CHAPTER1 LESSON 1

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY OF

TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

"where is science now?" In the "What is matter?"

pursuit of knowledge, human keeps on
asking questions, like "what is matter?",
"what is life?", "where are we?", or even Science is not a single idea; it is not
"when are we?". This questions were asked as stable as other disciplines are. It covers
and is continuously being asked today. compounding contributions of different
This chapter will provide a glimpse natural philosophers and scientists all
on the development of science and throughout the history.
technology through the history of What was true then can "not be true"
humankind. Provide evidences of the now, and what is true now, can be "not true"
presence of science and technology in in the future.
different eras of different locations.
Science is systematic, it abides with
rules of observations or experimentations
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: that can be universally be repeated.

 Define science based your historical In order to convince a scientist.

and philosophical understanding. Observe some specific aspects of the world.
 Compare the similarities and Some of the generated knowledge science
differences of the alchemist, natural were generated through observations.
philosopher, engineer, and scientist.
 Recognize historical antecedents. Conduct an experiment to answer some
 Make a list of people of science, questions about the world. Experimentation
include their contributions and plays an important role in proving and
implications. disproving a proposed scientific principle.
 Illustrate your futuristic view of
science and technology based on
history of Science. "NULLIUS IN VERBA" = "no one's word"
 Create a mind map of the historical Don’t believe something just because
roots of science starting from someone tells you it’s true. Test out each
alchemy to the science. new hypothesis, or educated guess
 Present the developed mind map yourself”
through oral presentation.

In 1660, a group of knowledge

makers founded the "College for the
Promoting of Physico-Mathematical
Experimental Leaning", this was later re-
founded in 1663 as "The Royal Society of
London for the Improvement of Natural
Knowledge"
"Societies Philosophical Transactions" - it is "knowledge is power", the knowledge of
one of the world's oldest peer reviewed knowing how things work and why
scientific journals.
thing exists gives the bearer power, which is
LESSON SPOTLIGHT why one must study the history of science.
The history of science, highlights
understanding of what is good and bad, and
The society based their unambiguous motto what should be the acceptable behavior of
to "scientific method", which the founding scientists and engineers in facing the future
members developed their motto: based on the learnings of the past.
"Don't believe something just because It aims to answer the questions on
someone tells you it's true. Test out each "how the science and technology shaped
new hypothesis, or educated guess, the society, and vice versa?" and "how to
yourself." science things out?"

In fact, the word "science" was only termed

just recently on 1840 by William Whewell,
an English scientist who also served as a LESSON 2
historian and a priest.
THE ALCHEMIST: NOTA WIZARD

NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS TO
SCIENTISTS. Alchemy wasn't a practice of magic
as many thought it was, "Alchemists",
people involved in the practice of alchemy,
were experimentally skilled and theorists of
The history of science includes more understanding and answering the Perennial
types of people from different parts of the question "What is matter?"
world. The history of science aims to show
the different worlds of knowledge that will
serve as lenses in viewing our relatively
evolving science. Each system has social The field of chemistry, known to be
norms which gives account on what is a the central science, came from the word
valid way to make and share the generated "alchemy", which might mean "black earth",
knowledge in order to have a global science that symbolizes the rich and fertile lands of
perspective. Egypt, the land of "Khem". Alchemy is a
philosophical manner of thinking about the
material world and changing it.
Humanity is still historically crafting Alchemists wrote different books and
our understanding of the world. This published it, but using allegorical codes.
discipline also serves as a lens of the
science of the past, that science of the past It was not publicly available for the
is also influenced by religion, because of its people. They use code words called
unifying quest in the never ending attempt Decknamen, which may mean the words
of human in searching for the truth. written in their books were "not what it
seems".
Humans has numerical attempts of
describing the natural world because it is
wonderful and fascinating to know, and to
control it. This boils down to the saying
 Asian alchemy was also very evident in the
Asian culture, take Chinese alchemy for
example, they are very tied up to the ideas
LESSON SPOTLIGHT of nature (earth), and that the earth is a
living organism. They have also detected
important channels of transmission of
energy using the elemental metal, magnets,
Attempt to decode an allegorical code:
to organize systems called Feng Shui. This
practice later led to the development of gun
powders in 900 AD. Similar to the conquest
"Upon the battle of Venus and Mars, Venus to "elixir of life" (western civilization),
watched as the god of war decays." Chinese alchemy also searches for
"waidan", for immortality.
Explanation:
"Upon mixing copper and iron, iron
immediately corroded." Indians alchemy has also shared a
part on the discipline, as they focused on
natural medicine, and preservation of heath.
Their Ayurvedic practice of life (book
The most known alchemical practice compilation) focused on natural products
transcribed in many alchemical books was and toxicology.
focused on transmutation, or changing
materials into a new form. Southeast Asian countries like the
Philippines also showed alchemical
practices, the "Babaylans" - spiritual
TWO KINDS OF ALCHEMICAL METALS shamans who specializes in communicating
to spirits, showed intelligence on the
practice of medicine, scientific crafts, and
predicting weather and seasons.
Noble metals - Gold (sun) and Silver (moon)
Base metals - Mercury (mercury). Copper
(Venus), Iron (Mars), Tin (Jupiter), and Lead
(Saturn) The Middle-eastern alchemists with the
influence of Chinese, Aristotelian, and
Indian alchemical practices, has were more
advanced in the conquest, but they focused
TWO FORMS OF TRANSMUTATIONS: more on mathematics and understanding
Particulars - one transmutation. Change an the heavens. A Persian alchemist, Jabir lbn
object into another form. (Ex. Copper Hayyan also known as "Geber" in Europe
turning to silver). (impossible but nuclear was known for authoring more than three
science make it possible). thousand texts about alchemical practices,
including minerology, transmutation, and
Universals – turning (Philosophers stone) medical elixirs, and invented new
anything into new form philosophers stone. equipment.
(possible)

WHAT HAPPENED TO ALCHEMY?

Alchemy spread all around the world at
different era and influenced by different Since alchemy exhibits elements of religion
cultures. and science, and during the 16th to 18th
century, there was an evident separation of
the church and state, alchemy had to
choose between "being a science" or "being Philosophers before Socrates.
a religion" in order for the discipline to
survive, it chose to "be science" Before the time of Socrates, there were
many philosophers in the Ancient Greeks
who have taken initiatives to spark
questions on the material world.
WHAT HAPPENED TO ALCHEMY?
"School of thoughts", or school of
Alchemy did not completely die out, part of it philosophy which are not literal physical
lives on in the discipline of the central schools, to spread ideas of the world.
science, chemistry. The death of alchemy is
a proof that "knowledge kept, dies, but the This schools are group of students
knowledge shared, grows." Chemistry and teachers that asks and attempts to
continues to practice some of its alchemical answer the questions on the natural world
roots, but with more scientific foundation. and reason out. The biggest contribution of
the school is the "rational debates", in order
to generate knowledge.
LESSON 3
NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS: THE THALES
"HOW'S" AND "WHY'S" OF US
He was the first European
philosopher that was recorded in the ancient
Greeks were people of interest and that contributed in the Greece crafting of
craft, they practiced natural philosophy, knowledge.
which means that their practice of intellect He was known to be first on many
was- "self -conscious inquiry into nature." things, one of these was, he was known to
A lot of the Greeks contributed in the be the first individual to have made and
practice of science today, like the art of proved his own theorem the Thales's
"scientific inquiry", this started off with their Theorem.
quest on answering "what is matter?" He believed in separating the
Ancient Greek philosophers were divinities of the gods to the power of the
not purely scientists as there was no single human intellect, knowledge became object,
discipline of science then, they didn't make but this doesn't mean he was against them,
detailed or any accurate knowledge based he in fact believed that things have souls
on observation, but they came up with many within them.
theories that attempts to take account and He was also regarded as the founder of the
answer the "why's" and "how's" in the first European “schools of philosophy” called
material world. the “Milesians”. This schools were known
They drew red lines between the for its articulate ‘attempts in explaining the
abstract and the material world, attempted natural and the material world, and started
to separate the myths and truths, and the making theories about them. The theories of
practice of natural philosophy became a Thales were later on dismissed by Plato and
conquest for abstract knowledge. Aristotle.

ANAXIMANDER

PRE-SOCRATICS Anaximander is one of the first

Greeks to contribute to the body of
knowledge, he has more recorded theories a model of proving systems of knowledge,
than Thales, because he is also the first which is being used now as a practice in
European philosopher to write down his science to prove a point, after all "math is
ideas. He believed that the material world the language of science", but many also
and the natural world is governed by believes that "mathematics is a separate
discoverable laws/law of nature, he also and independent body of knowledge."
rejected the theory of Thales about the
watery universe and instead he proposed Pythagoras is one of the most
his own explanation by introducing formless famous pre-Socratic philosophers, he
initial state, called the “apeiron’ (normal or studied the philosophy of the Milesians, but
stable state). he was more abstract thinker.

APEIRON EXAMPLE: hot to cold He was the one who introduced

idealism in the practice of science, an
He also contributed works on idealist like him, generates abstract models
astronomy geometry and mathematics, he of perfect materials. But his largest
was also the one who introduced the contribution known until today is his math,
"gnomon", which is being used by the Asian his idealism shifted from the Egyptian and
philosophers for over two millennia. This Mesopotamian mathematics, which are
also helped Anaximander develop a model practical mathematics, to a new and pure
of cosmos that attempted. To picture by mathematics, the geometry.
heavenly wheels.
Anaximander also worked on the
possibility of animal transformation, which is LESSON SPOTLIGHT
influenced by the Greeks myths, this work Pythagoras on numbers:
was one of the Primordial points of starting
to ask the question, “where did we come "Numbers are not just mere counting
from", which eventually led to theory of numbers, numbers are Sacred.” He also
evolution. hated irrational numbers.

EMPEDOCLES DEMOCRITUS

The last great thinker and The most known natural philosopher
philosopher that was said to be associated in the pre-Socratic era that contributed a lot
with the Milesian schools was Empedocles. in the sciences was the first person to
Empedocles, literally made a book called scientifically answer the question "what is
"On Nature”, here he formed his theories on matter?" and "what is matter made off?"
the four classical elements, the earth, air, using philosophical approach.
fire, and water, and ‘adding all of this by two
The biggest thread in the Greek
strong forces of love and strife.
contributions of knowledge was "Atomism",
One of the primeval questions of the a theory remains a theory until today, but
Philosophers that they attempted to answer has been supported through time.
was the question, “what is matter?”
Democritus held the idea of the
small particle that is indestructible,
uncreated, always in motion, and infinite
PYTHAGORAS number, which may in many forms and
Pythagoras's creation of the pure, sizes. In his attempt to answer the question,
elegant and abstract mathematics became "what is matter?", like the Milesians, he was
also a materialist.
 To test his hypothesis, he held a elimination. and improving the possibilities
bottle filled with air and placed it under of what is right.
water to prove that air is made of something
as it forms bubbles- this allowed him to But his biggest contribution in the history
come up of the theory, but he still had a lot were not books or philosophical phrases,
to prove. He argued with many fellow biggest contribution is "legacy". Though
philosophers Zeno and Parmenides using Socrates did not directly contribute of
the "void hypothesis". science, he inspired two icons in the
classical Greek philosophy. His student,
The rational debate on atom go Plato, and his student's student, Aristotle.
through many centuries. In a rational
debate, it is important to note the "structure
of dialogue".
It is important to note that the PLATO
philosophers of the ancient Greece lived in
a very different time and different world. But Plato had a great impact on what is now
the way they think, the way they shared called "Metacognition", means "thinking
their thoughts using rational debate framed about your own thinking". Until now his
the body of knowledge on answering establishment of physical schools called
questions of the material world and of truth, "academy", is still being used to describe
which has echoed philosophical learning for higher education.
all throughout centuries and across the
whole world.
Plato emphasized in the original
Academy the training on how to think
properly over the door of the academy. He
SOCRATES was inspired by Pythagoras, thus he based
The urban Athens started in circa his philosophy on geometry. He taught
399 BCE, during these era was the rise of inspired idealism or a theory of nature
the famous philosopher, Socrates. He is not based on the abstracts of the world, he
a natural philosopher, he did not even dwell believed of rules that the material world is a
on studying nature, his studies were more perfect example.
on politics, morality, and citizenship. But, he He had to fit his observations to the
contributed a lot in the quest of theories of idealism rather than the other
understanding the universe by "asking way around, this is one of the major reasons
questions", which eventually has influenced why he was more regarded as a
a lot of succeeding philosophers in their philosopher than a scientist, but he's
manner of teaching their ideas. actually both.
Today, we call it as "Socratic Scientist observed, test hypotheis
Method", the "art of questioning", and this and relate it to theory or idea but Plato fit
method is used in many disciplines, for observation in idea.
science, we call it "Scientific inquiry
method", this method involves constantly
asking questions so that the students can
LESSON SPOTLIGHT
breakdown into the problem, and eventually
create and test their hypothesis. Inscribed at the doors of the original
Academy of Plato,
The Socratic method is a relevant
method used in negative hypothesis "Let no one enter here who is ignorant of
Geometry"
 He was also inspired by the "Pre- being used by in the practice of modern
Socratics", but he then developed a more science.
complete lens on how to view the material
and natural world than they were. Aristotle came from Macedonian
roots who studied in the Academy of Plato
Plato's system on cosmos was in Athens for twenty years, until Plato died.
perfect, he believed that the natural world is He later took a very lucrative job as the tutor
governed by perfect rules, and believed that of the son of King Philip ll of Macedonia,
all materials were made of atoms with Alexander the Great. Alexander expanded
varied geometrical shapes, "Platonic the territory of the state by conquering parts
Solids", each solids creates sacred of all three continents of Asia, Africa, and
elements; Europe.
Tetrahedron fire, Ironically, Aristotle is known for writing
books on "ethics", but supported his
Cubes-earth, student, Alexander the Great, to invade
Octahedron - air, Persia, kill barbarians, and conquer other
states. He remained teacher and adviser to
icosahedrons -water, Alexander, until "Alex" died in young age,
Aristotle then decided to go back to Athens
Dodecahedron - whole universe.
and decided to put up his own school as
well, the "Lyceum".

His theory of the heavens believes

that the wanderers of the cosmos, both
TWO GREAT SCHOOLS OF
stars and planets a uniform circular motion.
PHILOSOPHY AND INTELLECT

"Success of the student is a shared success

"Academy of Plato"
for a teacher."
A Physical School, it is a building.
If Socrates shares the success of Plato,
Original Academy the training on how to
Plato also has his piece of Success of
think properly over the door of the academy.
Aristotle.
He was inspired by Pythagoras, thus based
his philosophy on geometry.

ARISTOTLE "Lyceum of Aristotle"

Aristotle is the star student of Plato, NOT a building, its classroom is the
is referred as the only Greek that has more environment field with grove trees and
written philosophies than him. plants outside the city, students and
teachers "walk and talk" about their ideas.
Aristotle was a mentee and a rival to His school was called "Peripatetic", which
Plato, in terms of philosophy. means "walkie", an informal education,
Aristotle's philosophy has more unlike to that of the academy. This was
regard on the common sense, unlike Plato large influenced because of Aristotle’s
whose philosophy is abstract, Aristotle's interest of plants and living organisms.
work is passed on ideas that are grounded Aristotle wrote many of his books and works
on empirical evidences, he observed the on meta-physics, "On the heavens", "On the
world and then explained it, developing his soul" – this book was a primeval book that
own theories. This order of operations is married protobiology and psychology, and
the most influential natural philosophy NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS
textbook of Aristotle in his school is called
"Physics".
He attempted to answer many big Both Plato and Aristotle's views on
questions about the material and natural the material and natural world influenced
world, and the perennial question, "what is many natural philosophers, they both
matter", even the astronomical question, inspired centuries of scholars to think about
"where are we". He posed a complete thinking, observe the laws of nature, and to
system by joining the elements of the reflect on the universe.
heavens, which became the basic European The Ancient Greece has indeed
understanding on the physical world for two contributed a lot and has rippled through
thousand years. centuries and across the world. Just like
Aristotle trusted the senses, he used Egypt, this powerful, and long standing state
it for his works, such as history of animals, of greatness and power came to an end, the
he is one of the first to write down his Ancient Greece ended in the Roman
observations of animals and classified them conquest in 146 BCE.
in their kinds. He also tried to order the
system of the living things, animals, which
led to the development of the taxonomy. He EXTRA NOTES!
also attempted to answer the question
SCIENCE – fundamental element in
"what is life?", the taxonomy he created
understanding the world and the universe. A
were based on what he called "system of
compounding discipline.
souls".
PHILOSOPHERS – people who practices
Plants - has the simplest soul, they have the
the field of natural world.
vegetative soul. (grow)
TECHNOLOGY – major contributions craft
Animals - have a mobility soul, they have
in the practical
vegetative and sensitive animal souls. (grow
and move) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – major
contributions to development of culture and
Humans- has the highest form of soul,
understanding Science.
combination of vegetative, sensitive and the
rational soul, and these three souls allows FATHER OF SCIENCE – Galileo Galilei
the humans to think and reflect. (grow,
move and rational soul) MATTER – anything that has mass and
occupy space.
His system of classification
influenced the succeeding natural TATTOO – members of physico / royal.
philosophers and scientists today. NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS – called to
Plato saw the world of idealism, scientist before 1840.
while Aristotle had accepted the some of the OILERS METHOD – Ancient formula used
concepts of discord, and that things to calculate the spaceship to travel the
naturally messes up, but always trying to go moon.
back to its original position or situation.
ALLEGORICAL CODE BOOKS – not
Aristotle also loved looking at Living publicly available to people.
things, he looked at them very closely and
discovered details about it. LESSON 3 PIC – Mesopotamia and
Babylonia.
GREEK – 800 BCE to 600 BCE, start of
contribution.
600 to 400 BCE - dense knowledge biggest
contribution.
ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS –
called natural philosophers.
EGYPTIAN – first used mathematical
measurement like cubic system.
ALGEBRA – came from middle east
1905 (early 20th century) – presence of
atoms is only proven.
Socrates – Plato – Aristotle – Alexander the
great.
ARISTOTLE AND PLATO – Aristotle is
more in abstract but Plato is more on
abstract.
Plato is idealist but Aristotle accepts
possibility of discord and chaos.

WHY WE STUDY SCIENCE?

Because science is from past and we use
theories from past to experiment it and
develop assumptions from human
perspectives up until today.
 LESSON 4: THE ARTIST Roman's sought of knowledge did not rely
on reasoning like the Greeks, they did not
GREAT BUILDERS
ask the questions, where are we?", “what is
matter?” or “when are we?" instead, they
focused on the question, “how to apply the
There were many great builders in knowledge?”
the history of human kind, their strong
infrastructure serves as a portal for the The Greeks collection of knowledge
modern world to have a glimpse of their obtained by the state on geometry, physics,
lives in the past. astronomy, and even other disciplines
contributed by great natural philosophers,
The Egyptians were great builders, that spread in the Hellenistic world, were
they created measurement mathematics for mostly adapted by the Romans.
construction purposes, they invented the
cubit system and used it to build the Aristotle sought knowledge and classified it
Pyramids of Egypt. in two forms, it “useful” or the knowledge
“theoretical”
The Babylonians were also great
builders and architects. As they built the
Hanging Garden of Babylon during the time
TWO FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE
of Nebuchadnezzar as a testament of
power.
The Mesoamericans were also great Techne - the root word of “technology”, in
builders of temples and houses, like the the historical times, the word techne is
concrete construction of the city of Machu associated with the arts - the art of
Pichu in Peru. craftsmanship, this also meant that the
practical knowledge can be learned by
There were many builders in the
doing, and relate to practical world,
world, but a certain civilization invested their
strength — in technology, and building, Episteme - the root word of “epistemology”,
rather than reasoning and natural is considered as the study of knowledge,
philosophy, the Romans. this form of knowledge is mostly associated
to science, because science is abstract.
The Romans ended the flourishing
growth of reasoning of the ancient Greece The Greco-Roman politicians were also like
as they conquered the state at around 146 most of the heads of state today, they
BCE. invested on technology and engineering to
build big and strong weapons, for the
The Romans were great builders,
Greco-Roman empire, the catapults and
they built many and strong monumental
ships are proof of power. In the ancient
buildings, roads, bridges, arches, and most
Mediterranean times, the people that build
famous domes which stands still until today.
those “war machines" were called
They engineered lot of infrastructures that
“Architectons” or the “Architects.”
were useful for the state, like aqueducts,
that is used to carry tons of water to quench
the thirst of the people of the state and used
for farming.
 build Roman concretes, this also known as
“opus caementitum’.
This material was durable and could be
ARCHIMEDES OF SYRACUSE
poured and shaped in different forms, this
technology was used to form domes. The
Pantheon in Rome is covered by 143-foot
Since the architects and engineers were diameter of dome of concrete that stood |
mostly on the art of craftsmanship, they until today.
didn't have much of a written document to
take account to. But there were famous The Romans found out that the “arches” are
Architectons during these times, the most strong supports for weights rather than
famous is Archimedes of Syracuse. straight joints without understanding forces.
This is a big deal if you ‘re trying to move
Archimedes is a famous mathematician, he really heavy material, like water.
also worked with geometrical proofs, take
the area a circle, infinitesimals, and The water during the Roman era were able
exponents. He used his intellect to help the to move in long distance using “Arch
Greeks fight the Romans by inventing lot of Aqueducts". This allowed the city to grow
war machines, further in population and in territory.

Archimedes is not only a mathematical The Romans also changed their lands in
Genius but also a great craftsman who many ways too, they drained the marches of
\invented many machines, apart from war their home city using sewer systems which
machines he Invented to fight the Romans, were called “Cloaca Maxima”, which literally
he also made useful contraptions, like water means, "Big Sewers.”
screw and compound pulley, which was
Their roads become a key to many doors for
used by the civilization at that time to pull up
the Romans, their builders stepped up their
water.
game and took the art of logistics to a
One of the reasons why Archimedes is still different level, look at the map of Rome,
recognized today was because he took consider the “Apian Way", the first leg was
account of his works, influenced by his built on 312 BCE, using layers of fitted
interest in natural philosophy, he so stones and gravel, it started from Rome
attempted to explain how his machines southeast, through “heel” of Italy, it
work. connected the several towns and cities
across the region of the peninsula.
The making of weapons or engineering
during their time was not a matter of The Apian way become an open door for
attempting to understand the the Roman troops to efficiently crush their
hydrodynamics or even knowing the enemies, and then further expanded, It is
chemical properties of the materials that will one of the many well preserved
be used in the art of making. infrastructures of Rome that lasted up to
date. Their roads crisscrossed along parts
Today, the practice of construction is mixing of Africa, Asia, and Europe, as the old
cement, sand and adding water to build saying goes, “All roads, lead to Rome".
concrete buildings, but this practice goes
back in 150 BCE, as the Roman engineers
began mixing ash, rocks, water, and lime to
 physicians, their knowledge based
Constructions were still standing today,
Though, they could buy their freedom to
become a voting citizens, many remained
as slaves,

LESSON SPOTLIGHT
Marcus Vitruvius Polio wrote about
“mille vie ducunt hominem secula Romam." architectures, buildings and urban planning
“A thousand roads lead a man forever and engineering abo involved
toward understanding of human systems, he
inspired De Vinci's Vitruvian man, His
Rome.” architecture sums up the concepts about
the obtained and flourishing knowledge
Alain de Lille, French Poet (1775)
during the Hellenistic era and the Greco-
Roman world, His technical manuals were
focused with the harmonies of the human
The Romans optimized their technology and bodies as well as the management of the
used it to expand their power and territory, cities.
they developed legal systems, the state
supported the army, provided public food, There were many great builders, the
and massive public games to entertain the engineers of the post were able to create a
people of the state. portal for the people today to visit the past
by seeing their works.
The Greco-Roman architecture and
“FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER”, THE engineering still stands today, itis a
“COLOSSEUM”. testament of the impact of science and
technology to social, economic and political
power.
The most known infrastructure of the
Roman empire today that flooded blood for
many years is the “Flavian Amphitheater", LESSON SPOTLIGHT
the “Colosseum”. It had a retractable roof,
this was manned by sailors who used “The technologies that engineers make are,
complicated rigging in order to move the like the sciences, political - only as good or
canvas covering the viewers. Sometimes, bad as the humans who use them.”
the engineers had to flood the colosseum to
~The Engineer of 2020 (2004)
allow naval battles be viewed,
Public works were for Romans, before the
industrial revolution in the 19th century, the
construction of roads, sewer systems, and
other infrastructures required a lot of
materials and laborers, slaves,
One out of tree people in Rome, lay, were
enslaved, the Roman staves involved highly
educated people like engineers and even
 telescope, he developed is support
10 the heliocentric view
 In 1611, he became vocal to his
stand in on the cosmological
understanding of the world and
supported heliocentrism, so he was
called by the church for inquisition.

LESSON 5
THE SCIENTISTS: VERSION 2.0 LESSON SPOTLIGHT
"We conclude that God is known first
through nature, and then again, more
What does it take to be a “Scientist”?
particularly, by doctrine, by Nature in His
What’s “Scientific Method"? works, and by doctrine in His revealed
word."
Why is “Science”?
Excerpt from the Letter Galileo Galilei to
the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany,
THE SCIENTIST 1615

The “Scientific Method”, is a not necessarily  He stated that the bible and nature
a step by step process that only follows one do not disagree with another, the
flow of direction to obtain a conclusion. bible is the word for the people, a
guide and story on how to behave
There is no single method is the pursuit in and why, while the nature is God's
seeking scientific knowledge, but scientific physical work, He simply stated that
method should possess basic principles of “Science Is the uncovering of God's
seeking knowledge; the rationality, work".
experimentation, ruthless self-examination,  Though Galilei was a faithful man,
The development of the "Scientific Method” the church did not believe him,
is given credit to three great intellectuals  And in 1614, the church banned all
who took part in the pursuit of knowledge. the studies on the cosmos pertaining
to heliocentrism.
 In 1623, by this time he published
GALILEO GALILEI the “Assayer" where he strongly
stated that, scientists should be free
 Born in 1564, is on Italian scientist to do their works, that God moves
who largely took part in the the heavens in many of ways, so the
cosmological understanding of the source of ultimate truth will always
world view today, be faith.
 In 1609, he re-invented the
telescope and used it as an
instrument that changed astronomy LESSON SPOTLIGHT
today, upon his observation of the
universe using technology of
“I say I do not wish to be counted as an be practical, instrumental, and
ignoramus and an ingrate toward Nature supported by the state,
and toward God; for if they have given me  He wanted a new replacement
my senses and my reason, why should | system of understanding natural
defer such great gifts to the errors of some philosophy by wrapping up all the
man? Why should I believe blindly and fields of natural philosophies,
stupidly what | wish to believe, and subject  He also believed science should not
the of my intellect to someone else who is be based on the Aristotelian method
just as liable to error as lam?" of seeking scientific knowledge by
rational argumentation, instead, lf
-Galileo Galle, Assayer (1623)
should be experimentally proven.
 Natural philosophy should be used
to Improve the well-being of
humanity by leading to technological
 Galilei’s message opened the advances,
“Dialogue of the Two Chief Systems  Francis Bacon wanted to understand
of the Cosmos" in 1632, he stood for the natural world to control it by
the Heliocentrism, which did not means of “useful an” - techne - like
match the Geocentrism. the development of the gun powder,
 The dialogue did not end well so he silk, and the printing press from
was called for inquisition, and in understanding the basic knowledge.
1633 he was house arrested for the  He wanted to focus on “useful
rest of his life, knowledge”.
 Isolation did not stop Galilei and  He believed that a natural
continued “Sciencing” astronomy, philosopher should have a first-hand
physics, and other fields of science. experience in the experimentation
and test the Important questions
without relying on the words of the
LESSON SPOTLIGHT long-dead Greek and Arabic
Philosophers
“He called for specific tests that would allow
experimenters to redo and confirm his laws
by their own senses. In his words, he stated SOLOMON'S HOUSE
that the true mark of being a “TRUE
SCIENTIST" is by independent
confirmation.”
The world of science must have a
 Galileo Galilei, 1638 central planning and support system, and
that it should be a program or a system that
works for the public good.
FRANCIS BACON In 1626, he published his book “New
Atlantis” where he outlined his own vision of
 Born in London in 1561, also shares
a utopic scientific society.
credit in the development of the
scientific method. He proposed that He proposed of developing a hub for
there should be a whole new intellectual work, a super university which
‘approach to science, which should will be called as the “Solomon's House",
here all personnel (exclusively all male) In 1637, Descartes published his
would be segregated to specific roles. book called “Discourse on the Method”, was
his major contribution in the history of
scientific knowledge. He started from the
The Traveler - They will travel the world to very beginning with a very abstract
gather facts. question, “how do we know what we know?"
This question became the core of the
The Experimentalist ~ They will conduct philosophy of epistemology, and until today,
experiment to create new facts. philosophers still debates on Descartes
The Book Worm ~ Extract facts from the question on the origin of knowledge.
books which will be submitted to the Descartes wanted to challenge the
experimentalists to test it. king of philosophy, Aristotle, and his attack
on him boils down to his two arguments.

The Analyzer - All results of the experiment LESSON SPOTLIGHT

will be submitted to them and will be Two major arguments of Descartes
analyzed, to Aristotle Knowledge is obtained through
The Interpreters of Nature - Composed of the senses, which lacks about absolute
three men who will take all the facts and use certainty, because the senses often deceive
them to produce new “axioms”, new truth. us.

The Benefactors - The “Dowry-men” will use Human reason can also be
the new axioms to put it in practical use, the deceived. Logical conclusions from false
people of techne. premises will lead you to wrong answers.
------------------------------------------

RENE DESCARTES He used mathematics, and only

mathematics as a way towards proof in
Born in central France in 15%, but order to explain the natural world. He used
he lived most of his time in Netherlands, He the “Systematic doubting” method, simply
is known as one of the founding figures of doubting yourself on what you really know.
modem mathematics, modern philosophy,
and he bridged geometry and algebra, this The “Scientific Method” was born,
allowed him to develop “Cartesian and the founding members of the royal
coordinates” society pointed these three as their
inspirations.
Having heard of what had happened
to Galilei in 1633 of being house arrested, These three great thinkers were the
he stopped publishing his own book major contributors to the scientific way of
supporting the Heliocentrism, “Le Monde”, understanding the natural world.
or “The World", Galileo Galilei is an experimentalist, he
He did come up of a new focused on the independent rationality and
cosmological idea based on Heliocentrism comparison on theories about the natural
which featured a chaotic moving aethereal word,
fluid where the planets and stars are
suspended, instead of spheres.
Francis Bacon is a practical thinker, he philosophy centered in Paris, this
focused on experimentation and social was called the “enlightenment”.
norms in promoting scientific research,  The enlightenment became a
massive shift from the ideas about
Rene Descartes is a pure philosopher, who
the world, away from the traditional
promoted always asking yourself on “how
sources of authority like the church.
sure your on what you know?".
 This was a century of leaning
towards scientific rational knowledge
as described by Bacon, one must
“dare to know",
 This became the rise new ideologies
and philosophies; the individual
liberty, progressive civilization,
religious tolerance, and the
separation of the church and state.
Scientists were not called “scientists” until  These ideas were developed and
1840, the term was coined by William enriched by French philosophers.
Whewell, on English scientist who also
served as a historian and a priest, there
were many scientists that contributed a lot In the 18th century, it was regarded that
in the scientific body of knowledge. physics was already on its way to
“rationalization, quantification, and standard
measurement,
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
BUT WHAT ABOUT CHEMISTRY?
Born in 1643, an English scientific
titan until today, he focused his work on the Chemistry came from the natural
universal gravitation, he also worked on the philosophy of Alchemy, and in the 1700s,
three laws of motion which became the the Alchemy is beginning to die out, at its
foundation of the modem physics. later years, natural Philosophers believed
that chemical reactions ore possible
His discovery of the calculus also because of an ether -Colorless, odorless,
allowed him, to have powerful methods to self-repulsive, extremely fine, and hard to
solve complicated mathematical problems. measure fluid called the phlogiston,
According to the phlogiston theory, the
ether was released as product of
LESSON SPOTLIGHT
combustion, the study and understanding of
Calculus is the mathematics that described this phenomenon was clarified by French
how a thing changes instantaneously, nobleman and chemist, Antoine Laurent De
whether that thing is velocity, acceleration, Lavoisier.
displacement, height, weight, volume, or
other variables.
ANTOINE LAURENT DE LAVOISIER

 The 1600s was a century of science

in London, while in 1700s, the Born in 1743, worked on
understanding the chemical reaction of
combustion. There he was able to
understand that the phlogisticated air was
MADAM MARIE SKLODOWSKA CURIE
oxygen, and the dephlogisticated air was
carbon dioxide. He was also able to develop
the “law of conservation of mass’, and he
also published the first 1st of elements, A Polish and naturalized French Physicist
and Chemist, was born in 1867.
He also established the states of
matter, that a water at its liquids form, solid  She’s the first woman to win the
form or even gaseous form, will always be Nobel prize
water by virtue of “law of conservation of  First person to win two of them,
mass”  The only woman and only four
people to win two different fields,
He became a rational and remains as the only person ever
experimentalist that became the sign of win Nobel prizes in multiple natural
overturning the one of the oldest natural sciences,
philosophy, the alchemy, and the birth of
chemistry, Antoine Lavoisier became the During Marie Curie's eat years in
“Father of Modern Chemistry" in 1777 Poland, Russia outlawed the laboratory
sciences in schools, the University of
Unfortunately, during the French Warsaw didn't admit women, so she went to
revolution, he was branded as a traitor a secret school in the country called the
because he was involved in taxation and Flying University.
supported foreign scientists,
 Marie Curie heard about the
He was one of many noblemen who
works of Roentgen and
were Killed despite being a great contributor
Becquerel on radiations, and
in the body of knowledge, Lavoisier died by
basing her understanding of
the guillotine in 1794.
electromagnetism, she used a
sensitive electrometer developed
by Pierre in order to measure
“The republic needs neither scientists nor electric charges to test how ray-
chemists; the course of justice cannot be producing uranium affected
delayed.” electromagnetic fields.
 Judge on the trial of Antoine  Marie developed “theory of
Lavoisier reactivity", which became
fundamental for modem physics.
She revolutionized the long
standing belief developed by
LESSON SPOTLIGHT
Democritus that the atom is a
single unit of matter that cannot
be divided.
“It took them only an instant to cut off his  She proved thot atoms can be
head, but France may not produce another divided and she also studied on
head in a century” the isotopes of an atom, dwelling
Joseph Louis Lagrange, mathematician and to the sub particles of atom.
a friend of Lavoisier on his death
  She served as a major classical physics to be completed was at the
contributor in the discovery of hands of a clerk in a patent office, Albert
Thorium, Polonium, Radium. Einstein.
 In 1903, Marie, Pier, and
Becquerel won a Nobel Prize in
Physics. She and her husband ALBERT EINSTEIN
applied her theory in using
radioactive materials in curing Born in 1897, is a German born theoretical
diseases like cancer, helping the physicist who became the pillar of “modern
advancement of medical physics”.
science. In 1908, it was an “Anus Mirabilis" for
 Marie Curie died in 1934 due to Albert Einstein meaning, it was a
cancer, and in 1996, her remains “marvelous year" for him.
were buried in the Pantheon for
her achievements.
 he family of Marie and Pierre
Currie was one of the greatest
families in the history of science
as all members of the family has

WHICH AMONG AL'S RESEARCH

their own share in the contribution to the DURING HIS ANUS MIRABILIS GAVE HIM
scientific knowledge and even their THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS?
daughter, lrene Joliot-Curie also won a
Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Brownian Motion - random motion of
particles suspended in fluid, allowed the
NUCLEAR SCIENCE collision of moving molecules in the fluid,

Marie Curie's works on radioactive Photoelectric effect - supporting the idea

materials, with other radioactive and nuclear that the energy as series of particles and
scientists, like Ernest Rutherford, the father not a wave.
of nuclear science, allowed the possibilities
Equivalence of mass and energy - moss
of what the alchemists opted to do, the
can be transformed to energy.
principle of “transmutation”, the principle of
turning anything into o new material, just Special relative - nothing can move foster
like turning any base metals into gold. than light, speed of light, it was about
comparing physical effects from different
But today, the possibility of turning base
observer position in terms of velocity, or
metals to gold would be more expensive
speed in a particular direction.
than gold itself.
----------------------------------------------------------
LESSON SPOTLIGHT
Physics is regarded as one of the core
disciplines of natural science. In 1900s, It “Mass and energy are both but different
was considered as an almost complete manifestations of the same thing - of
science, and the lost puzzle piece for
somewhat unfamiliar conception for the HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND
average mind.” TECHNOLOGY
~ Einstein on E = me?

 There were many scientists who

contribute to the body of knowledge
In 1915, he published his another paper on
all throughout the history and across
theory of general relativity, which explains
the world.
the physics of all situations. It was
 Scientists today seeks knowledge
confirmed further and accepted by the
and aims to contribute to the large
scientific community in 1919, which made
pool of body of knowledge through
him an icon of science luring their time, and
research and experimentation.
until today.
 The history of science is not about
Albert's road as the father of modem the people, itis about “how” the
physics became very controversial. In 1911, people of science viewed the world
Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr theorized during their time and how they
a model of the atom, which shows that the sought knowledge.
electrons move around a heavy nucleus of  Science is not a one-man team, itis
the atom and that each electrons ore a contribution of different people
suspended in an energy level which could from different times and different
be in ground state or excited state, both fields in order to understand and
scientists studied the physics of the very explain the natural and the material
small particles. world.
 The questions on “what is matter?",
In 1920's the controversy of understanding
“where are we?”, “when are we?”,
the sub-atomic particles became more
controversial which involved more particle “what is life?" and the “how's” and “why’s”,
scientists in the picture, are questions that goes back to the
alchemists, natural philosophers, and even
In 1926, two German physicist worked out
engineers of the ancient times, and until
the math behind quantum mechanics,
today, we still ask those question.
Werner Heisenberg, who invented the
matrix mechanics and the theory of  Today, the pen is in our hands to
uncertainty principle that states “any write the continuation of the history
observer con detect the position of velocity of science.
of any quantum particle, at any given time “Learning the history of science can help us
interval, but not both at the same time". shine a light on this dark future.”
Erwin Schrodinger, who studied on wave - Hank Green (2018)
mechanics, he used mathematical
equations to describe finding the electrons
in a certain. Position.
SULVAY CONFERENCE, 1927 “BIRTH OF
QUANTUM MECHANICS”
 BABYLONIA – hanging garden of Babylon.
MEZO AMERICANS – construction of
multiple step pyramids

ROMANS.
ARISTTLE.
TWO KIND OF KNOWLDGE

 THEORITICAL – mostly done by the

Greeks cause they area more on
reasoning and logic. (Episteme).
(Natural philosopher)
 USEFUL KNOWLEDGE – romans
do. They use knowledge practically.
(techne). (engineers)
Roman empire – the ships you have and
catapults you have. The more powerful you
are.
GREC0-ROMANS. Roman adopted some
of Greece because of attacking Greece but
not totally destroy entire civilization.
MY NOTES ARCHIMEDES - great mathematician. He
used his knowledge on mathematics and
THE ENGINEERS are artist because of
technology in order to depend his states.
infrastructure.
 He’s the foundation why we are now
Tower of Giza, coliseum, entire ancient
having water in different households.
Rome.
 Difference of Archimedes in
MORE ON ROMAN. They have architect.
contributive massively when it comes to  Architect plan and just build it.
engineering and architecture. They invested  -while Archimedes plan and explain
themselves in architecture and building. his plan answers the questions. He
writes his work and put it into
GREAT BUILDERS. EX: EGYPTIAN,
account.
PYRAMID
Matter of practicality.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION – one of the first
civilization because it it near Nile river and
very fertile so they survive. They have their
own measurement.

 They used the concept of reflection

of light in order to light inside the
pyramid.