Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: CE 25 – 1STSEM-2020-2012
COLLEGE OF ENGINEEERING
DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. CE 25

SPECIALIZATION SE/CEM/TE/WRE COURSE TITLE WATER RESOURCE ENIGINEERING
YEAR LEVEL 5th Year TIME FRAME 3 WK NO. 1 IM NO. 1
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE:
WATER MANAGEMENT AND ENGINEERING INTERVENTIONS
II. LESSON TITLE
A. GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT
B. SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This chapter introduces the Groundwater Development and Sewerage Systems.
This lesson provides an understanding of the formation of Groundwater supplies and
considers their management and use in comparison with other water resources.
Sewerage Systems discusses its history advantages, disadvantages, layouts, and
systems.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
• Discuss the Groundwater Development
• Know the advantages and disadvantages of sewerage system
• Its important role in our society
• Know and understand the proper disposal of wastewater
V. LESSON CONTENT
1. GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT
1.1 Importance of Groundwater Development
 Groundwater
 Is water found in the pores of soil and sediment, plus narrow fractures in bedrock
 Is the largest reservoir of fresh water that is readily available to humans
 Geological role of groundwater:
- as an erosional agent
- groundwater serves as an equalizer of streamflow
 Groundwater Development
 Is designed to satisfy a certain demand for water or to assess the groundwater
resources of a watershed
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1.2 Distribution of Groundwater

 Zone of Saturation
 Formation – water reaches a zone where all of the open spaces in sediment and
rock are completely filled with water. Water within the pores is called
groundwater
 Water Table – the upper limit of the zone of saturation
 Capillary Fringe
 Extends upwards from the water table
 Groundwater is held by surface tension in tiny passages between grains of soil or
sediment
 Zone of Aeration
 area above the water table
 includes the capillary fringe and the belt of soil moisture
 water cannot be pumped by wells
1.3 The Water Table
 The water table is the upper limit of the zone of saturation

 Variations in the water table
 Depth is highly variable – varies seasonably and from year to year
 Shape is usually a replica of the surface topography
 Factors that contribute to the irregular surface of the water table
- tends to “pile up” beneath high areas
- variations in rainfall
- variations in permeability from place to place
 Interactions between Groundwater and Streams
 Constitutes a basic link in the hydrologic cycle
 Three types of interactions:

1. Gaining streams – gain water from the inflow of groundwater through the
streambed
2. Losing streams (connected) – lose water to the groundwater system by
outflow through the streambed
3. Losing Streams (disconnected) – an unsaturated zone between the river
and the groundwater exists
 Interactions – a combination of the first two – a stream gains in some sections
and loses in other areas
1.4 Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement of Groundwater
 Porosity – percentage of total volume of roc or sediment that consist of pore spaces
 Determines how much groundwater can be stored
 Variations can be considerable over short distances.
 Permeability, Aquitards, and Aquifers
 Permeability – the ability of a material to transmit a fluid
 Aquitard – an impermeable layer that hinders or prevents water movement (such

as clay)
 Aquifer – permeable rock strata or sediment that transmits groundwater freely
(such as sands and gravels)
Movement of Water
 Exceedingly slow – typical rate of movement is a few centimeters per day
 Energy for the movement in provided by the force of gravity
 Darcy’s Law – if permeability remains uniform, the velocity of groundwater will
increase as the slope of the water table increases
 Hydraulic Gradient – the water table slope, determined by dividing the vertical
difference between the recharge and discharge points by the length of flow
between these points
 Hydraulic Head – the vertical difference between the recharge and discharge
points
Features Associated with Groundwater
 Springs
 Occur where the water table intersects earth’s surface
 Natural outflow of groundwater
 Can be caused by an aquitard creating a localized zone of saturation which is
called a perched water table
 Hot Springs
 Water is 6-9°C than the mean annual air temperature of the locality
 The water for most hot springs is heated by cooling of igneous rock
 Geysers
 Intermittent hot springs
 Water erupts with great force
 Occur where extensive hot igneous rock
 Groundwater heats, expands, changes to steam, and erupts
 Wells
 To ensure a continuous supply of water, a well must penetrate below the water
table
 Pumping of wells can cause:

- Drawdown (lowering) of the water table
- Cone of depression in the water table
 Artesian Well – a situation in which groundwater under pressure rises above the
level of the aquifer
 Types of Artesian Wells:
1. Non flowing – pressure surface is below ground level
2. Flowing – pressure surface is above the ground
 Not all artesian systems are wells, artesian spring also exist
 Caverns – is a naturally formed underground chamber

 Erosion forms most caverns at or below the water table in the zone of
saturation
 Travertine is a form of limestone that is deposited by hot springs or as a cave

deposit
 Characteristics of features found within caverns
- formed in the zone of aeration
- composed of dripstone
- formed from calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates
- common features include stalactites (hanging from the ceiling) and
stalagmites (growing from the floor)
1.5 Problems Associated with Groundwater Withdrawal
 Treating groundwater as a nonrenewable resource

 in many places the water available to recharge the aquifer falls significantly
short of the amount being withdrawn
 Subsidence
 ground sinks when water is pumped from wells faster than natural recharge
processes can replace it
 Saltwater contamination
 excessive groundwater withdrawal causes saltwater to be drawn into wells,
thus contaminating the freshwater supply
 this is primarily a problem in coastal areas
Groundwater Contamination
 One common source is Sewage
 Extremely permeable aquifers, such as coarse gravel, have such large
openings that groundwater may travel long distances without being cleaned
 Sewage often becomes purified as it passes through a few dozen meters of an
aquifer composed of sand or permeable sandstone
 Sinking a well can lead to groundwater pollution problems
 Other sources and types of contamination include substances such as:

 Highway salt
 Fertilizers
 Pesticides
 Chemical and industrial materials
Geologic Work of Groundwater
 Groundwater dissolves rock
 Groundwater is often mildly acidic
- Contains weak carbonic acid
- Forms when rainwater dissolves carbon dioxide from the air and from
decaying plants
 Carbonic acid reacts with calcite in limestone to form calcium bicarbonate, a
soluble material
 Karst Topography
 Landscapes that to a large extent have been shaped by the dissolving power
of groundwater
 Some common features include:
- Irregular terrain
- Sinkhole or sinks (formed by groundwater slowly dissolving the bedrock
often accompanied by collapse)
- Striking lack of surface drainage (streams)
2. SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Sewerage is the infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface runoff (storm

water, melt water, rainwater) using sewers. It encompasses components such as
receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm overflows, and screening chambers of
the combined sewer or sanitary sewer. Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment
plant or at the point of discharge into the environment. It is the system of pipes, chambers,
manholes, etc. That conveys the sewage or storm water.
In American colloquial English, "sewer system" is applied more frequently to the
large infrastructure of sewers that British speakers more often refer to as "sewerage".
Origins of sewage
Sewage is generated by residential, institutional, commercial and industrial

establishments. It includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, and
sinks draining into sewers. In many areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry
and commerce. The separation and draining of household waste into greywater and black
water is becoming more common in the developed world, with treated greywater being
permitted for use for watering plants or recycled for flushing toilets.
Overview
Sewage collection and treatment in the United States is typically subject to local,
state and federal regulations and standards.
Treating wastewater has the aim to produce an effluent that will do as little harm
as possible when discharged to the surrounding environment, thereby preventing pollution
.
compared to releasing untreated wastewater into the environment
Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called primary, secondary and
tertiary treatment.
 Primary treatment - consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin

where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the
surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be
discharged or subjected to secondary treatment. Some sewage treatment plants that are
connected to a combined sewer system have a bypass arrangement after the primary
treatment unit. This means that during very heavy rainfall events, the secondary and tertiary
treatment systems can be bypassed to protect them from hydraulic overloading, and the
mixture of sewage and storm water only receives primary treatment.
 Secondary treatment - removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary
treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a managed
habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the micro-
organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.
 Tertiary treatment - is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary
treatment in order to allow ejection into a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem (estuaries,
low-flow Rivers, coral reefs...). Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or
physically (for example, by lagoons and microfiltration) prior to discharge into a stream, river,
bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, greenway or park.
If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 Sewerage System, network of pipes, pumps, and force mains for the collection of
wastewater, or sewage, from a community.
 Modern sewerage system fall under two categories: domestic and industrial sewers and
storm sewers.
 Sometimes a combine system provides only one network of pipes, mains and outfall sewers
for all types of sewage and runoff.
 The preferred system, however, provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial
waste, which is generally treated before discharge, and a separate network for storm runoff,
which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal
in a stream or river.
THREE SYSTEM OF SEWERAGE
1. COMBINED SYSTEM
 When both sanitary sewage and storm water are carried in a single sewer, it is called
a combined sewer system.
 when the flow in a combined sewer consist of only domestic sewage and industrial
waste without storm water, flow is called ‘DRY WEATHER FLOW’
ADVANTAGES
 Both domestic sewage and storm water are carried in a single sewer, so construction
cost is less.
 The strength of domestic sewage is reduced because of dilution of storm water.
 The sewer are large size, and therefore the chances of their chocking are rare. It is
easy to clean them.
 In town with Narrow Street, this system is preferred.
DISADVANTAGES
 Initial cost is high because of large dimensions of sewer.

 Because of large size of sewer, their handling and transportation is difficult.
 Due to the inclusion of storm water, the load on the treatment plant increase.
 During heavy rain the sewer may be overflow and may thus create unhygienic
conditions.
 If the whole sewage is to be disposed of by pumping it is uneconomical.
COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM
2. SEPARATE SYSTEM
 In this system two separate sets of sewer are installed, one for collection and
conveyance of sanitary sewage and other for storm water.
 As storm water is carried separately, it is not foul in nature and normally disposed
off to natural water course without any treatment.
 Whereas the sanitary sewage is taken to treatment and after requires treatment it
is disposed off.
ADVANTAGES
 Size of sewer requires less.

 Since the sanitary sewage and storm water flows in a separate pipes, the quantity
of sewage to be treated is less.
 As the sewer are smaller in section, they can be easily ventilated.
 During disposal if the sewage is to be pumped, the separate system is cheaper.
 Rain water can be discharge in to streams without any treatment.
DISADVANTAGES
 Since the sewer are smaller in size, it is difficult to clean them.

 They are likely to get chocked.
 Initial cost is high, when two separate set are used.
 Maintenance cost of sewer is also high.
 Generally self-cleaning velocity is not available due to small quantity of sewage
therefore, flushing is required at various point.
3. PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM
 In this system, only one set of underground sewer is laid.

 These sewer admit the sanitary sewage as well as the early washing from the
drainage area due to rains.
 When the storm water exceed its specified limit, the excess is diverted to natural
water courses.
ADVANTAGES
 The sewer are reasonable size. Their cleaning is therefore not difficult.
 It combines the advantage of both the separate as well as the combined systems.
 The work of house plumbing is reduced, because the rain water from roof, sullage
from baths and kitchen, etc. can be taken in the pipe carrying the discharge from
the water closet.
DISADVANTAGES
 During dry weather floe deposition take place in sewer.

 As initial storm water is include the cost of pumping and size of disposal units
increase.
 The storm water increase the load on treatment units.
 There are possibilities of over flow, requiring the construction of storm water
overflow.
COMPONENTS OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 Components of Waste Water Flows

 Domestic waste water: it includes waste water from residential, commercial, small
industry, and public facilities.
 Industrial waste water: waste water in which industrial wastes predominates.
 Infiltration water: water that enters the sewer system through leaking joints, cracks and
breaks, or porous walls.
 Rain water (storm water): runoff resulting from rainfall.
SYSTEMS OF LAYOUT
 The system must be drawn to show the location of the pipe and so on. The process
involved of:
1. Preparing the sewerage layout plan to show the flow of sewerage, position
of the network, size of pipe and position of manholes.
 Sewer follow natural drainage ways to minimize excavation and pumping requirements.
Large truck sewer are usually constructed in low-lying areas closely paralleling streams
or channels. In general, pipes should cross contours at right angles.
 LOCATED PIPES
1. Place for easy connection for future user.
2. Provide access for maintenance.
3. Accomplish by placing them in streets or other rights-of-way
SYSTEMS OF LAYOUT
VI. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
VII. REFERENCES
https://www.slideshare.net/usamawaly/groundwater-1-49210803
https://www.slideshare.net/Vyankyo/groundwater-63909978
https://www.slideshare.net/MayankDMIT/sewerage-systems-ppt-by-mayank-oza
https://www.slideshare.net/RamprasadKumawat1/collection-of-sewage-
typescomponents-layout
PREPARED BY:
ARELLANO, RACKIE
PADILLA, ARVIN GABRIEL
PRIMERO, JEFFERSON
TOLENTINO, ARCHIE
VALIENTE, WILBERT

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. CE 25

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE:

WATER MANAGEMENT AND ENGINEERING INTERVENTIONS

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.1 Importance of Groundwater Development

1.2 Distribution of Groundwater

1.3 The Water Table

 The water table is the upper limit of the zone of saturation

 Three types of interactions:

1.4 Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement of Groundwater

 Aquitard – an impermeable layer that hinders or prevents water movement (such

 Pumping of wells can cause:

 Caverns – is a naturally formed underground chamber

 Travertine is a form of limestone that is deposited by hot springs or as a cave

1.5 Problems Associated with Groundwater Withdrawal

 Treating groundwater as a nonrenewable resource

 Other sources and types of contamination include substances such as:

Sewerage is the infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface runoff (storm

Sewage is generated by residential, institutional, commercial and industrial

 Primary treatment - consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin

THREE SYSTEM OF SEWERAGE

 Initial cost is high because of large dimensions of sewer.

COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM

 Size of sewer requires less.

 Since the sewer are smaller in size, it is difficult to clean them.

3. PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM

 In this system, only one set of underground sewer is laid.

 During dry weather floe deposition take place in sewer.

COMPONENTS OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

 Components of Waste Water Flows

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