Assignment

1. Write the history of computer in timeline form.

1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that
would be able to compute tables of numbers. The project, funded by the English government, is a
failure. More than a century later, however, the world's first computer was actually built.

1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the
task in just three years and saving the government $5 million. He establishes a company that would
ultimately become IBM.

1936: Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, capable of
computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer was based on his
ideas.

1937: J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, attempts to build
the first computer without gears, cams, belts or shafts.

1939: Hewlett-Packard is founded by David Packard and Bill Hewlett in a Palo Alto, California, garage,
according to the Computer History Museum.

1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a computer that can solve 29 equations
simultaneously. This marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory.

1943-1944: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, build the
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). Considered the grandfather of digital
computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes.

1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and receive funding from the Census
Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first commercial computer for business and government applications.

1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the transistor.
They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and no need for a vacuum.

1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes known as COBOL.
Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas Johnson Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM
to help the United Nations keep tabs on Korea during the war.

1954: The FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, is developed by a
team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus, according to the University of Michigan.

1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the computer chip. Kilby was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his work

1964: Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse and a graphical user
interface (GUI). This marks the evolution of the computer from a specialized machine for scientists and
mathematicians to technology that is more accessible to the general public.

1969: A group of developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an operating system that addressed
compatibility issues. Written in the C programming language, UNIX was portable across multiple
platforms and became the operating system of choice among mainframes at large companies and
government entities. Due to the slow nature of the system, it never quite gained traction among home
PC users.

1970: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM) chip.
1971: Alan Shugart leads a team of IBM engineers who invent the "floppy disk," allowing data to be
shared among computers.

1973: Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops Ethernet for connecting
multiple computers and other hardware.

1974-1977: A number of personal computers hit the market, including Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair, IBM 5100,
Radio Shack's TRS-80 — affectionately known as the "Trash 80" — and the Commodore PET.

1975: The January issue of Popular Electronics magazine features the Altair 8080, described as the
"world's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models." Two "computer geeks," Paul Allen and Bill
Gates, offer to write software for the Altair, using the new BASIC language. On April 4, after the success
of this first endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own software company, Microsoft.

1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers on April Fool's Day and roll out the Apple I,
the first computer with a single-circuit board, according to Stanford University.

The TRS-80, introduced in 1977, was one of the first machines whose documentation was intended for
non-geeks (Image credit: Radioshack)

1977: Radio Shack's initial production run of the TRS-80 was just 3,000. It sold like crazy. For the first
time, non-geeks could write programs and make a computer do what they wished.

1977: Jobs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and show the Apple II at the first West Coast Computer Faire.
It offers color graphics and incorporates an audio cassette drive for storage.

1978: Accountants rejoice at the introduction of VisiCalc, the first computerized spreadsheet program.

1979: Word processing becomes a reality as MicroPro International releases WordStar. "The defining
change was to add margins and word wrap," said creator Rob Barnaby in email to Mike Petrie in 2000.
"Additional changes included getting rid of command mode and adding a print function. I was the
technical brains — I figured out how to do it, and did it, and documented it. "

The first IBM personal computer, introduced on Aug. 12, 1981, used the MS-DOS operating system.
(Image credit: IBM)

1981: The first IBM personal computer, code-named "Acorn," is introduced. It uses Microsoft's MS-DOS
operating system. It has an Intel chip, two floppy disks and an optional color monitor. Sears & Roebuck
and Computerland sell the machines, marking the first time a computer is available through outside
distributors. It also popularizes the term PC.

1983: Apple's Lisa is the first personal computer with a GUI. It also features a drop-down menu and
icons. It flops but eventually evolves into the Macintosh. The Gavilan SC is the first portable computer
with the familiar flip form factor and the first to be marketed as a "laptop."

1985: Microsoft announces Windows, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. This was the company's
response to Apple's GUI. Commodore unveils the Amiga 1000, which features advanced audio and video
capabilities.

1985: The first dot-com domain name is registered on March 15, years before the World Wide Web
would mark the formal beginning of Internet history. The Symbolics Computer Company, a small
Massachusetts computer manufacturer, registers Symbolics.com. More than two years later, only 100
dot-coms had been registered.

1986: Compaq brings the Deskpro 386 to market. Its 32-bit architecture provides as speed comparable
to mainframes.

1990: Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics laboratory in Geneva, develops
HyperText Markup Language (HTML), giving rise to the World Wide Web.
1993: The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs.

1994: PCs become gaming machines as "Command & Conquer," "Alone in the Dark 2," "Theme Park,"
"Magic Carpet," "Descent" and "Little Big Adventure" are among the games to hit the market.

1996: Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at Stanford University.

1997: Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which was struggling at the time, ending Apple's court
case against Microsoft in which it alleged that Microsoft copied the "look and feel" of its operating
system.

1999: The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and users begin connecting to the
Internet without wires.

2001: Apple unveils the Mac OS X operating system, which provides protected memory architecture and
pre-emptive multi-tasking, among other benefits. Not to be outdone, Microsoft rolls out Windows XP,
which has a significantly redesigned GUI.

2003: The first 64-bit processor, AMD's Athlon 64, becomes available to the consumer market.

2004: Mozilla's Firefox 1.0 challenges Microsoft's Internet Explorer, the dominant Web browser.
Facebook, a social networking site, launches.

2005: YouTube, a video sharing service, is founded. Google acquires Android, a Linux-based mobile
phone operating system.

2006: Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer, as well as an
Intel-based iMac. Nintendo's Wii game console hits the market.

2007: The iPhone brings many computer functions to the smartphone.

2009: Microsoft launches Windows 7, which offers the ability to pin applications to the taskbar and
advances in touch and handwriting recognition, among other features.

2010: Apple unveils the iPad, changing the way consumers view media and jumpstarting the dormant
tablet computer segment.

2011: Google releases the Chromebook, a laptop that runs the Google Chrome OS.

2012: Facebook gains 1 billion users on October 4.

2015: Apple releases the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases Windows 10.

2016: The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created. "Until now, there hasn't been any
quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new algorithms into their system.
They're usually each tailored to attack a particular algorithm," said study lead author Shantanu Debnath,
a quantum physicist and optical engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park.

2017: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a new "Molecular
Informatics" program that uses molecules as computers. "Chemistry offers a rich set of properties that
we may be able to harness for rapid, scalable information storage and processing," Anne Fischer,
program manager in DARPA's Defense Sciences Office, said in a statement. "Millions of molecules exist,
and each molecule has a unique three-dimensional atomic structure as well as variables such as shape,
size, or even color. This richness provides a vast design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways to
encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current logic-based, digital architectures." [Computers
of the Future May Be Minuscule Molecular Machines]

2. Enumerate at least 10 important uses of computer and explain each.

1. Uses of the computer in the Education field

As you know education is most important in our life. Computer reinvented the education system.
Schools, colleges and almost all kinds of educational institutions are using a computer in the classrooms.
Computers are the most important educational tools for teachers and learners. YouTube, Blogs, eBooks,
Newsletters, eNewspaper, etc. such educational tools are not possible without a computer that we’re
using today.So, to become educated, skillful we can use computers and this is one of the most beneficial
uses of the computer in our daily life.

2. Use of computer in the business

Computer with the internet connection we can start the business, run the business and manage the
business and we can grow the business by the use of a computer. Google, Facebook, LinkedIn, Amazon
and Alibaba all are websites created by the use of computers and the internet.

We can’t imagine the daily business operations around the world without the use of computer
technologies. The use of computers in the business helping companies to grow their customer base
faster. Computer use business is also challenging for companies and small business owners. Because
customers have so many options to choose the best product or services through the use of the internet.

3. Uses of the computer in hospitals

Uses of the computer in the hospital provide many benefits for doctors and patients. Hospitals can
create a database of a patient with their treatment records, medical records. Doctors are using a
computer to diagnose the diseases of patients faster. They are taking the help of various medical
applications of computer and hardware devices. Thehospitals used computer do the research on
diseases, blood test, and urine test, brain testing, and body scanning, etc.

4. Uses of the computer in the banking sector

The innovative uses of computer in banking are that customer can operate their bank account by doing
internet banking. Banks are providing the customer for accessing, transferring money, monthly bills or
shopping bills by the use of computers and mobile.

Such uses of banking in our daily life are stored, calculated and managed by computers with speed and
accuracy. The use of the computer in banking not only saving our productive time but also reducing the
infrastructure cost of banks.

5. Uses of the computer in government offices

The government works or official works take more time to complete in the past. There was lots of staff
required in the past to manage citizen’s works. But today citizens, consumers are getting a solution with
high speed and accuracy. Because of the use of computers in official works.

6. Uses of the computer in the home

The computer uses at home depends on the user. There are so many people using the computer at
home. Some people are using a computer to take online classes like what we are doing right now. Some
people are using the computer to listen to songs and to watch movies etc.

The use of a computer at home daily life is saving our time. The computer also saves money in our daily
home life. Such as if you have a computer at home, you don’t need to buy a DVD player to watch movies
and to listen to songs. You don’t need to go cyber café to collect and print notes. All kinds of small works
that we do each day cost us money. But using computer application at home save our money, time and
also provide entertainment and various ways to pass time.

7. Uses of the computer in marketing

The use of a computer with the internet is creating new ways to do the product and services marketing
online. Digital marketing services, products, websites, and businesses are growing. Businesses can use a
computer to type marketing content, to publish content marketing articles on websites and social
media. They can sell and market their products on portals or such as Amazon. Businesses can use PPC to
get a quick ROI for their marketing budget.

8.College students

The use of a computer with the internet for college students is really important. Information Technology
education helps them in their study no matter what kind of degree they are doing. They not only need to
learn about Information Technology but they need to use technology for their career. College students
use Microsoft Word to create an assignment, notes, letters, and books. They use excel spreadsheet to
mathematical calculation, data visualization by using Charts, they solve and learn various logical
formulas. Many students are learning online etiquette skills and safety.

9.Job seekers

Job seekers use the computer to learn computer skills that help them to get a job. They learn to use Ms-
Office, English and Hindi Typing, Internet research, File management, printing, MS-Office, use of the
business application and social media skills in their daily life.

10.Business owners

Business owners use computer-based on-demand and urgency. They also use the computer for business
planning and team management. Also, the use of a computer is depending on the nature of the
business. But commonly project management, financial planning, social networking, emails, letter
writing, presentation and Internet research are few uses of computers in the daily life of business
owners.

3. What is the use of computer or Information Technology in time of COVID19 virus?

There are so many use of computer technology, specially in times of calamity. The current
happenings which is the COVID19 are making us more worried and panic. But with the help of our
technology it can establish centalized reporting and communication channels to keep citizens informed.
The technology also help us in understanding the problem with information about COVID19 and how to
prevent the spread.
And ofcourse, we should be careful in spreading fakenews. We should check if the news are
liable, we should rely in the public health experts because they provide factual and scientific
information to people and to lead the way in fighting the disease. With this, it teaches us the importance
of preparedness to prevent and control infectious disease outbreak.

4.Enumerate at least 25 computer hardware and write it’s function.

1.INPUT DEVICES

Are devices used for entering data or instructions to the central processing unit. Are classify according to
the method they use to enter data.

2. CPU/Processor

This is referred to as the computer’s brain as it does the processing job of the computer. This means that
is responsible for manipulating the data.

3.The keyboard

Keyboard (similar to a typewriter) is the main input device of a computer . It contains three types of
keys- alphanumeric keys, special keys and function keys. The function of each and every key can be well
understood only after working on a PC. When any key is pressed, an electronic signal is produced.

4.THE MOUSE

A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice
come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and
connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail and the connector which can either be
PS/2 or USB. Some newer mice are wireless

5.Fan and Heat Sink or Cooling

Heat sink is a device that is attached to the processor chip which serves a purpose to draw heat from the
processor to make sure that the temperature of the processor is down. The heat sinks are made of an
aluminium alloy and have fins to maximise the heat that is sucked in by the heat sink.

6.Scanner

A scanner can be used to input data into the computer by scanning a document which can be
edited using a OCR software. A scanner can also be used to scan pictures that you may want to add in
emails, handouts or in a documentation.

7.Printer

A printer is an output device which is used to get a hard copy of data from the computer, you
can do so by printing out a documentation or images. Printers are mostly used to print text, images and
photos. People use a printer to print letters or invoices that they have already typed up on the
computer, so that they can hand it to the end user.

8.Speaker

Speakers are an output device which are used to produce data such as sound mostly when
connected to a computer. Speakers output sound that is generated by the computer. Speakers can also
be used to listen to music which plays on your computer. The sound quality of speakers will depend on
the watts for the speakers as computer speakers range widely in quality and price.

9.Serial Port

is an interface that can be used for serial communication. A Serial port only transmits 1 bit at a
time and the cable is usually circular.

10.Parallel Port

Parallel Port allows the user to use devices side by side. Printers, USBs are all examples of peripherals
that use Parallel Ports.

These ports are used to transfer data from a peripheral device to the computer. Serial communication is
done through a transmitter which then sends data to a receiver using a single communication. These
types of methods are really suitable for transferring or sending and receiving data over a long distance.

11.Master Drive

A Master Drive is what manages all the traffic on the IDE cable. A Master Drive’s controller
saves its own data and passes on data to the slave drive.

12.Slave Drive

The Slave Drive can only see the data that has been passed on to it by the Master Drive. There
will be no slave drive if there is only one drive connected to the cable.

13.Motherboard

The Motherboard is the most important component in the system unit and the main function of the
motherboard is to act as the main circuit board. The motherboard is what connects and communicates
with all the devices and components that are attached to it. The necessary parts of the computer system
and all connections between the computer system and the Peripheral go through the motherboard. The
chipset that is on the motherboard directs the flow of data between a variety of buses that are
connected with each components and the main purpose is to make sure the information reaches where
it is supposed to.

14.Hard Disk Drive

It is the main storage of the computer. It is where mostof the files of the computer( such as the ones
found in Desktop) are stored.

15.Power Supply Unit

It converts the main alternating currenting into low-voltage direct current that is supplied to other parts.
A power supplt has it’s own fan.

16. Monitor

It is used to display data in visual form ( which can only be seen). The main images it display are where
the user get s information.

17. Automatic Voltage Regulator

It protects the computer from changes in the electricitythat may damage the computer components. It
regulates the voltage that goes to the computer.

18.System Unit

It serves as a container of the computer’s internal parts (motherboard, CPU, etc.)

19. Optical Disc Drive

It reads or write data into optical discs (CD, DVD, Blu-ray Discs).

20.Random Acces Memory Module

It is the temporary storage device of the computer. It is used to hold the data that the computer is
working on. The black rectangle are called RAM chips.

21.System Fan

This is found at the left side pannel and the back panel of te system unit. It directs the flow of air in the
system unit.

22. Expansion Slots

These are where the expansio cards such as modem cards and graphics card are installed. These are
different types of slots.

23. Ram Slots

These are where the RAM modules are installed.

24.Northbridge

Located between the CPU socket, Expansion slots, and Ram slots. It coordinates the flow of data
between the CPU, graphics card, and RAM.

25.Southbridge

Located below the expansion slots, the Southbridge handles all of the computer’s input/output
functions.

5. Eumerate at least 10 software you have used.

Adobe photoshop
Windows media player
Google chrome
Opera
Mozilla firefox
Skype
MS word
Google docs
VLC media player
Sketchbook