting invalid string to a number.

When such errors are encountered, java generates an error message and aborts
the program.
class Error2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a,b,c;
a=10;
b=5;
c=5;
int x=a/(b-c);
System.out.println(“x=”+x);
int y=a/(b+c);
System.out.println(“y=”+y);
}
}

While executing, it displays following message and terminate the program without
executing remaining statements.
java.lang.ArithmeticException : / by zero

at Error2.main

What do you mean by exception? How to handle exceptions in java?

An exception is a condition that is caused by a run-time error in the

program. When the java interpreter encounters an error such as dividing by zero,
which creates an exception object and throws it.
If the exception object is not caught and handled properly, the interpreter to
display an error message and terminate the program. If we want the program to
continue with the execution of remaining code, then we should introduce the new
concept exception handling.
When writing programs, we must always lookout the places where an
exception could be generated. Some of the exceptions we must watch out for
catching.

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Exception Type Cause of Exception

ArithemticException Caused by math errors such as division by
zero.
ArrayIndexOutofBoundsException
Caused by bad array index.
ArrayStoreException
Caused when a program tries to store wrong
type of data in an array.
FileNotFoundException
Caused by an attempt to access a not-
IOException existent file.

NullPointerException Caused by general input output failures.

NumberFormatException Caused by referencing a null object.

Caused when a conversion between strings

OutofMemoryException and number fails.

Caused when there is not enough memory to

SecurityException allocate a new object.

Caused when an applet tries to perform an

StackOverFlowException action not allowed by browser security
settings.
StringIndexOutofBoundsException
Caused when the system runs out of stacks
pace.

Caused when a program attempts to access a

non-existent character position in a string.

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UNIT – V
What is an applet? What do you mean by remote and local applets?
Applets are small java programs that are basically used in internet
programming. They can be transported over the internet from one computer to
another and run using appletviewer” (or)any web browsers that supports java .An
applet can perform the following tasks.
Arithmetic operations, play sounds, display graphics, create animation, and
accept user input and interactive games.
We can embed applets into web pages in two ways. They are
1. Local applets
2. Remote applets
Local applets:-
An applet developed locally and stored in a local system is known as a “local
applet”. We can write our own applets and embedded them into the web pages,
local applet does not need to use the internet. It simply searches the directories in
the local system and locates and loads the specified applet.
The following shows the loading of local applet.
(Local applet)

(L (Local computer)

Remote applet: - A remote applet is that which is developed by someone else and
stored on a remote computer connected to the internet. If our system is connected
to the internet we can download the Remote applet on to our system via at the
internet and run it. The following diagram shows the loading a remote applet.

local applet

Internet Internet

Remove applet

(Local computer client)

Local computer(client) Remote computer( server)

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In order to locate and load a remove applet ,we must know the applet address on
the web. This address is known as “Uniform Resource Locater”(URL) and must be
specified in the applets HTML documents as the value of the CODE BASE
ATTRIBUTE
CODE BASE = http://www.netserve.com/applets
How Applets Differ From Applications:-
Both the applets and standard alone applications are java
programs there are significant differences between them they are:-
1. Applet do not use the main() method for start the execution of the code. Applets
when loaded automatically call certain methods of “Applet” Class to start and
execute the applet code.
2. Applets are executed from inside a webpage using a special feature known as
HTML Tag.
3. Applet cannot read from or write to the files in the local computer.
4. Applets cannot run any program from the local computer.
5. Applets are restricted from using libraries from other languages such as C or
C++.
6. Applets can‟t communicate with other servers on the network.

How to Building an applet code:

An applet code uses the services of two classes :

-> Applets
->Graphics
The Applet class which is contained in the “java.applet” package provides life and
behaviour to the applet through its methods such as init(),start() and
paint().When an applet is loaded java automatically calls a series of Applet class
methods for starting, Running and stopping the applet code. The applet class
maintains the life cycle of a applet.
The paint() method of the applet class, is used to displays the
result of the applet code on the screen. The output may be text, graphics (or)
sound. The paint() method which requires a “Graphics” object as an argument is
defined as follows.
public void paint(Graphics g)
{--------}
The Graphics class is available in “java.awt.” package.The general form is as
shown below.
Ex:
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
-------------
-------------
public class applet classname extends Applets
{
-----------

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-----------
public void paint (Graphics g)
{
----------- //Applets Operation Code.
-----------
}
-----------
- - - - - - - - - - -}

Ex: Program:-
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public void HelloJava extends Applet
{
public void paint (Graphics g)
{
g.drawString (“Hello Java”,10,100);
}
}

Explain the applet life cycle?

Applet Life Cycle:-
Every java applet inherits a set of default behaviors (methods) from the Applet
class. When an applet is loaded, enters into different states. The following
diagrarm shows the applet states.
Initialization
Born

start ()
stop ()

Display waiting state

Born
running Idle

paint() start ()

destroy()

Dead
The applet states includes:
 Born on initialization state
 Running
 Idle state

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 dead or destroyed state

Initialization:-
Applet enters the initialization state when it is first loaded. This is achieved by
calling the init( ) method of Applet class. The applet is born at this stage we may
perform the following things , if required
 Create objects needed by the applet
 Set up initial values
 Load images or fonts
 Set up colors
The initialization occurs only once in the applet Life cycle. To provide any of the
behaviours mentioned above, we must Override the init() method.
public void init()
{
------
------ (Action)
}
Running state:-
Applet enters the “Running state” when the system calls the start()
method of Applet class. This occurs automatically after the applet is initialized.
starting can also occur if the already in “stopped” (idle) state.

public void start()

{
---------
--------- (action)
}
Idle (or) Stopped state:- An applet becomes idle when it is stopped from
running. Stopping occurs automatically when we leave the page currently running
applet. We can also calling enter in to the idle state by calling stop() method
explicitly. If we use a thread to run the applet, then we must use stop() method to
terminate the thread. We can achieve this by overriding the stop() method.
public void stop()
{
-------
- - - - - - - (action)
}
Dead state:-
An applet is said to be “dead” state , when it is removed from memory. This
occurs automatically by invoking the destroy( ) method .This occurs automatically
when we quit the browser. Dead state also occurs only once in the applet Life
cycle. If the applet has created any resources like threads, we may overrides the
destroy( ) method to clean up these resources.
public void destroy()
{
-------
- - - - - - - (action)
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}
Display state:-
Applet moves to the display state whenever it has to perform some
output operations on the screen. This happens immediately after the applet enters
into the running state. The paint() method is called to perform these task. Almost
every applet will have a paint() method. We must override this method if we went
anything to be displayed on the screen.
public void paint (Graphics g)
{
---------
--------- (display statements)
}

What is a package? Explain different types of packages?

A package is a collection of classes and interfaces. In java, all reusable code is put
into packages. Java packages are classified into two types. They are Java API
packages and User defined packages.

Java API packages

Java API provides a large number of classes grouped into different packages.
The following figure shows the packages that are frequently used in the program.

Java

lang io util awt net applet

Method Task Performed

Call

java.lang Language support classes. These classes are automatically

imported by the java compiler. They include classes for primitive
types, strings, math functions threads and Exceptions.

java.io Input/Output support classes. They provide facilities for the

input and output of data.

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java.util Language utility classes such as vectors, hash tables, random

numbers, date and time etc.

Set of classes for implementing Graphical User Interface (GUI).

java.awt
They include classes for Windows, buttons, lists, menus etc.

Classes for networking. They include classes for communicating

java.net with local computers as well as with internet sources.

java.applet Classes for creating and implementing applets.

Using System packages

There are two ways are accessing of classes stored in a package. They are

 The first approach is to use the fully qualified classname

Syn: import java.packagename.classname;

For example, if we want to refer the class String in the lang package, then
we use the statement.

Eg: import java.lang.String;

 The second approach is imports all the classes contained in the specified
package. We may use the statement
Syn: import java.packagename.*;

Eg: import java.lang.*;

Naming conventions
 Packages can be named using the standard java naming rules. Packages begin
with lower case letters. This makes easy to make difference between packages
and classes. All class names begin with an uppercase letters.
Eg: import java.lang.String;

Package Class

name name

 Every package name must be different. Duplicate names will cause runtime
errors.

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What is a package? How to create and import a package?

Creating user defined packages

For creating our own package we have follow following steps.

1. Declare the package at the beginning of a file using the form.

Syn: package packagename;

2. Define the class that is to be put in the package and declare it public.
3. Create a subdirectory under the directory.
4. Save the file as the „classname. java‟.
5. Compile the file. This creates .class file in the subdirectory.
package aaa;

public class Pack

{ ………….

………….

Body of the class

………….

………….

In the above example, the package name is „aaa‟ and the class name is
„Pack‟. We can compile this file as „javac –d . Pack.java‟

Using package

Consider the following package named „aaa‟ containing a single class „Pack‟.

Eg: package aaa;

public class Pack

public int add(int x,int y)

return(x+y);

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This file should be save as Pack.java. After compiled this program the file
Pack.class will be stored in the subdirectory „aaa‟. Consider the following program
that imports the class „Pack‟ from the package „aaa‟.

Eg: import aaa.Pack;

class testpack

public static void main(String args[])

Pack a=new Pack();

int sum=a.add(10,20);

System.out.println(“Sum=”+sum);

This file should be save as testpack.java and then compile as

Syn: javac –classpath . testpack.java

This file should be run as

Syn: java testpack

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What is stream and byte stream?

Stream
A stream is a sequence of data. In Java a stream is composed of bytes. It's called a
stream because it is like a stream of water that continues to flow.
In java, 3 streams are created for us automatically. All these streams are attached
with console.
System.out: standard output stream
System.in: standard input stream
System.err: standard error stream
Byte Stream: byte streams are used to handle input and otput of binary data
and hence they are also known as binary streams. java.io.InputStream
java.io.OutputStream are the top level classes that represent binary or byte
streams.
Input Stream
The InputStream class is used for reading the data such as a byte and array of
bytes from an input source. An input source can be a file, a string, or memory
that may contain the data. An input stream is automatically opened when you
create it. You can explicitly close a stream with the close( ) method.
OutputStream
Java application uses an output stream to write data to a destination, it may be a
file, an array, peripheral device or socket.

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What is Java FileOutputStream Class? Give an example

If you have to write primitive values into a file, use FileOutputStream class. You
can write byte-oriented as well as character-oriented data through
FileOutputStream class. But, for character-oriented data, it is preferred to
use FileWriterthan FileOutputStream.

FileOutputStream class declaration

public class FileOutputStream extends OutputStream

FileOutputStream class methods

Method Description

protected void finalize() It is used to clean up the connection with the file output
stream.

void write(byte[] ary) It is used to write ary.length bytes from the byte array to
the file output stream.

void write(byte[] ary, int It is used to write len bytes from the byte array starting at
off, int len) offset off to the file output stream.

void write(int b) It is used to write the specified byte to the file output
stream.

FileChannel It is used to return the file channel object associated with

getChannel() the file output stream.

FileDescriptor getFD() It is used to return the file descriptor associated with the
stream.

void close() It is used to closes the file output stream.

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Java FileOutputStream Example1: write byte

import java.io.FileOutputStream;
public class FileOutputStreamExample {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
fout.write(65);
fout.close();
System.out.println("success...");
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}

Java FileOutputStream example 2: write string

import java.io.FileOutputStream;
public class FileOutputStreamExample {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
String s="Welcome to javaTpoint.";
byte b[]=s.getBytes();//converting string into byte array
fout.write(b);
fout.close();
System.out.println("success...");
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}

What is Java FileIntputStream Class? Give an example

Java FileInputStream class obtains input bytes from a file. It is used for reading
byte-oriented data (streams of raw bytes) such as image data, audio, video etc.
You can also read character-stream data. But, for reading streams of characters,
it is recommended to use FileReader class.

Java FileInputStream class declaration

public class FileInputStream extends InputStream

java FileInputStream class methods

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B.Sc. III Semester 87

Method Description

int available() It is used to return the estimated number of bytes that can be read
from the input stream.

int read() It is used to read the byte of data from the input stream.

int read(byte[] b) It is used to read up to b.length bytes of data from the input
stream.

int read(byte[] b, int It is used to read up to len bytes of data from the input stream.
off, int len)

long skip(long x) It is used to skip over and discards x bytes of data from the input
stream.

FileChannel It is used to return the unique FileChannel object associated with

getChannel() the file input stream.

FileDescriptor getFD() It is used to return the FileDescriptor object.

protected void finalize() It is used to ensure that the close method is call when there is no
more reference to the file input stream.

void close() It is used to closes the stream.

Java FileInputStream example 1: read single character

import java.io.FileInputStream;
public class DataStreamExample {
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
int i=fin.read();
System.out.print((char)i);

fin.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 88

Q) Discuss about Input and Output classes in java.

1. A Stream is used to accept input from the keyboard at runtime.

2. A Stream represents flow of data from one place to another place.

3. A Stream can carry data from keyboard to memory or from memory to printer.

4. Basically there are two types of streams. They are input streams and output streams.

5. Input streams are used to receive or read data coming from some other place. Output
streams are used to send or write data to some other place.

6. All streams are represented by classes in java.io (input and output) package. This
package contains a lot of classes. These classes are classified into input streams and output
streams.

7. Keyboard is represented by a field, called in the System class. System class is found in
java.lang package and has three fields. They are

System.in : This is InputStream object. It represents standard input device i.e., Keyboard.

System.out : This is PrintStream object. It represents standard output device i.e., Monitor.

System.err : This field also is PrintStream object, which by default represents monitor.

Example : System.out.println(“Welcome”);

System.err.println(“Welcome”);

In java stream classes are classified into two categories. They are

1. Byte stream classes: Byte stream classes are defined from two abstract classes:
InputStream and OutputStream. Each of these abstract classes has several concrete
subclasses that handle various input and output operations.
a. BufferedInputStream
b. BufferedOutputStream
c. DataInputStream
d. DataOutputStream
e. FileInputStream
f. FileOutputStream
g. ByteArrayInputStream
h. ByteArrayOutputStream

2. Character Stream classes: Character stream classes are defined from two abstract
classes: Reader and Writer. Each of these abstract classes has several concrete
subclasses that handle various input and output operations.
a. BufferedReader
b. BufferedWriter
c. CharArrayReader
d. CharArrayWriter
e. FileReader
f. FileWriter

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 89

g. FilterReader
h. FilterWriter
i. InputStreamReader
j. OutputStreamWriter
k. LineNumberReader
To read the data from the key board, follow the following steps
1) Create InputStreamReader object and connect the keyboard(System.in) to it.
InputStreamReader obj=new InputStreamReader(System.in);
2) Create BufferedReader object and connect the InputStreamReader to it.
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(obj);
3) These two steps can be combined and written in a single statement as
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
4) Now we can read the data coming from the keyboard using read( ) and readLine( )
methods available in BufferdReader class.
Ex : String str = br.readLine( );

Q) What is BufferedReader class? Explain.

1. The java.io.BufferedReader is the subclass of java.io.Reader class.

2. This allows more efficient reading of characters and lines.
3. BufferedReader provides different methods to read data from the keyboard.
Ex : readLine( )
4. The BuffeeredReader gets data and store that data in a buffer and the program gets
data from the buffer.

InputStream Buffered Reader Program

Syntax :
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str=br.readLine( );
Constructors :
1. BufferedReader(Reader inputstream) : it uses a default sized input buffer.
2. BufferedReader(Reader inputstream, int size) : it uses a specified sized input
buffer.
Methods :
1. close() Close the stream.
2. mark(int readAheadLimit) Mark the present position in the stream.
3. read() Read a single character and returns an integer.
4. readLine() Read a line of text.
5. skip(long n) Skip characters

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA
B.Sc. III Semester 90

Q) What is InputStreamReader class? Explain

1. The InputStreamReader is a class from java.io package is the subclass of java.io.Reader

class.

2. The InputStreamReader class serves as a bridge between byte streams and character
streams.

3. It reads bytes from the input stream and translates them into characters according to a
specified character encoding.

4. It reads bytes and decodes them into characters using a specified charset.

5. Calling of read() method it gets some bytes of information from input stream.

Non-unicode InputStreamR Unicode

bytes eader characters

Syntax :

BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

String str=br.read( );

Constructors of InputStreamReader Class :

InputStreamReader ( InputStream in) : Create an InputStreamReader that uses the default

charset.

InputStreamReader ( InputStream in, Charset cs) :

Creates an InputStreamReader that uses the given charset.

InputStreamReader ( InputStream in, CharsetDecoder dec) :

Creates an InputStreamReader that uses the given charset decoder.

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InputStreamReader ( InputStream in, String cn) :

Creates an InputStreamReader that uses the named charset.

Methods :

read( ) : This method is used to read a single character.

ready( ) : This method tells us whether this stream is ready to be read or not.

getEncoding( ) : This method is used to know the name of the character encoding being used
by this stream.

close ( ) : This method is used to close the stream.

Paper III: Object oriented programming using JAVA Prepared by Mahesh MCA