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    Venn Diagram: Set Operations

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    Akim Apalla
    Venn diagrams are schematic diagrams that show all possible logical relations between different mathematical sets. They were invented in 1880 by John Venn and are used to represent intersections and unions of sets. Examples of set operations that can be represented with Venn diagrams include union, intersection, difference, and Cartesian product. Power sets can also be represented using Venn diagrams and show all possible subsets of a set. Venn diagrams are useful for solving problems involving sets and determining relationships between elements in different sets.

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    Venn Diagram: Set Operations

    Uploaded by

    Akim Apalla
    324 views6 pages
    Venn diagrams are schematic diagrams that show all possible logical relations between different mathematical sets. They were invented in 1880 by John Venn and are used to represent intersections and unions of sets. Examples of set operations that can be represented with Venn diagrams include union, intersection, difference, and Cartesian product. Power sets can also be represented using Venn diagrams and show all possible subsets of a set. Venn diagrams are useful for solving problems involving sets and determining relationships between elements in different sets.

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    Venn Diagram

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    Venn diagrams are schematic diagrams that show all possible logical relations between different mathematical sets. They were invented in 1880 by John Venn and are used to represent intersections and unions of sets. Examples of set operations that can be represented with Venn diagrams include union, intersection, difference, and Cartesian product. Power sets can also be represented using Venn diagrams and show all possible subsets of a set. Venn diagrams are useful for solving problems involving sets and determining relationships between elements in different sets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    324 views6 pages

    Venn Diagram: Set Operations

    Uploaded by

    Akim Apalla
    Venn diagrams are schematic diagrams that show all possible logical relations between different mathematical sets. They were invented in 1880 by John Venn and are used to represent intersections and unions of sets. Examples of set operations that can be represented with Venn diagrams include union, intersection, difference, and Cartesian product. Power sets can also be represented using Venn diagrams and show all possible subsets of a set. Venn diagrams are useful for solving problems involving sets and determining relationships between elements in different sets.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Venn Diagram

    Venn diagram, invented in 1880 by John Venn, is a schematic


    diagram that shows all possible logical relations between
    different mathematical sets.

    Examples:

    Set Operations:

    1. Set Union 2.Set Intersection

    3. Set Difference /Complement of Set 4. Cartesian Product

    Set Union

    The union of sets A and B (denoted by A∪B) is the set of


    elements which are in A, in B, or in both A and B.

    Hence, A∪B = { x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
    Example:

    If A = { 10, 11, 12, 13} and B = { 13, 14, 15}, then


    A∪B={10,11,12,13,14,15}. (The common element occurs only
    once)

    Set Intersection

    The intersection of sets A and B (denoted by A∩B) is the set


    of elements which are in both A and B. Hence, A∩B = { x | x ∈
    A and x ∈ B}.

    Example:

    If A = { 11, 12, 13} and B = {13, 14, 15}, then A∩B = {13}

    Set Difference/ Relative Complement

    Set Difference

    The set difference of sets A and B (denoted by A – B) is the


    set of elements which are only in A but not in B.

    Hence, A − B = { x | x ∈ A and x ∉ B}

    Example:
    If A = {10, 11, 12, 13} and B = {13, 14, 15}, then (A−B) = {10, 11,
    12} and (B−A) = {14, 15}. Here, we can see (A−B) ≠ (B−A)

    Complement of a Set

    The complement of a set A (denoted by A′) is the set of


    elements which are not in set A. Hence, A′ = { x | x ∉ A}.

    More specifically, A′ = ( U – A ) where U is a universal set


    which contains all objects.

    Example:

    If A = { x | x belongs to set of odd integers } then A′ = { y | y


    does not belong to set of odd integers}

    Cartesian Product / Cross Product

    The Cartesian product of n number of sets A1,A2,…An denoted


    as A1 × A2⋯× An can be defined as all possible ordered pairs
    (x1,x2,…xn) where x1 ∈ A1, x2 ∈ A2,…xn ∈ An

    Example: If we take two sets A = { a, b } and B = { 1, 2 }

    The Cartesian product of A and B is written as


    A × B = { (a,1),(a,2),(b,1),(b,2) }

    The Cartesian product of B and A is written as


    B × A = { (1,a),(1,b),(2,a),(2,b) }

    Power Set

    Power set of a set S is the set of all subsets of S including


    the empty set. The cardinality of a power set of a set S of
    n
    cardinality n is 2 . Power set is denoted as P(S).

    Example:

    For a set S = {a,b,c,d} let us calculate the subsets

     Subsets with 0 elements , {∅} (the empty set)


     Subsets with 1 element , {a},{b},{c},{d}
     Subsets with 2 elements − {a,b},{a,c},{a,d},{b,c},{b,d},{c,d}
     Subsets with 3 elements − {a,b,c}, {a,b,d}, {a,c,d}, {b,c,d}
     Subsets with 4 elements − {a, b, c, d}

    P(S) = { {∅},{a},{b},{c},{d},{a,b},{a,c},{a,d},{b,c},{b,d},{c,d},{a,b,c},
    {a,b,d}, {a,c,d}, {b,c,d},{a, b, c, d} }
    4
    l P(S) l = 2 = 16

    Note: The power set of an empty set is also an empty set.


    0
    l P {∅} l = 2 =1
    Problems on Venn diagram

    Ex: At a school of 500 students, there are 125 students


    enrolled in Algebra, 257 students who play sports and 52
    students that are enrolled in Algebra and play sports. Create
    a Venn diagram to illustrate this information.

    Solution:

    Solution: First, let’s say set A represent the students enrolled


    in Algebra and set B represent the students who play sports.
    Generally speaking, it is easiest to start in the center or
    “intersection” of the Venn diagram. Once we place 52 in the
    intersection, then we can subtract it from the total number of
    students who play sports and the total number of student who
    take Algebra to determine how many just do one or the other.
    Finally, we can subtract this total from 500 to figure out how
    many are outside the circles altogether.

    Ex: In a survey of 150 high school students it was found that:

    80 students have laptops

    110 students have cell phones

    125 students have iPods

    62 students have both a laptop and a cell phone


    58 students have both a laptop and iPod

    98 students have both a cell phone and an iPod

    50 students have all three items

    a) How many students have just a cell phone?

    b) How many students have none of the mentioned items?

    c) How many students have an iPod and laptop but not a


    cellphone?

    Solution: First construct the Venn diagram

    Answers:

    a) How many students have just a cell phone? 0

    b) How many students have none of the mentioned items? 3

    c) How many students have an iPod and laptop but not a


    cellphone? 8

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