Learning-Module - GE Hist-Print

Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Magpayang, Mainit, Surigao del Norte
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

1st Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
LEARNING MODULE
IN
GE HIST: Readings in Philippine History
FOR
FIRST YEAR BTLED STUDENTS
PREPARED BY : ALVIE ELMA C. PLAZA, MAEng

Instructor 1
GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 3
Unit 1 – History Definition and Relevance 4

Primary Source versus Secondary Sources
Identification of Historical Importance of the Text
Unit 2 – First Voyage around the World by Antonio Pigafetta 12

Customs of the Tagalogs by Juan de Placencia (Friar’s Account)
Kartilla ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto (Declaration of Principles)
Declaration of Philippine Independence (Proclamation)
Unit 3 – Site of the First Mass 32

Cavite Mutiny
Retraction of Rizal
Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin
Unit 4 – History of Agrarian Reforms in the Philippines 49

The Constitution and Its Relevance to the People
History of Taxation in the Philippines

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This learning manual is intended for students in Readings in Philippine History course. This
course exposes students to where our history comes from. The source is not simply the
textbook. Thus, students will be reading and analyzing materials from different media –
documents, pictures, videos, audio-visual recordings, digital sources, pictures – that have to
do with Philippine history and culture. Using various techniques, the students are expected
to study and analyze sources – much like the classic detective work – and come up with an
understanding of a historical truth.

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Learning Module I in GE HIST – READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
1. Title: MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
2. Topics:
1) History Definition and Relevance
2) Primary versus Secondary Sources
3) Identification of Historical Importance of Text
3. Time Frame: 13 hours
4. Introduction:
This chapter deals with the different definition of history and its importance. It will also
discuss the distinction between primary and secondary sources.
5. Objectives
At the end of this unit, the students will be able to:
1. Explain the importance and definition of History;
2. Differentiate and list primary and secondary sources; and
3. Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity and provenance.
6. Pre-test
Students will have to think about or reflect on their past. Answer the following questions:
1. Has your past influenced you in one way or another?
2. How does your past shape your identity and behavior?
Discuss your answers in the class.
7. Learning Activities
Activity #1: Lecture Discussion on the meaning and relevance of History.
A. Definition and Significance of History: History is

1. Etymological Meaning: History is from Greek and Latin word historia which
means information; a learning or knowing by inquiry; narrative of past events,
account, tale or story.
2. History as defined by Authors/ Known Personalities

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3. Broad Definitions of History
History is the study of past events.
The recording and analysis of experiences of a society comprise the
totality of a people’s history.
The use of correlated disciplines is necessary to understand the reasons
and consequence of human actions.
Ang Kasaysayan ay pagsasalaysay ng isang sanaysay na may saysay.
B. Theories explaining how and why events happen in societies
1. Challenge and Response Theory (Arnold Toynbee)
Man responds to situation placed before him. Thus, mankind’s
approach in coping with challenges determines history.
History reflects the progress of civilizations and societies.

The past is a succession of civilization and
not of political entities General pattern:
growth, breakdown, and dissolution.
The failure of a civilization to survive was a result of its inability to respond to

challenges.
2. Exchange Theory (Alvin Scaff)

It refers to the systematic statement of principles that govern the exchange
of goods (tangible and intangible) between individuals, between groups,
between organizations, and even nations.
3. Role of Historical Man (George Wilhelm Hegel)

Man has a task to do so that events may happen.
The role of the historical man follows a principle, which he called Weltgeist
or world spirit, which embodies ideals like patriotism, heroism, and unity.
4. Materialistic Concept of History (Karl Marx)

The prevailing economic system determines that form of societal
organization and the political and intellectual history of the epoch, which
thus attribute actions and events in history to economic motives.
5. Method of Historiography (Fernand Braudel)

Human actions are not only based on human decision but also of
‘structures’ that may be natural or man-made.
To achieve total history is to integrate all aspects of man’s past.
6. Analyzing Conditions of the Masses (Teodoro Agoncillo- Father

of Filipino Nationalist Historiography)
Philippine past should be written by analyzing the situation of the masses.
7. Philippine History as People’s History (Renato Constantino)

History is “the recorded struggle of people for ever increasing
freedom, and for higher realization of the human person.

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He presents the idea of the associated man, a man who interacts with
nature and other men. History is not just presenting a long, unbroken
chain of events but instead, it illustrates movement of people and ideas
over time and space.
C. Sources of History: Information provide the evidence from which the historian obtain
facts about the past.
1. Early Sources of Philippine History
Religious orders which chronicled the history of the Philippines
include Augustinian, Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, and
Recollects.
- Fray Pedro Chirino (1604) a Jesuit, and Fray Juan Plasencia (1589) are
among the religious friars who recorded observations of Filipino Society
and culture.
- Filipino Muslims were also able to preserve written materials of great
historical value.
Sarsila- Genealogical records of the datus or sultans of Sulu to
preserve the lineage of the ruling class
Tarsila- Genealogical records of the datus or sultans of
Maguindanao to preserve the lineage of the ruling class
Kitab- A book attributed to the late Hadji Butu Abdul Baqui,
Wazir of Sulu Sultanate, who tried to record the historical and
personal events of his time.
Philippine Insurgent Records (Philippine Revolutionary Records)
represents the records during the US suppression of Filipino from 1899-
1903.
2. Laws pertaining to the Repository of Filipiniana Materials
Public Law Act No. 1935- Creation of the Philippine Library, to
consolidate all libraries in the Philippine Colonial Government
Public Law No. 3477- Separation of National Museum and National Library
Executive Order No. 486, s. 1951 (Pres. Elpidio Quirino) & Executive
Order No. 39, s. 1963 (Pres. Diosdado Macapagal)- Collection of
histories and customs of each locality by public school teachers. These
records were known as the Historical Data Papers or Provincial
Histories, intended to replace government records destroyed during
WWII.
3. Classifications of Historical Sources

Primary sources are those who have witnessed the event that took place
or have been part of the incident being studied. These include written
records (e.g. narratives, manuscripts, public documents, letters, and
diaries) fossils, artifacts, and testimony from living witnesses.
Secondary sources are sources have not been part of the event being
considered. It also refers to articles written about the primary sources
(e.g. magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, typescripts, and articles written
about the primary sources).
*Archeology studies and reconstructs the cultural events of the past through
the material remains left by people. Archeologists study artifacts and fossils.
Archeological excavation refers to the systematic recovery and study of

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these pieces of material evidence. Archeology gives us an idea on how
things might have looked like at a particular time.

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- Archeologists who made significant contributions in the development of
Philippine history
are the following:
8. Self-evaluation
True or False. On the space provided, write the letter T if the statement is correct and F if
it is incorrect.
1. Reading primary sources requires you to use imagination. _____________

2. There is no better way to understand events in the past than by examining sources
from people who read about it. _____________
3. Primary sources represent unfiltered records of the past. ________________
4. Everybody can be a historian. _______________
5. Bias refers to the belief that something is better than the other. ______________
6. In context, you must understand what is going on in the world, country, region, or
locality when the document is created. ____________
7. Citation helps you determine the contributions of the primary source to our
understanding of history. ________________
8. Textual nature of your source is important and powerful if you are dealing with an
original source. ______________

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9. In order to analyze primary source you need information about two things: the place
and era from which it comes. ___________________
10. Symbols do not affect the overall idea of the source. _________________
8. Review of Concepts
Understanding History
from Greek and Latin historia which means information; a learning or knowing by inquiry;
narrative of past events, account, tale or story.
“… a process of creation or a formation of culture, specifically a natural culture.” ~ Nick
Joaquin “An account of the unchanging past.” ~ Aristotle
“History is the unending dialogue between the past and the present.”
Challenge and response theory of Arnold Toynbee presents that man responds to
situation placed before him.
The exchange theory of Alvin Scaff on the other hand refers to the systematic statement of
principles that govern the exchange of goods (tangible and intangible) between individuals,
between groups, between organizations, and even nations.
For G.W.F Hegel, an idea is the moving force of history. He believes that man has a task to
do so that events may happen. Hegel’s role of the historical man follows a principle, which
he called Weltgeist or world spirit, which embodies ideals like patriotism, heroism, and unity.
Karl Marx’s the materialist concept of history asserts that the prevailing economic system
determines tha form of societal organization and the political and intellectual history of the
epoch, which thus attribute actions and events in history to economic motives.
Sources of history may be classified as primary and secondary.

Primary sources are those who have witnessed the event that took place or have been part
of the incident being studied.
Secondary sources are sources have not been part of the event being considered. It also
refers to articles written about the primary sources.
Archeology studies and reconstructs the cultural events of the past through the material
remains left by people.
Archeologists study artifacts and fossils.
Archeological excavation refers to the systematic recovery and study of these pieces of
material evidence.
9. Post-test
Read the excerpts below then do a comparative analysis. Write your answer on a sheet
of paper.
The following readings discuss the findings on the remains of what was then considered
the earliest known human remains in the Philippines – Tabon Man.
 Robert B. Fox. The Tabon Caves: Archaeological Explorations and Excavations
on Palawan Island, Philippines (Manila, 1970) p. 40.
Tabon Man. - During the initial excavations of Tabon Cave June and July, 1962, the
scattered fossil bones of at least thre~ individuals were excavated, including a large
fragment of a frontal bone with the brows and portions of the nasal bones. These fossil
bones were recovered towards the rear of the cave alona b the left wall. Unfortunately, the
area in which the fossil human bones were recovered had been disturbed by Magapode
birds. It was not possible in 1962 to ·establish the association of these bones with a specific
flake assemblage, although they were provisionally related to either Flake Assemblage II or
III. Subsequent excavations in the same area now strongly suggest that the fossil human
bones were associated with Flake Assemblage III, for only the flakes of this assemblage
have been found to date in this area of the cave.3 The available data would suggest that

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Tabon Man may be dated from 22,000 to 24,000 years ago. But, only further excavations in
the cave and chemical analysis of human and animal bones from disturbed and .
undisturbed levels in the cave will define the exact age of the human fossils. The fossil
bones are those of Homo sapiens (Fig. 12). These will form a separate study by a specialist
which will be included in the final site report for Tabon Cave. It is important to point out,
however, because of a recent publication (Scctt 1969), that a preliminary study of the fossil
bones of Tabon Man shows that it is above average in skull dimensions when compared to
the modern Filipino. There is no evidence that Tabon Man was " ... a less brainy individual. ..
" [Scott (1969) 36]. Moreover, Scott's study includes many mistatements about the Tabon
Caves, always the problem when writers work from "conversations." Some Geologic Events
of the Late Pleistocene and the Upper Palaeolithic.-There have been no detailed geological
or palaeoclimatic studies of the Late Pleistocene (or of the Pleistocene Epoch) in the
Philippines. It is necessary to turn to other regions for relevant geological data, specifically to
Europe and Africa where in recent years there have been extensive studies made of the
geochronology of the Late Pleistocene which are supported by many C-14 dates [Movius
(1960); De Heinzelin (1963]. Lin's ~1963) recent data for Taiwan and Fairbridge's 0960 and
1962) general descriptions of the Late Pleistocene and changes in absolute sea ievel are
also highly pertinent. As water seeks its own level, data from studies of eustatic changes
made elsewhere in the world are valid for a general picture of the changing sea level in the
Philippines during the Late Pleistocene.
 William Henry Scott. Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History
(Revised Edition) (Quezon City, 1984), pp. 14-15
The Tabon fragments are named after the Tabon Caves, where they were found on the west
coast of Palawan. The cave complex appears to have been a kind of Stone Age factory, with
both finished stone flake tools and waste core flakes having been found at four separate
levels in the main chamber. Charcoal left from three assemblages of cooking fires there has
been Carbon-14-dated to roughly 7000, 20,000, and 22,000 BCE. The right mandible of a
Homo sapiens, which dates to 29,000 BC, was discovered together with a skullcap. The
Tabon skull cap is considered the earliest skull cap of modern humans found in the
Philippines, and is thought to have belonged to a young female.The Tabon mandible is the
earliest evidence of human remains showing archaic characteristics of the mandible and
teeth. The Tabon tibia fragment, a bone from the lower leg, was found during the re-
excavation of the Tabon Cave complex by the National Museum of the Philippines. The
bone was sent to the National Museum of Natural History in France to be studied. An
accelerated carbon dating technique revealed a dating of 47,000 ± 11,000 years ago,
making it the oldest human fossil recovered in the complex.
The Tabon Cave complex is named after the "Tabon bird" (Tabon scrubfowl, Megapodius
cumingii), which deposited thick hard layers of guano during periods when the cave was
uninhabited, so that succeeding groups of tool-makers settled on a cement-like floor of bird
dung. About half of the 3,000 recovered specimens examined were discarded cores of a
material that had to have been transported from some distance. This indicates that the
inhabitants were engaged in tool manufacture. The Tabon fossils are considered to have
come from a third group of inhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000
BCE. An earlier cave level lies so far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages
that it must represent Upper Pleistocene dates such as 45,000 or 50,000 years ago.

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Physical anthropologists who have examined the skullcap are agreed that she belonged to
modern humans, Homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene Homo erectus
species. This indicates that Tabon humans were pre-Mongoloid (Mongoloid being the term
anthropologists apply to the populations who entered Southeast Asia during the Holocene
and absorbed earlier peoples to produce the modern Malay, Indonesian, Filipino, and
"Pacific" peoples). Two experts have given the opinion that the mandible is "Australian" in
physical type and that the skullcap measurements are the closest to Ainu people or
Tasmanians. Nothing can be concluded about the physical appearance of the individual
from the recovered skull fragments except that she was not a Negrito.
Answer the following questions:
a. Which the primary source and the secondary source between the two readings?
b. Do a credibility analysis of the source. Who between the two authors is more credible
to talk about the topic?
Activity # 2
Direction. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter of the correct answer on
the provided before each number.
_____1. Which of the following is the least importance of studying history?

A. It is the foundation of all course
B. It proves and justify our origin
C. It gives us idea about the present and future
D. It reminds us of our past to remember
____ 2. Which of the following is the best way to understand and validate the rare books in
Philippine history?
A. Use the internet to verify the information written.
B. Use different books and authors to compare and contrast their views.
C. Consult the history experts to validate the data.
D. Knowledge in Spanish language is beneficial in validating the documents.
____ 3. The following are reasons why we need to study Readings in Philippine History,
except:
A. The information were direct quotations from the sources, therefore they narrate
history as they happen.
B. Today’s technology provided various information about history, hence readers
access for information is easier.
C. Some of the documents are conflicting and contradictory, thus readers must
develop critical thinking to discern its veracity.
D. Various documents were written by foreigners, consequently readers must
understand and adapt the interpretation as their own.
____ 4. The following are significant to consider, in order to validate the authors’
interpretation in writing History, except:

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A. Since the data gathered were written in Spanish, consequently it would be helpful
for readers to learn the language.
B. Confirm the author’s truthfulness about his presence at the event he was
describing.
C. Convincing presentation of the author to influence the readers to rely on his
writings.
D. Consider the reliability of the documents presented by the author.
____ 5. Which of the following institutions had documents containing original deed of alse
written in Baybayin script and transcript of records of Filipino Heroes like Dr. Jose Rizal,
Apolinario Mabini and Fr. Jose Burgos?
A. San Juan de Letran
B. Escuela de Dibujos
C. University of Santo Thomas
D. Ateneo de Manila
10. References
Martinez Jr., R. (2018). The Readings in Philippine History, Manila: MINDSHAPERS CO.
INC.
Torres, J. (2018). BATIS: Sources in Philippine History, Quezon City: C&E Publishing,
Inc.
Umali, V., et al. (2018). Readings in Philippine History, Malabon City: Jodeh Publishing
Viana, A., et al. (2018). PAHIWATIG: A Guide for Understanding Readings in Philippine
History, Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Internet source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon_Man

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Learning Module II in GE HIST – READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
1. Title: CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY

SOURCES
2. Topics:
1) First Voyage Around the World by Antonio (Pigafetta)
2) Customs of the Tagalogs by Juan de Placencia (Friar’s Account)
3) Kartilla ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto (Declaration of Principles)
4) Declaration of Philippine Independence (Proclamation)
4. Introduction:
This chapter focuses on historical sources in which our history is studied and written. In
analyzing these sources, historians made use of several methodologies and theories
so that they can properly write history and disseminate national identity.
5. Objectives
1. Explain the importance of Pigafetta’s account on the study of Philippine history;
2. Discuss the religious and spiritual practices and beliefs of early Filipinos; and
3. Examine the state of Philippine independence today.
6. Pre-test
Guide Questions:
1. Who is Antonio Pigafetta? What is his role in Magellan-Elcano expedition?
2. Why was Pigafetta’s journal not published?
3. What are the different customs of the Tagalogs that are still present and practiced
today?
4. What is KKK?
5. When is the declaration of Philippine Independence?
Learning Activity #1:
Students will watch a video on youtube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v-
CRAm5apEZxI about First Voyage around the World by Antonio Pigafetta.
The answers will be written in a one whole sheet of paper. Students will answer the
following questions:
1. According to Pigafetta, how did the locals of the island welcome Magellan and his
crew?
2. How are the islander’s way of life, cultural practices, and religious beliefs described?
What does Pigafetta’s account tell us about the conditions of the Visayan islands in
the 16th century?
3. Based on Pigafetta’s account, how did the battle of Mactan start?
Learning Activity #2:

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Lecture-discussion on Customs of the Tagalogs
Datos- the chief who governed the people and were captains in their wars whom they obey
and reverence.
Tagalog or Barangay The name originated when the people came to this land by means of
boat called barangay. The head is called Dato.
The three castes namely:

1. Nobles-the free-born whom they call Maharlica. They do not pay tax or tribute to the Dato.
2. The Commoners- who are called Aliping Mamamahay.They live in their own houses and
are lords of their own property and gold.
3. The Slaves-who are called Aliping Saguiguilid. They serve their master in his house and
on his cultivated lands and may be sold.
In these three cases, those who are maharlicas on both the father’s and mother’s side
continue to be so forever, and if it happens that they should become slaves, it is through
marriage.
If two persons married of whom one was a Maharlica and the other a slave, the children
were divided.
Maharlicas could not after marriage move from one village to another without paying a
certain fine in gold as arranged among them.
Investigations made and sentences passed by the datos must take place in the presence of
those of his barangay.
They had laws by which they condemned to death a man of low birth who insulted the
daughter or wife of a chief and witches.
For loans, the debtor is condemned to a life of toil. Borrowers become slaves and after the
death of the father, the children pay the debt.
For inheritance, the legitimate children of a father and mother inherit equally.
Dowries are given by men to the women’s parents before marriage. If the parents are both
alive, they both enjoy the use of it.
In case of divorce, if the wife left the husband for the purpose of marrying another, all her
dowry will go to the husband but if he did not marry another, the dowry was returned.

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Emilio Jacinto (attrib.), Katipunan nang manga A. N. B. – Sa
may nasang makisanib sa katipunang ito [The “Kartilya”].
Sources: Adrian E. Cristobal, The Tragedy of the Revolution (Makati City: Studio 5 Publishing Inc.,
1997) 46; José P. Santos, Buhay at mga sinulat ni Emilio Jacinto (Manila: José Paez Santos, 1935),
59–63.
Taught in schools and debated in universities, the “Kartilya” is the best known
of all Katipunan texts. Making manifest the KKK’s principles and teachings, it was
printed as a small pamphlet for new members. It is the only document of any length
set in print by the Katipunan prior to August 1896 that is known to be still extant.
The earliest reference to the Kartilya yet found is in the minutes of a Supreme
Assembly meeting held in December 1895, which say the manifesto (“pahayag”) will
be priced at 4 kualta per copy. Whether it is the KKK branches or the individual
recruits who are to be charged this amount is not clear, and nor is it known whether
the title phrase - “To those who want to join this Katipunan” - truly means potential
recruits, or in practice should be taken to mean “To those who have just joined this
Katipunan.” If copies were sold to potential as well as actual recruits, needless to say,
there was a heightened risk they might fall into the wrong hands.
The Kartilya was still in use during the first phase of the revolution, and
Bonifacio was planning to print more copies shortly before he was killed. It may still
have been used during the second phase of the revolution, for a version survives in
the Philippine Insurgent Records that is stamped with the seal used by Artemio
Ricarte in 1899. This version contains basically the same text as is transcribed here,
but it bears a different title – “Final Declaration on Admission to the Katipunan”

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(Katapusang pamamahayag sa pagpasok sa K.) – and it omits the famous footnote
that says “the word Tagalog means all those born in this Archipelago.”
Authorship of the Kartilya has always been credited to Emilio Jacinto, and
there is little doubt this attribution is sound: it dates back to the Sensacional
memoria of Isabelo de los Reyes, whose sources included several senior KKK
veterans, and it has never been challenged. Bonifacio, the story goes, had originally
intended that his “Decalogue” should be printed and handed to new recruits, but he
then read Jacinto’s Kartilya and decided it was superior. The two texts, though, are
not really comparable. Bonifacio seeks only to enumerate the duties of Katipunan
members, Jacinto couches his primer, four times as long, rather as a statement of
aspirations and ethical values. Bonifacio lists ten obligations; Jacinto presents
twelve “guiding principles” and fourteen “teachings”.
In its structure the Kartilya resembles the declaration used in Manila’s

Masonic lodges, a declaration that had presumably been written in Spain around
1889 when the grand order to which the lodges were affiliated – the Gran Oriente
Español - had been founded by Miguel Morayta. The Kartilya is addressed “To
those who want to join the Katipunan”; the Masonic document to “los profanos que
deben inscribirse en la Sociedad.” The preamble to the Kartilya echoes the Masonic
document’s stated purpose, which is to ensure that candidates fully understand the
association’s objectives before making a commitment they might later repent. The
division in the Kartilya between principles (“layon”) and teachings (“aral”) broadly
parallels the division in the Gran Oriente’s manifesto between the “Programa
Masonica” and the “Codigo Masonico.” And the Kartilya, finally, like the document
used in the lodges, asks neophytes to pledge their allegiance to the association’s
objectives and to affirm with their signature that they are becoming members of their
own free will (“ninais ng loob ko”).
There are also parallels between the content of the two documents. Recruits to
the lodges were advised that Masonry “considera como hermanos todos los
hombres”; that they should renounce “todos los vicios”; and should “defenderás al
oprimido.” Within the Katipunan, said the Kartilya, “all are equal and true
brethren.” Members had to “renounce disorderly habits” and to “defend the
oppressed.”
Other influences may be identified more tentatively. The admonitions to

regard a woman as a “helpmate” rather than a “plaything,” and to “have due regard
to her weakness” may be Biblical in origin. The adage that “an honorable man’s word
is his bond” may be traced back to Cervantes; and the thought that “time lost is lost
forever” may have come from Benjamin Franklin. One precept is perhaps taken from
Rizal. A “life which is not dedicated to a great idea is useless,” declares Rizal’s
fictional insurrectionist Simoun in El Filibusterismo: “It is a pebble lost in the field,
when it should form part of some building.” “Life which is not consecrated to a lofty
and sacred cause,”Jacinto writes, varying the metaphor, “is like a tree without shade,
if not a poisonous weed.”
To emphasize Enlightenment influences on Katipunan thinking, some say,

effaces the originality of documents like the Kartilya, which may be found in the
nuances of their Tagalog and their resonance with the native psyche, familial bonds,
folk Christianity, indigenous dissident traditions and so on. Such arguments may be
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true up to a point, but often they seem nebulous, reliant more on wishful assertion
than on substantiating chapter and verse. The Tagalog words that resound loudest in
the Kartilya, beyond doubt, are the equivalents of the Enlightenment’s defining
watchwords: Liberty (“Kalayaan”), Equality (“lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay”),
Fraternity (“kayong lahat ay magkakapatid”), Reason (“Katuiran”), Progress
(“Kagalingan”) and Enlightenment itself (“Kaliwanagan”). Most, perhaps all, of
these Tagalog equivalents had already been employed by ilustrado writers like Rizal
and Del Pilar before the KKK was founded. The revolutionary originality of the
Katipunan lay not in its idiom, but in its objectives and its deeds.
===========================================
Tagalog text
KATIPUNAN
NANG MANGA
A. N. B.
SA MAY NASANG MAKISANIB
SA KATIPUNANG ITO

Sa pagkakailangan, na ang lahat na nagiibig pumasuk sa
katipunang ito, ay magkaroon ng lubos na pananalig at kaisipan sa mga
layong tinutungo at mga kaaralang pinaiiral, minarapat na ipakilala sa
kanila ang mga bagay na ito, at ng bukas makalawa’y huag silang magsisi
at tuparing maluag sa kalooban ang kanilang mga tutungkulin.
Ang kabagayang pinaguusig ng katipunang ito ay lubos na dakila at

mahalaga; papagisahin ang loob at kaisipan ng lahat ng tagalog (*) sa
pamagitan ng isang mahigpit na panunumpa, upang sa pagkakaisang
ito’y magkalakas na iwasak ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag sa
kaisipan at matuklasan ang tunay na landas ng Katuiran at Kaliwanagan.
(*) Sa salitang tagalog katutura’y ang lahat nang tumubo sa Sangkapuluang ito;
sa makatuid, bisaya man, iloko man, kapangpangan man, etc., ay tagalog din.
Dito’y isa sa mga kaunaunahang utos, ang tunay na pagibig sa

bayang tinubuan at lubos na pagdadamayan ng isa’t isa.
Maralita, mayaman, mangmang, marunong, lahat dito’y

magkakapantay at tunay na magkakapatid.

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Kapagkarakang mapasok dito ang sino man, tataligdan pilit ang
buhalhal na kaugalian, at paiilalim sa kapangyarihan ng mga banal na
utos ng katipunan.
Ang gawang lahat, na laban sa kamahalan at kalinisan, dito’y

kinasusuklaman; kaya’t sa bagay na ito ipinaiilalim sa masigasig na
pakikibalita ang kabuhayan ng sino mang nagiibig makisanib sa
katipunang ito.
Kung ang hangad ng papasuk dito’y ang tumalastas lamang o mga

kalihiman nito, o ang ikagiginhawa ng sariling katawan, o ang kilalanin
ang mga naririto’t ng maipagbili sa isang dakot na salapi, huag
magpatuloy, sapagkat dito’y bantain lamang ay talastas na ng makapal na
nakikiramdam sa kaniya, at karakarakang nilalapatan ng mabisang
gamut, na laan sa mga sukaban.
Dito’y gawa ang hinahanap at gawa ang tinitignan; kaya’t hindi

dapat pumasuk ang di makagagawa, kahit magaling magsalita.
Ipinauunawa din, na ang mga katungkulang ginaganap ng lahat ng

napaaanak sa katipunang ito ay lubhang mabibigat lalung lalu na, kung
gugunitain na di mangyayaring maiiwasan at walang kusang
pagkukulang na di aabutin ng kakilakilabot na kaparusahan.
Kung ang hangad ng papasuk dito, ang siya’y abuluyan o ang

ginhawa’t malayaw na katahimikan ng katawan, huag magpatuloy,
sapagkat mabigat na mga katungkulan ang matatagpuan, gaya ng
pagtatangkilik sa mga naaapi at madaluhong na paguusig sa lahat ng
kasamaan; sa bagay na ito ay aabutin ang maligalig na pamumuhay.
Di kaila sa kangino paman ang mga nagbalang kapahamakan sa

mga tagalog na nakaiisip nitong mga banal na kabagayan (at hindi man),
at mga pahirap na ibinibigay na naghaharing kalupitan, kalikuan at
kasamaan.
Talastas din naman ng lahat ang pagkakailangan ng salapi, na sa

ngayo’y isa sa mga unang lakas na maaasahang magbibigay buhay sa
lahat; sa bagay na ito, kinakailangan ang lubos na pagtupad sa mga
pagbabayaran; piso sa pagpasuk at sa buan buan ay sikapat. Ang
salaping ito’y ipinagbibigay alam ng nagiingat sa tuing kapanahunan,
bukod pa sa mapagsisiyasat ng sinoman kailan ma’t ibigin. Di makikilos
ang salaping ito, kundi pagkayarian ng karamihan.
Ang lahat ng ipinagsaysay at dapat gunitain at mahinahong

pagbulaybulayin, sapagkat di magaganap at di matitiis ng walang tunay
na pagibig sa tinubuang lupa, at tunay na adhikang ipagtangkilik ang
Kagalingan.
At ng lalung mapagtimbang ng sariling isip at kabaitan, basahin

ang sumusunod na

18

MANGA ARAL NANG
KATIPUNAN NG MGA A.N.B
----------
Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na
kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kun di damong makamandag.
Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa

talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua

at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang
Katuiran.
Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay;

mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…;
ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang
may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y

mangyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli
pang magdadaan.
Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong

ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.
Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t

mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng
inaakay ay kasamaan din.
Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi
isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan;
gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at
alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.
Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong

gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at

puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios, wala sa mataas
na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit
laking gubat at walang nababatid kun di ang sariling wika, yaong may
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong

19
di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at
marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng

mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng
matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t
magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na
buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan.
Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang

matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa
kasunod nito.

===========================================

SA HKAN. NG ________________________________

Ako’y si______________________________________

taong tubo sa bayan ng __________________________

hukuman ng ______________________ang katandaan ko

ng___________taon, ang hanap-buhay______________

ang kalagayan________________________________

at nananahan sa______________________________

daan ng____________________________________

Sa aking pagkabatid ng boong kagalingan
ng mga nililayon at ng mga aral, na inilalathala
ng KATIPUNAN ng mga A.N.B. ninais ng loob ko
ang makisanib dito. Sa bagay na ito’y aking
ipinamamanhik ng boong pitagan, na
marapating tangapin at mapakibilang na isa sa
mga anak ng katipunan: at tuloy nangangakong
tutupad at paiilalim sa mga aral at Kautusang
sinusunod dito.

______________________ika
____________ng buan ng
_________________

____________________ng taong 189__.

Nakabayad na ng
ukol sa pagpasuk

20
Ang Taga-ingat na yaman
===========================================

English translation
ASSOCIATION
OF THE
SONS OF THE PEOPLE
To those who want to join this association.

In order that all who want to enter this Association may have a full
understanding and knowledge of its guiding principles and main teachings, it is
necessary to make these things known to them so that they will not, tomorrow or the
next day, repent, and so that they may perform their duties wholeheartedly.
This Association pursues a most worthy and momentous object: to unite the
hearts and minds of all the Tagalogs (*) by means of an inviolable oath, in order that
this union may be strong enough to tear aside the thick veil that obscures thought,
and to find the true path of Reason and Enlightenment.
(*The word Tagalog means all those born in this Archipelago; even a person who is a
Visayan, Ilocano, or Kapampangan, etc. is therefore a Tagalog too.)
One of the foremost rules here is true love of the native land and genuine
compassion for one another.
Poor, rich, ignorant, wise – here, all are equal and true brethren.
As soon as anybody enters here, he shall perforce renounce disorderly habits

and shall submit to the authority of the sacred commands of the Katipunan.
All acts contrary to noble and clean living are repugnant here, and hence the
life of anyone who wants to affiliate with this Association will be submitted to a
searching investigation.
If the applicant merely wishes to know the secrets of the Association, or to

seek personal gratification, or to know who is here in order to sell them for a handful
of silver, he cannot proceed, for here the many who are watching him will already
know his intentions, and will immediately have recourse to an effective remedy, such
as befits traitors.
Here, only actions are demanded and esteemed; hence anybody who is not
willing to act should not enter, no matter how good a speaker he might be.

21
It is also announced that the duties to be performed by the members of this
association are exceedingly hard, especially if one remembers that there can be no
dereliction or wilful evasion of duty without the exaction of a terrible punishment.
If an applicant merely desires financial support relief or wants to lead a life of

bodily comfort and ease, he had better not proceed, for he will encounter weighty
tasks, like the protection of the oppressed and the relentless fight against all that is
evil. In this way, his fate will be a vexatious life.
Nobody is unaware of the misfortune that threatens the Filipinos who

contemplate these things that are sacred (and even those that are not) and the
sufferings they are made to endure by the reign of cruelty, injustice and evil.
Everybody also knows the need for money, which today is one of the main
things upon which we depend to bring sustenance to all. In this regard, the punctual
payment of dues is required: one peso upon entry and then twelve and a half
centimos each month. The custodian of the funds will periodically render an account
to the members, and each member has a right to examine the accounts, should he so
wish. The funds cannot be expended without the consent of the majority.
All this must be thought over and deliberated upon calmly, as it cannot be
accomplished or endured by anyone who has no love for his native land and no
genuine desire to promote Progress.
And for the upliftment of your mind and virtue, read the following

22
TEACHINGS OF THE
KATIPUNAN OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE
A life that is not dedicated to a great and sacred cause is like a tree without a
shade, or a poisonous weed.
A good deed lacks virtue if it springs from a desire for personal profit and not
from a sincere desire to do good.
True charity resides in acts of compassion, in love for one’s fellow men, and in
making true Reason the measure of every move, deed and word.
Be their skin dark or pale, all men are equal. One can be superior to another
in knowledge, wealth and beauty... but not in being.
A person with a noble character values honor above self-interest, while a

person with an ignoble character values self-interest above honor.
An honorable man’s word is his bond.
Don’t waste time; lost wealth may be recovered, but time lost is lost forever.
Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
An intelligent man is he who takes care in everything he says and keeps quiet
about what must be kept secret.
Along the thorny path of life, the man leads the way and his wife and children
follow. If the leader goes the way of perdition, then so do those who are led.
Do not regard a woman as a mere plaything, but as a helpmate and partner in
the hardships of this existence. Have due regard to her weakness, and remember the
mother who brought you into this world and nurtured you in your infancy.
What you would not want done to your wife, daughter and sister, do not do to
the wife, daughter and sister of another.
A man’s worth does not come from him being a king, or in the height of his
nose and the whiteness of his face, or in him being a priest, a REPRESENTATIVE OF
GOD, or in his exalted position on the face of this earth. Pure and truly noble is he
who, though born in the forest and able to speak only his own tongue, behaves
decently, is true to his word, has dignity and honor, who is not an oppressor and does
not abet oppressors, who knows how to cherish and look after the land of his birth.
When these doctrines have spread and the brilliant sun of beloved liberty
shines on these poor Islands, and sheds its sweet light upon a united race, a people in
everlasting happiness, then the lives lost, the struggle and the suffering will have
been more than recompensed.
--------------------------
If the applicant understands all this, and believes he will be able to fulfil these
duties, he should put his request in writing, as follows:

23
TO THE PROVINCIAL DIRECTORATE OF
_____________________________________________
I, _____________________________________________
NATIVE OF THE TOWN OF ______________________________
PROVINCE OF _________________________MY AGE
IS___________YEARS, OCCUPATION_____________________
MARITAL STATUS____________________________AND RESIDENT
AT ____________________STREET OF ________________________
Having fully understood the principles and teachings proclaimed by the

Katipunan of the Sons of the People, I wish with heart and soul to become a
member. Respectfully, therefore, I beg to be deemed worthy of admission and to be
counted as one of the sons of the association, and I pledge to comply with its
teachings and submit to its Orders.
[Sgd.]
the ____________of the month of _________________
____________________of the year 189__.
Entrance fee has been paid.
THE TREASURER

24
Declaration of PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
Translation by Sulpicio Guevara
In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day of June 1898:
BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor and Special Delegate
designated to proclaim and solemnize this Declaration of Independence by the Dictatorial
Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue of, a Decree issued by the
Engregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy,
The undersigned assemblage of military chiefs and others of the army who could not attend,
as well as the representatives of the various towns,
Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of bearing the
ominous joke of Spanish domination,
Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause deaths in connivance
with and even under the express orders of their superior officers who at times would order
the shooting of those placed under arrest under the pretext that they attempted to escape in
violation of known Rules and Regulations, which abuses were left unpunished, and because
of unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially those decreed by General Blanco at
the instigation of the Archbishop and friars interested in keeping them in ignorance for
egoistic and selfish ends, which deportations were carried out through processes more
execrable than those of the Inquisition which every civilized nation repudiates as a trial
without hearing.
Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the independence and
sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi who, continuing the course followed by his predecessor Ferdinand
Magellan who landed on the shores of Cebu and occupied said Island by means of a Pact of
Friendship with Chief Tupas, although he was killed in the battle that took place in said
shores to which battle he was provoked by Chief Kalipulako ** of Mactan who suspected his
evil designs, landed on the Island of Bohol by entering also into a Blood Compact with its
Chief Sikatuna, with the purpose of later taking by force the Island of Cebu, and because his
successor Tupas did not allow him to occupy it, he went to Manila, the capital, winning
likewise the friendship of its Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, later taking possession of the
city and the whole Archipelago in the name of Spain by virtue of an order of King Philip II,
and with these historical precedents and because in international law the prescription
established by law to legalize the vicious acquisition of private property is not recognized,
the legitimacy of such revolution can not be put in doubt which was calmed but not complete
stifled by the pacification proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with Don Emilio Aguinaldo as
President of the Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and accepted by Governor-General
Don Fernando Primo De Rivera under terms, both written and oral, among them being a
general amnesty for all deported and convicted persons; that by reason of the non-fulfillment
of some of the terms, after the destruction of the plaza of Cavite, Don Emilio Aguinaldo
returned in order to initiate a new revolution and no sooner had he given the order to rise on
the 31st of last month when several towns anticipating the revolution, rose in revolt on the
28th , such that a Spanish contingent of 178 men, between Imus Cavite-Viejo, under the
command of major of the Marine Infantry capitulated , the revolutionary movement spreading
like wild fire to other towns of Cavite and the other provinces of Bataan, Pampanga,
Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong, some of them with seaports and such was the
success of the victory of our arms, truly marvelous and without equal in the history of

25
colonial revolutions that in the first mentioned province only the Detachments in Naic and
Indang remained to surrender; in the second all Detachments had been wiped out; in the
third the resistance of the Spanish forces was localized in the town of San Fernando where
the greater part of them are concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe, Sexmoan, and
Guagua; in the fourth, in the town of Lipa; in the fifth, in the capital and in Calumpit; and in
last two remaining provinces, only in there respective capitals, and the city of Manila will
soon be besieged by our forces as well as the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan,
La Union, Zambales, and some others in the Visayas where the revolution at the time of the
pacification and others even before, so that the independence of our country and the
revindication of our sovereignty is assured.
And having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme Judge of the Universe,
and under the protection of our Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, The United States of
America, we do hereby proclaim and declare solemnly in the name by authority of the people
of these Philippine Islands,
That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have
allegiance to the Crown of Spain; that all political ties between them are should be
completely severed and annulled; and that, like other free and independent States, they
enjoy the full power to make War and Peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter into
alliances, regulate commerce, and do all other acts and things which and Independent State
Has right to do,
And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby mutually bind ourselves to
support this Declaration with our lives, our fortunes, and with our sacred possession, our
Honor.
We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, the
Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we reverse as the Supreme Head of
this Nation, which today begins to have a life of its own, in the conviction that he has been
the instrument chosen by God, inspite of his humble origin, to effectuate the redemption of
this unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose Rizal in his magnificent verses which he
composed in his prison cell prior to his execution, liberating it from the Yoke of Spanish
domination,
And in punishment for the impunity with which the Government sanctioned the commission
of abuses by its officials, and for the unjust execution of Rizal and others who were sacrified
in order to please the insatiable friars in their hydropical thirst for vengeance against and
extermination of all those who oppose their Machiavellian ends, trampling upon the Penal
Code of these Islands, and of those suspected persons arrested by the Chiefs of
Detachments at the instigation of the friars, without any form nor semblance of trial and
without any spiritual aid of our sacred Religion; and likewise, and for the same ends, eminent
Filipino priest, Doctor Don Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora
were hanged whose innocent blood was shed due to the intrigues of these so-called
Religious corporations which made the authorities to believe that the military uprising at the
fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of January 21, 1872 was instigated by those Filipino
martyrs, thereby impeding the execution of the decree- sentence issued by the Council of
State in the appeal in the administrative case interposed by the secular clergy against the
Royal Orders that directed that the parishes under them within the jurisdiction of this
Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for those controlled by them in
Mindanao which were to be transferred to the Jesuits, thus revoking them completely and
ordering the return of those parishes, all of which proceedings are on file with the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs to which they are sent last month of the year of the issuance of the proper
Royal Degree which, in turn, caused the grow of the tree of the liberty in our dear land that

26
grow more and more through the iniquitous measures of oppressions, until the last drop of
our chalice of suffering having been drained, the first spark of revolution broke out in
Caloocan, spread out to Santa Mesa and continued its course to the adjoining regions of the
province were the unequalled heroism of its inhabitants fought a one sided battle against
superior forces of General Blanco and General Polavieja for a period of 3 months, without
proper arms nor ammunitions, except bolos, pointed bamboos, and arrows.
Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers
necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives
of granting pardon and amnesty,
And lastly, it was results unanimously that this Nation, already free and independent as of
this day, must used the same flag which up to now is being used, whose designed and
colored are found described in the attached drawing, the white triangle signifying the
distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the "Katipunan" which by means of its blood
compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution; the tree stars, signifying the three principal
Islands of these Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where the revolutionary
movement started; the sun representing the gigantic step made by the son of the country
along the path of Progress and Civilization; the eight rays, signifying the eight provinces -
Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which
declares themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated; and the colors
of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the United States of America, as a
manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested
protection which it lent us and continues lending us.
And holding up this flag of ours, I present it to the gentlemen here assembled:
Don Segundo Arellano Don Ramon Gana

Don Tiburcio del Rosario Don Marcelino Gomez
Sergio Matias Don Valentin Politan
Don Agapito Zialcita Don Felix Politan
Don Flaviano Alonzo Don Evaristo Dimalanta
Don Mariano Legazpi Don Gregorio Alvarez
Don Jose Turiano Santiago y Acosta Don Sabas de Guzman
Don Aurelio Tolentino Don Esteban Francisco
Don Felix Ferrer Don Guido Yaptinchay
Don Felipe Buencamino Don Mariano Rianzares Bautista
Don Fernando Canon Faustino Don Francisco Arambulo
Don Anastacio Pinzun Don Antonio Gonzales
Don Timoteo Bernabe Don Juan Antonio Gonzales
Don Flaviano Rodriguez Don Juan Arevalo
Don Gavino (?) Masancay Don Ramon Delfino
Don Narciso Mayuga Don Honorio Tiongco
Don Gregorio Villa Don Francisco del Rosario
Don Luis Perez Tagle Don Epifanio Saguil
Don Canuto Celestino Don Ladislao Afable Jose
Don Marcos Jocson Don Sixto Roldan
Don Martin de los Reyes Don Luis de Lara
Don Ciriaco Bausa Don Marcelo Basa
Don Manuel Santos Don Jose Medina
Don Mariano Toribio Don Efipanio Crisia(?)
Don Gabriel de los Reyes Don Pastor Lopez de Leon
Don Hugo Lim Don Mariano de los Santos

27
Don Emiliano Lim Don Santiago Garcia
Don Faustino Tinorio(?) Don Andres Tria Tirona
Don Rosendo Simon Don Estanislao Tria Tirona
Don Leon Tanjanque(?) Don Daniel Tria Tirona
Don Gregorio Bonifacio Don Andres Tria Tirona
Don Manuel Salafranca Don Carlos Tria Tirona
Don Simon Villareal Don Sulpicio P. Antony
Don Calixto Lara Don Epitacio Asuncion
Don Buenaventura Toribio Don Catalino Ramon
Don Gabriel Reyes Don Juan Bordador
Don Hugo Lim Don Jose del Rosario
Don Emiliano Lim Don Proceso Pulido
Don Fausto Tinorio(?) Don Jose Maria del Rosario
Don Rosendo Simon Don Ramon Magcamco(?)
Don Leon Tanjanque(?) Don Antonio Calingo
Don Gregorio Bonifacio Don Pedro Mendiola
Don Manuel Salafranca Don Estanislao Galinco
Don Simon Villareal Don Numeriano Castillo
Don Calixto Lara Don Federico Tomacruz
Don Buenaventura Toribio Don Teodoro Yatco
Don Zacarias Fajardo Don Ladislao Diwa(?).
Don Florencio Manalo
Who solemnly swear to recognize and defend it unto the last drop of their blood.
In witness thereof, I certify that this Act of Declaration of Independence was signed by me
and by all those here assembled including the only stranger who attended those
proceedings, a citizen of the U.S.A., Mr. L.M. Johnson, a Colonel of Artillery.
8. Self-evaluation
Comparative Analysis. Compare the point of view of the authors of the primary sources
below.
CRITERIA Mga Aral ng Katipunan Declaration of Philippine Independence
Speaker
Occasion
Audience
Purpose
Subject
Graphic Organizer. Fill the table with necessary details based on the “Customs of the
Tagalogs” by Fr. Juan de Plascencia and “Native Races and their Customs” by Fr. Francisco
Colin.
SOCIAL CLASSES EQUIVALENT DUTIES CHARACTERISTICS
AMONG TERMINOLOGY (Tagalogs) (Tagalogs)
TAGALOGS (From AMONG VISAYANS
top to bottom)
1.

28
2.
3.
4.
Answer the following questions:

1. What is the concept of nationalism according to Emilio Jacinto?
2. According to Jacinto, who were qualified to join the secret society?
3. Choose one principle of the society and explain its essence.
4. What were the main reasons behind the declaration of Independence?
5. What are the highlights of the Declaration?
6. How is the legality of the Declaration of Independence compared to the present day’s
system of enacting a law?

29
Customs of the Tagalogs, just like any other colonial texts written during the Spanish
colonial period, was intentionally made to provide an exoticize description of the Tagalog
natives, clearly fed by politics and propaganda and operated with the Western-outsider's
gaze, that would be appealing to them.
Andres Bonifacio was also a member of La Liga Filipina, although he soon lost hope in
gaining reforms though peaceful means. This feeling was especially heightened when Jose
Rizal was exiled to Dapitan. Bonifacio became convinced that the only way the Philippines
could gain independence was through a revolution.
Bonifacio then founded the “Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga

Anak ng Bayan” (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street (now Claro M.
Recto), in Tondo Manila.
The Katipunan had colorful beginnings. As a symbol of the member’s loyalty, they performed
the solemn rite of sanduguan (blood compact), wherein each one signed his name with his
own blood..
The members agreed to recruit more people using the “triangle system” of enlistment. Each
original member would recruit tow new members who were not related to each other. Each
new member would do the same thing, and so on down the line. Members were also asked
to contribute one Real (about 25 centavos) each month in order to raise funds for the
association.
The KKK members agreed on the following objectives:

▪ The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain after declaring the
country’s independence.
▪ The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine morals,
and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism..
▪ The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor
oppressed.
The “Kataastaasang Sanggunian” (supreme council) was the highest governing body of the
Katipunan. It was headed by a supremo, or president. Each province had a “Sangguaniang
Bayan” (Provincial Council) and each town had a “Sangguniang Balangay” (Popular
Council).
The most significant achievement of Aguinaldo's Dictatorial Government was the

proclamation of Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite, on June 12, 1898. The day
was declared a national holiday. Thousands of people from the provinces gathered in Kawit
to witness the historic event. The ceremony was solemnly held at the balcony of General
Emilio Aguinaldo's residence. The military and civil officials of the government were in
attendance.
A dramatic feature of the ceremony was the formal unfurling of the Filipino flag amidst the
cheers of the people. At the same time, the Philippine National Anthem was played by the
band. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista solemnly read the "Act of the Declaration of
Independence" which he himself wrote. The declaration was signed by 98 persons. One of
the signers was an American, L.M. Johnson, Colonel of Artillery.
10. Post-test

30
TRUE OR FALSE
Direction: Please write True if the statement is correct and False if it says otherwise.
___________1. The maharlicas could not, after marriage, move from one village to another,
or from one barangay to another, without paying a certain fine in gold.
___________2. Investigations and sentences passed by the datos must take place in the
presence of those in his barangay.
___________3. Dowries are given by the women to the men’s parents.
___________4. History becomes a passive factor in the study of Philippine society.
___________5. Anitos mean “all powerful” or “maker of all things”.
___________6. After the death of Bonifacio, no one continued to fight against Spain.
___________7. Tim Richards said that The Kartilya is the best known of all Katipunan texts.
___________8. The main objective of KKK was to combine Philippines and Spain.
___________9. Katipunan was anchored on the political platform of separating the country
from Spain.
___________10. The Kartilya served as the primary lessons for the members of the
Katipunan.
Direction: Encircle the correct answer to each question.

11. Who founded the secret society, Katipunan, on July 7, 1892 to fight Spain?
A. Mabini B. Luna C. Bonifacio D. Aquino
12. Who is the brain of the Katipunan?
A. Bonifacio B. Mabini C. Jacinto D. Luna
13. What is the name of official newspaper of the Katipunan?
A. Kalayaan B. Kalayan C. Kalaya D. Kaalayan
14. What was the alleged cause of the discovery of the Katipunan?
A. Discovery of Katipunan paraphernalia at the Diario de Manila
B. Discovery of the list of Katipunan members
C. Patino’s disclosure of the secrets of the society
D. A quarrel between Patino and De La Cruz
15. Rizal was not in favour of the revolution planned by the Katipunan because of the
A. Unpreparedness of the Katipuneros for an armed struggle
B. Willingness to the wealthy Filipinos to support the struggle
C. Jealousy for Bonifacio
D. Absence of a military tactician who will direct the military operations of the KKK
16. Who were the freeborn whom they call maharlica?
A. Nobles B. Commoners C. Slaves D. KKK
17. Its duty was to emit fire from himself at night, once or oftener each month.
A. Witches B. Catalonan C. Mancocolam D. Sonat
18. His purpose was to show himself at night to many persons, without his head or
entrails.
A. Magtatangal B. Osuang C. Bayoguin D. Silagan
19. He signified a “cotequean”, a man whose nature inclined toward that of a woman
A. Magtatangal B. Osuang C. Bayoguin D. Silagan
20. Without use of medicine, and by simply saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom
they chose.
A. Hocloban B. Silagan C. Osuang D. Mangagayoma
Write your answer on the space provided.
21. The newspaper of the Katipunan was known as _________________________.

31
22. The fundamental teachings of the Katipunan were embodied in the document written
by Emilio Jacinto known as ______________________________.
23. The central leadership of the KKK was the _____________________________.
24. Jacinto joined the Katipunan at the age of 18 and used the symbolic name
___________________.
25. Jacinto wrote many things in the newspaper of the Katipunan and used the pen
name ___________________.
26. Rizal’s aborted reformist organization is called ________________________.
27. The document that served as the primary lessons for the members of the Katipunan
is called ___________________.
28. The revolutionary society that espoused independence and freedom for the
Philippines through force of arms is called _______________________________.
29. The first move towards independence began on ______________________.
30. Jacinto was wounded in a battle against the Spaniards in
______________________.
Graphic Organizer. Identify the meaning of and reference for each element in the
Philippine flag according to the “Declaration of Philippine Independence”.
1. Triangle
______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
2. Colors
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
3. Eight rays of the sun
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
4. Three stars
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
11. References
INC.
Inc.

32
Learning Module III in GE HIST – READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
1. Title: CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTING VIEWS ON PHILIPPINE HISTORIES
2. Topics:
1) Site of the First Mass
2) Cavite Mutiny
3) Retraction of Rizal
4) Cry of Balintawak
4. Introduction:
This chapter discusses the existence of controversies and conflicting views of events
in Philippine history. As the saying in historical studies goes, “there is one past, but
many histories.” And this where the problem comes in: which account should we
believe?
5. Objectives
1. Criticize conflicting views concerning certain historical issues;
2. Compare and contrast views of prominent people on particular issues; and
3. Debate on controversial historical issues.
6. Pre-test
Research on one primary source and his/her account of a recent event. Develop five
to ten arguments that support the account or that show the reliability of the source.
Afterwards, present them in class and be ready to answer questions.
Think-Pair Share. Students will have to choose at least one topic. Then, they will have to
answer the following questions:
Students will have to research from the Internet an article about the Site of the First
Mass. They may further check this link for more information about the topic:
https://journals.ateneo.edu/ojs/index.php/budhi/article/view/582/579
1. What are the issues concerning the site of the first Mass held in the Philippines?
2. Which of the contention on the site of the first Mass is more believable? Why?
3. Why is it significant to establish the accuracy of the details on the first mass?
Cavite Mutiny: Source: https://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-mutiny/

1. What exactly did Jose Montero and Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo tell about the Cavite
Mutiny?
2. Do you think the Cavite Mutiny could have been avoided if reports were more truthful
and factual? Defend your answer.
3. It is believed that the Cavity Mutiny inspired the 1898 revolution? Why do you think it
took 26 long years before Filipinos staged the 1898 revolution?
THE TWO FACES OF THE 1872 CAVITE MUTINY

By Chris Antonette Piedad-Pugay
The 12th of June of every year since 1898 is a very important event for all the
Filipinos. In this particular day, the entire Filipino nation as well as Filipino communities
all over the world gathers to celebrate the Philippines’ Independence Day. 1898 came to

33
be a very significant year for all of us— it is as equally important as 1896—the year when
the Philippine Revolution broke out owing to the Filipinos’ desire to be free from the
abuses of the Spanish colonial regime. But we should be reminded that another year is
as historic as the two—1872.
Two major events happened in 1872, first was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny and the other
was the martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes,
Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA). However, not all of us knew that there
were different accounts in reference to the said event. All Filipinos must know the
different sides of the story—since this event led to another tragic yet meaningful part of
our history—the execution of GOMBURZA which in effect a major factor in the
awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos.
1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective
Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish historian documented the event and
highlighted it as an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the
Philippines. Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official report magnified the event
and made use of it to implicate the native clergy, which was then active in the call for
secularization. The two accounts complimented and corroborated with one other, only
that the general’s report was more spiteful. Initially, both Montero and Izquierdo scored
out that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal such as non-
payment of tributes and exemption from force labor were the main reasons of the
“revolution” as how they called it, however, other causes were enumerated by them
including the Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty propagandas
proliferated by unrestrained press, democratic, liberal and republican books and
pamphlets reaching the Philippines, and most importantly, the presence of the native
clergy who out of animosity against the Spanish friars, “conspired and supported” the
rebels and enemies of Spain. In particular, Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish Press
for “stockpiling” malicious propagandas grasped by the Filipinos. He reported to the King
of Spain that the “rebels” wanted to overthrow the Spanish government to install a new
“hari” in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora. The general even added that the
native clergy enticed other participants by giving them charismatic assurance that their
fight will not fail because God is with them coupled with handsome promises of rewards
such as employment, wealth, and ranks in the army. Izquierdo, in his report lambasted
the Indios as gullible and possessed an innate propensity for stealing.
The two Spaniards deemed that the event of 1872 was planned earlier and was
thought of it as a big conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos, abogadillos or
native lawyers, residents of Manila and Cavite and the native clergy. They insinuated
that the conspirators of Manila and Cavite planned to liquidate high-ranking Spanish
officers to be followed by the massacre of the friars. The alleged pre-concerted signal
among the conspirators of Manila and Cavite was the firing of rockets from the walls of
Intramuros.
According to the accounts of the two, on 20 January 1872, the district of Sampaloc
celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately participants to the feast
celebrated the occasion with the usual fireworks displays. Allegedly, those in Cavite
mistook the fireworks as the sign for the attack, and just like what was agreed upon, the
200-men contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack targeting Spanish
officers at sight and seized the arsenal.
When the news reached the iron-fisted Gov. Izquierdo, he readily ordered the
reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. The “revolution” was
easily crushed when the expected reinforcement from Manila did not come ashore.

34
Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid were killed in the skirmish, while the
GOMBURZA were tried by a court-martial and were sentenced to die by strangulation.
Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and
other abogadillos were suspended by the Audencia (High Court) from the practice of law,
arrested and were sentenced with life imprisonment at the Marianas Island.
Furthermore, Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and ordered the
creation of artillery force to be composed exclusively of the Peninsulares.
On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish government and Frailocracia to

instill fear among the Filipinos so that they may never commit such daring act again, the
GOMBURZA were executed. This event was tragic but served as one of the moving
forces that shaped Filipino nationalism.
A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of the Incident
Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher,

wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite. In his point of view, the
incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite
arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges. Indirectly,
Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s cold-blooded policies such as the abolition of privileges
of the workers and native army members of the arsenal and the prohibition of the
founding of school of arts and trades for the Filipinos, which the general believed as a
cover-up for the organization of a political club.
On 20 January 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal,
and residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms and assassinated
the commanding officer and Spanish officers in sight. The insurgents were expecting
support from the bulk of the army unfortunately, that didn’t happen. The news about the
mutiny reached authorities in Manila and Gen. Izquierdo immediately ordered the
reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. After two days, the mutiny was officially
declared subdued.
Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a
powerful lever by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving not only the native
army but also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and more importantly the native
clergy to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. It is noteworthy that
during the time, the Central Government in Madrid announced its intention to deprive the
friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil government and the direction and
management of educational institutions. This turnout of events was believed by Tavera,
prompted the friars to do something drastic in their dire sedire to maintain power in the
Philippines.
Meanwhile, in the intention of installing reforms, the Central Government of Spain

welcomed an educational decree authored by Segismundo Moret promoted the fusion of
sectarian schools run by the friars into a school called Philippine Institute. The decree
proposed to improve the standard of education in the Philippines by requiring teaching
positions in such schools to be filled by competitive examinations. This improvement was
warmly received by most Filipinos in spite of the native clergy’s zest for secularization.
The friars, fearing that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of the past,
took advantage of the incident and presented it to the Spanish Government as a vast
conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with the object of destroying Spanish
sovereignty. Tavera sadly confirmed that the Madrid government came to believe that
the scheme was true without any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the
alleged “revolution” reported by Izquierdo and the friars.

35
Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life
imprisonment while members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried
and executed by garrote. This episode leads to the awakening of nationalism and
eventually to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution of 1896. The French writer Edmund
Plauchut’s account complimented Tavera’s account by confirming that the event
happened due to discontentment of the arsenal workers and soldiers in Cavite fort. The
Frenchman, however, dwelt more on the execution of the three martyr priests which he
actually witnessed.
Unraveling the Truth
Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, there were some basic facts that
remained to be unvarying: First, there was dissatisfaction among the workers of the
arsenal as well as the members of the native army after their privileges were drawn back
by Gen. Izquierdo; Second, Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made
the Filipinos move and turn away from Spanish government out of disgust; Third, the
Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly transpired but relied
on reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of the public; Fourth, the happy
days of the friars were already numbered in 1872 when the Central Government in Spain
decided to deprive them of the power to intervene in government affairs as well as in the
direction and management of schools prompting them to commit frantic moves to extend
their stay and power; Fifth, the Filipino clergy members actively participated in the
secularization movement in order to allow Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in
the country making them prey to the rage of the friars; Sixth, Filipinos during the time
were active participants, and responded to what they deemed as injustices; and Lastly,
the execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish government, for
the action severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and the event inspired Filipino patriots
to call for reforms and eventually independence. There may be different versions of the
event, but one thing is certain, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny paved way for a momentous
1898.
The road to independence was rough and tough to toddle, many patriots named
and unnamed shed their bloods to attain reforms and achieve independence. 12 June
1898 may be a glorious event for us, but we should not forget that before we came
across to victory, our forefathers suffered enough. As weenjoy our freeedom, may we be
more historically aware of our past to have a better future ahead of us. And just like
what Elias said in Noli me Tangere, may we “not forget those who fell during the night.”
Retraction of Rizal: Source - https://nhcp.gov.ph/the-rizal-retraction-and-other-cases/

1. Why did Garcia believe that Rizal really retracted his masonic affiliation?
2. What proofs did Garcia provide to defend his arguments?
3. Did you find any consistency in Garcia’s argument? Explain your answer.
THE RIZAL RETRACTION AND OTHER CASES

by Peter Jaynul V. Uckung
The flow of history is as inexorable as the tidal flow of an angry ocean. But ever so
often in our collective recollection, it is remembered that sometimes the skilful use of
forgery can redirect the flow of history itself.
In the Philippines today, forgery is usually resorted to redirect the flow of money from
the rightful beneficiary to the unworthy pockets of invisible people.

36
That money is usually the target of forgery is known and practiced all over the world,
but forgery in the hands of the wily, has power to effect a redirection of events and
undoing of history. It has the power to obscure or beliee an occurrence or create an
event that did not actually transpire. It also has the power to enslave and destroy.
In October 1600, the Muslim Ottoman Army and a Christian army, led by Austrians,
with Hungarian, French, Maltese and German troops were battling it out for territory
called Kanizsa. The Ottoman army was outgunned and outmanned, but the Ottoman
commander, Tiryaki Hasan Pasha was a clever man. He knew that the Hungarians were
not too happy to be allied with the Austrians. So he sent fake letters, designed them to
be captured by the Austrians. The letters contained Hungarian alliance with Ottoman
forces. The Austrian upon reading the fake letters signed by a reliable source (obviously
forged) decided to kill all Hungarian soldiers.
The Hungarians revolted and the Christian army disintegrated from within. Thus, did
the Ottomans won the battle, by issuing forged communication.
During World War II, the British, to protect the secrecy of the Allied plan to invade
Sicily in 1943, launched operation Mincemeat. This was a deception campaign to
mislead German Intelligence about the real target of the start of the Allied Invasion of
Europe.
A series of seemingly genuine secret documents, with forged signatures, were

attached to a British corpse dressed in military uniforms. It was left to float somewhere in
a beach in Spain, where plenty of German agents were sure to get hold of it.
The body with the fake documents was found eventually and its documents seen by
German agents. The documents identified Sardinia and Corsica as the targets of the
Allied invasion. The Germans believed it, and was caught with their pants down when
allied forces hit the beaches of the real target, which was Sicily.
This kind of deception was also used by the British against the Germans in North
Africa. They placed a map of British minefields, then attached them to a corpse. The
minefields were non-existent but the Germans saw the map and considered it true. Thus,
they rerouted their tanks to areas with soft sand where they bogged down.
In 1944, a Japanese sea plane crashed near Cebu. According to Japanese military
officials who were captured, and later released, they were accompanying Gen. Koga,
Commander in Chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet. Gen. Koga died in the crash. A
little later, Filipino fisherman recovered some Japanese documents. They delivered the
documents to US Intelligence. The documents revealed that Leyte was lightly defended.
As a result, the Americans shifted their invasion target to Leyte instead of Cotabato Bay
in Mindanao.
On October 17, 1944 the invasion of Leyte went underway. Leyte was lightly
defended as the Koga papers have indicated. But it was during the invasion of Leyte
when the Japanese navy launched their last offensive strike against the US fleet, with
the objective of obliterating it once and for all. They nearly succeeded. After this near-
tragic event, the Koga papers were considered by some military strategists as spurious
and could have been manufactured by the Japanese to mislead the American navy into
thinking that Leyte was a defenceless island. That Leyte was a trap. And the Americans
nearly fell into it.
In recent memory, there was an incident in which the forging of documents served to
negate the existence of an independent Philippines.

37
In 1901, the Americans managed to capture a Filipino messenger, Cecilio
Segismundo who carried with him documents from Aguinaldo. The American then faked
some documents complete with forged signature, telling Aguinaldo that some Filipino
officers were sending him guerrillas with American prisoners. With the help of a Spanish
traitor, Lazaro Segovia, the Americans assembled a company of pro-American Filipino
soldiers, the Macabebe scouts. These were the soldiers who penetrated the camp of
Aguinaldo, disguised as soldiers of the Philippine Republic. They managed to capture
Aguinaldo. With the president captured, his generals began to surrender, and the
Republic began to fall.
The document of the retraction of Jose Rizal, too, is being hotly debated as to its
authenticity.
It was supposed to have been signed by Jose Rizal moments before his death.
There were many witnesses, most of them Jesuits. The document only surfaced for
public viewing on May 13, 1935. It was found by Fr. Manuel A. Gracia at the Catholic
hierarchy’s archive in Manila. But the original document was never shown to the public,
only reproductions of it.
However, Fr. Pio Pi, a Spanish Jesuit, reported that as early as 1907, the retraction
of Rizal was copied verbatim and published in Spain, and reprinted in Manila. Fr. Gracia,
who found the original document, also copied it verbatim.
In both reproductions, there were conflicting versions of the text. Add to this the date
of the signing was very clear in the original Spanish document which Rizal supposedly
signed. The date was “December 29, 1890.”
Later, another supposedly original document surfaced, it bears the date “December
29, 189C”. The number “0” was evidently altered to make it look like a letter C. Then still
later, another supposedly original version came up. It has the date “December 29, 1896”.
This time, the “0” became a “6”.
So which is which?
Those who strongly believed the faking of the Rizal retraction document, reported
that the forger of Rizal’s signature was Roman Roque, the man who also forged the
signature of Urbano Lacuna, which was used to capture Aguinaldo. The mastermind,
they say, in both Lacuna’s and Rizal’s signature forging was Lazaro Segovia. They were
approached by Spanish friars during the final day of the Filipino-American war to forge
Rizal’s signature.
This story was revealed by Antonio K. Abad, who heard the tale from Roman Roque
himself, them being neighbours.
To this day, the retraction issue is still raging like a wild fire in the forest of the night.
Others would like to believe that the purported retraction of Rizal was invented by the
friars to deflect the heroism of Rizal which was centered on the friar abuses.
Incidentally, Fr. Pio Pi, who copied verbatim Rizal’s retraction, also figured
prominently during the revolution. It was him, Andres Bonifacio reported, who had
intimated to Aguinaldo the cessation of agitation in exchange of pardon.

38
There are also not a few people who believe that the autobiography of Josephine
Bracken, written on February 22, 1897 is also forged and forged badly. The document
supposedly written by Josephine herself supported the fact that they were married under
the Catholic rites. But upon closer look, there is a glaring difference between the
penmanship of the document, and other letters written by Josephine to Rizal.
Surely, we must put the question of retraction to rest, though Rizal is a hero, whether
he retracted or not, we must investigate if he really did a turn-around. If he did not, and t
Cry of Balintawak
1. Based on the four accounts, what were the inconsistencies did you find on their
narratives?
2. Why did you think there were differences in their accounts?
3. Compare and contrast the four accounts and place in a chart the consistent and
inconsistent details in their narratives.
Pio Valenzuela on Cry of Pugadlawin
In 1935, Pio Valenzuela, along with Briccio Pantas and Enrique Pacheco said (in English
translation) "The first Cry of the revolution did not happen in Balintawak where the
monument is, but in a place called Pugad Lawin." In 1940, a research team of a forerunner
of the National Historical Institute (NHI) which included Valenzuela, identified the location as
part of sitio Gulod, Banlat, Kalookan City. IN 1964, the NHI described this location as the
house of Tandang Sora.[8]
The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio, Bonifacio, Teodoro
Plata, Aguedo del Rosario, and myself was Balintawak, the first five arriving there on August
19, and I on August 20, 1896. The first place where some 500 members of the Katipunan
met on August 22, 1896, was the house and yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong. Aside
from the persons mentioned above, among those who were there were Briccio Pantas,
Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo, Apolonio Samson, and others. Here, views were only
exchanged, and no resolution was debated or adopted. It was at Pugad Lawin, the house,
store-house, and yard of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, where over 1,000 members
of the Katipunan met and carried out considerable debate and discussion on August 23,
1896. The discussion was on whether or not the revolution against the Spanish government
should be started on August 29, 1896... After the tumultuous meeting, many of those present
tore their cedula certificates and shouted "Long live the Philippines! Long live the
Philippines!"

39
40
41
8. Self-evaluation
Work in pairs. Prepare a list of different factors or events that led to Filipino nationalism and
its implication in shaping our history. Compose your own version of an essay or poem
pertaining to “Love of Country”.
RUBRICS
COLLABORATIVE WORK
4 Very Good 3 Good 2 Fair 1 Poor
Involvement All members Members A member who A member who
supported a lot contributed contributed did not
of their effort. important ideas ideas for some participate in
and effort. time. group
preparation.
Action Taken Used time Used time Usual used Task was
effectively and effectively and time well rarely done by
sure that does not cause throughout the deadlines.
everybody the group for undertaking
does the task extension but may have
on time. because of interruption on
delay. one thing.
Quality of Work Provided task Provided high Provided work Did not do
of highest quality of work. that anything / the
quality. occasionally task was done
needs to be poorly.
redone by

42
other group
members to
arrive at a
good work.
Contribution All actively Improves Does not A member
participated solutions recommend or depends on the
and looks for suggested by improve works of
solutions to others. solutions. others.
problems.
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
- around 1491 when he was born at Vicenza, Republic of Venice or was know now as Italy
and died at the aged of 39-40 around 1531
- He studied astronomy; geography and cartography
- an Italian scholar and explorer from the Republic of Venice
- He travelled with the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew on their First
Voyage around the world
- He was one of the 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522
*The first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on March 31, 1521 (Eastern Sunday)
* Father Pedro de Valderrama
* located at the Southern Leyte
* a popularly known as the birthplace of the Church in the Philippines.
* Holy First Mass marked the birth of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines.
*1872 : A monument to commemorate the site of first mass on the Philippines was erected in
Butuan.
*1953: The people in Butuan asked the Philippine Historical Committee to rehabilitate the
monument or place a marker on the site.
*On the basis of this objection the monument was re-erected but the marble slab stating it
was the site of first mass was removed.
*Zaide identified Masao in Butuan as the location of the first mass. The basis Zaide’s claim is
the diary of Antonio Pigafetta, chronicle of Magellan’s voyage
*Jaime de Veyra stated that the first mass was celebrated in Limawasa not in Butuan.
*Historian Pablo Pastells stating by the footnote to Francisco Colin’s Labor Evangelica that
Magellan did not go to Butuan but form Limasawa to Cebu.
* Francisco Albo ( pilot of Magellan’s flagship does not mention the first mass but he writes
that they erected a cross on a mountain which overlooked three islands the west and the
southwest.
* James Robertson agreed with Pastells in a footnote that “Mazua” was actually Limasawa.
* in the authentic account of Pigafetta, the port was not in Butuan but an island named
Mazua ( Masawa)
* Father Bernard studied all the Pigafetta’s maps, which place in Mazau off the southern tip
of the larger island of Leyte., a check with the modern maps will show that this jibes with
Limasawa and not Masao or Butuan.
Two major events happened in 1872, first was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny and the other was the
martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA). However, not all of us knew that there were
different accounts in reference to the said event. All Filipinos must know the different sides
of the story—since this event led to another tragic yet meaningful part of our history—the

43
execution of GOMBURZA which in effect a major factor in the awakening of nationalism
among the Filipinos.
REASONS FOR RETRACTION

Why would Jose Rizal write the retraction documents? What possible reasons could have
pushed Jose Rizal to write his retraction document, assuming that he truly wrote the said
document? The following four reasons would have been worthy of his character and
mentality.
(1) To save his family and town from further persecution. Rizal may have been told that he
faced the dilemma of signing the retraction or of having his relatives pursued by further
persecutions. Since he hoped his death would stop the persecution of his relatives, the
retraction may have seemed to him to be the only way of achieving that purpose.
(2) To give Josephine a legal status as his wife. Rizal, even though he for a time suspected
Josephine as a spy, seems to have become convinced that she now loved him, and he may
have desired to give her a legal status in the eyes of the church, and so provide for her
future.
(3) To secure reforms from the Spanish government.
(4) To help the church cut away from the disease, which harmed her. Rizal, did not desire to
injure the Roman Catholic Church, but to remove the cancer which ruined both church and
state in the Philippines -- friar control of land and domination by the government. He was
also struggling for freedom of thought and of conscience to the individual. He may have felt
that much of his propaganda had produced the insurrection, and have repented of that. His
letter to Paciano, written the night before his execution, supports that theory. It also had
been suggested that Rizal may have written the word “Catholic" in the broad sense of the
"Church Universal" as it is used by all branches of the Christian Church excepting the
Roman Catholics. All churches repeat, "I believe in the Holy Catholic Church," in this broad
sense.
Nineteenth-century journalists used the phrase “el grito de rebelion” or “the Cry of Rebellion”
to describe the momentous events sweeping the Spanish colonies; in Mexico it was the “Cry
of Dolores” (16 September 1810), Brazil the “City of Ypiraga” (7 September 1822), and in
Cuba the “Cry of Matanza” (24 February 1895). In August 1896, northeast of Manila,
Filipinos similarly declared their rebellion against the Spanish colonial government. It was
Manuel Sastron, the Spanish historian, who institutionalized the phrased for the Philippines
in his 1897 book, La Insurreccion en Filipinas. All these “Cries” were milestones in the
several colonial-to-nationalist histories of the world.

44
10. Post-test
Direction: Please write True if the statement is correct and False if it says otherwise.
___________1. Magdalo was another branch of the Katipunan.

___________2. Emilio Aguinaldo wanted to unite Filipinos and Spaniards for the
proclamation of Philippine Independence.
___________3. To settle the conflict between the Filipinos and the Spaniards, Aguinaldo
agreed with Bonifacio to create a revolutionary government.
___________4. Wildman returned the money to Aguinaldo for the other half of the shipment
of rifles and ammunition.
___________5. Filipino forces won their first victory in Alapan, Imus.
___________6. The Americans were the first colonizers of the Filipinos.
___________7. Aguinaldo felt the need to call for a dictatorial government to show that a
nation needed a strong leader.
___________8. The Spanish-American War in 1898 eventually altered Philippine history.
___________9. The internal dissent caused by Bonifacio’s death strengthened the
Katipunan further.
___________10. The murder of Ninoy Aquino set in motion a series of events to strengthen
the Marcos administration.
___________11. The People Power Revolution caught the imagination of the world.
___________12. Marcos was flown to Hawaii where he lived in exile.
___________13. Cory Aquino was in the United States for a period of nine (9) days.
___________14. The Cory administration became known for its restoration of Philippine
democracy.
___________15. The snap election proved to be a peaceful and honest election.
___________16. Editorial cartoons are only used for entertainment.
___________17. Illustrations provide us insights into something beyond the texts.
___________18. Drawings and photographs play a large part in the study of history.
___________19. The Flag Law supported the public display of the Philippine flag and other
patriotic banners.
___________20. In the Philippine Embassy, only the American flag could be seen – an
ironic display for an otherwise Philippine legislative body.
Direction: Direction: Use the list of person to answer the following questions. Write the
name on the space provided.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo Julian Felipe Ferdinand Marcos
Commodore George Dewey Carlos Aguinaldo Gen. Fidel Ramos
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista Corazon Aquino Ninoy Aquino
Teodoro Locsin Apolinario Mabini Jose Rizal
21. He was the commander of the Asiatic Fleet ______________________________.

22. He was the first president of the Republic of the Philippines
___________________________.
23. He composed the Philippine National Anthem _____________________________.
24. This person was the one who read the declaration of Philippine Independence
______________________.
25. He was the gobernadorcillo for several terms in Kawit, Cavite
___________________.

45
26. He was one of the inspirations of the revolution and is known as JPR
___________________.
27. He was the father of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo ________________________.
28. He was Marcos’ Armed Forces of the Philippines Vice-Chief of Staff
________________________.
29. He was Marcos’ political rival ___________________.
30. This person was named by the TIME Magazine’s 1986 Person of the Year.
_______________________________.
31. He announced on American and local television that we would hold a snap
presidential election ______________________.
32. She spoke before the U.S. Congress to ask for financial aid to the Philippines
______________________.
33. He became the successor of President Aquino ___________________________.
34. He was imprisoned for eight (8) years after the declaration of the Martial Law in 1972
_____________________________.
35. He was the one who is tasked to write the speech of President Aquino before the US
Congress __________________________.
36. He ruled the Philippines as the President for more than twenty (20) years
______________________.
Direction: Choose the best answer being described in each item. Encircle the letter of your
choice.
37. Which of the following best describes Aguinaldo?
A. He chose the name Pingkian when he joined the Katipunan.
B. He was the second President of the Republic of the Philippines.
C. He led to the making of the proclamation of Philippine Independence.
D. He read the declaration of the Philippine Independence.
38. What is the first phase of the Philippine Revolution?
A. Bonifacio organized a revolutionary government.
B. KKK revolt against the abuses of the Spaniards.
C. The Filipino-Spanish war happened.
D. All of these are correct.
39. What role did the Americans play in the narrative?
A. They supplied ammunitions and rifles to the Filipinos.
B. They provided education to all Filipinos.
C. They wanted peace with the Spaniards.
D. They supported the Filipinos.
40. How did Aguinaldo end up as the leader of the revolution?
A. He conferred with Dewey on Philippine conditions.
B. He became the first President of the Republic of the Philippines.
C. He announced the creation of the dictatorial government.
D. All of the above.
41. Who were the inspirations of the revolution?
A. Julian Felipe and Ambrosio Bautista.
B. Aguinaldo and Bonifacio.
C. Jose Rizal and Emilio Jacinto.
D. Both B and C.
42. What were the issues raised on Aquino’s address?

46
A. Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice and Philippines was under
dictatorship.
B. Different crimes happening in the country under the Marcos regime.
C. A only.
D. Both A and B.
43. Which of the following best describes President Corazon Aquino?
A. She was the first Filipino woman president.
B. She was the wife of Ninoy Aquino.
C. She came from a wealthy and prominent family.
D. All of the answers are correct.
44. What was the result in the Philippine government upon the murder of Ninoy Aquino?
A. The Filipinos were very afraid of the Marcos’s.
B. Protest rallies erupted in the streets of Manila and other major cities in the
country.
C. The economy of the Philippines improved.
D. It was a sign of a strong Marcos government.
45. Who is Corazon Aquino’s running mate during the snap election?
A. Salvador Laurel
B. Fidel Ramos
C. Teddy Locsin
D. Carmensita Cojuangco
46. Which of the following best describes President Corazon Aquino’s administration?
A. It became known for its restoration of Philippine democracy.
B. It was a peaceful government.
C. There was military support on her administration.
D. None of the above.
47. The artworks play a large part in the study of the history. Why?
A. It gives us insights into something beyond the texts.
B. They are useful records for the past historians.
C. It reflects social conditions of historical realities.
D. All of the answers are correct.
48. What is the cartoon Lipang Kalabaw trying to portray?
A. Parade of Filipinos celebrating the election of their popular candidate.
B. The Philippine flag was raised.
C. It was the saddest occasion in the Philippine history.
D. There was no support from the government.
49. What is a Flag Law?
A. Act No. 1696
B. Public display of the Philippine flag.
C. It was passed by the senate.
D. None of the answers are correct.
50. Which illustrations or cartoons appear in the booklet Watch for the Saboteurs?
A.

47
B.
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above.
11. References
INC.
Inc.

48
Learning Module IV in GE HIST – READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
1. Title: PHILIPPINE GOVERNANCE AND REVENUE SYSTEMS
2. Topics:
1) History of Agrarian Reforms
2) The Constitution and Its Relevance to the People
3) History of Taxation in the Philippines
4. Introduction:
This chapter discusses the importance of studying the constitution in knowing our
history. It is also through constitution that our rights as citizens of the country are
recognized and enforced.
5. Objectives
1. Trace the history of the land reform program in the Philippines;
2. Explain the importance of a constitution in a nation; and
3. Argue for or against a current taxation issue.
6. Pre-test
ACRONYMS. Students will have to complete the abbreviations below.
1. CARPER –
2. COCAR –
3. CARL –
4. PARC –
5. PACUP –
6. GOCC –
7. PCGG –
8. GDP –
9. CARP –
10. R.A. & E.O.
Cooperative Learning on Philippine Governance and Revenue Systems.
Students will form three groups and will have to research on History of Agrarian Reform
of the Philippines. They will be assigned of the following topics:
1. Pre-Colonial Times (Before 16th century) and the Spanish Era
2. American Era and Commonwealth Years (193501942)
3. Japanese Era
Another set of group will take the Government Initiatives on Agrarian Reform:
1. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)
2. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
3. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)
4. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
5. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
6. Diosdasdo Macapagal (1961-1965)
7. Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
8. Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
9. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)

49
10. Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998-2001)
11. President Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo (2001 – 2010)
12. Benigno C. Aquino (2010–up to present)
Learning Activity #2
Lecture-Discussion on the Constitution of the Philippines.
Notes are provided for a smooth flow of discussion about the topic at hand.

50
51
52
53
54
55
56
8. Self-evaluation
Below is a reflection figure that looks like a human figure. Determine what you have
learned (the knowledge that serves as your foundation to stand and keep); the
things you have realized and appreciated (attitude toward learning) and the things you
discovered (skills that you will cherish in life).
Things I have learned

(knowledge)
Things I have realized and appreciated

(attitudes)
Things I have discovered

(skills)
Pre-Colonial Times (Before 16th Century)
• Land was commonly owned by the community known as barangay. This is a small unit of
government consisting of 30-100 families administered by the chiefs. Everyone in the
barangay regardless of status had access on the land and mutually shares resources and
the fruits of their labour. They believed and practiced the concept of “stewardship” where
relationship between man and nature is important.
• Land cultivation was done commonly by kaingin system or the slash and burn method
wherein land was cleared by burning the bushes before planting the crops or either land was
plowed and harrowed before planting.
• Maragtas Code seems to be the only recorded transaction of land sale during this time.
This tells us about the selling of the Panay Island by the natives to the ten Bornean datus in
exchange of a golden salakot and a long gold necklace.
SPANISH ERA (1521-1896)
• The colonial government at this period introduced a pueblo agriculture, a system wherein
native rural communities were organized into pueblo and each Christianized native family is
given a four to five hectares of land to cultivate. The pueblo agriculture practiced no share
cropper class or landless class.
• The native families were merely landholders and not landowners. By law, the land
assigned to them was the property of the Spanish King where they pay their colonial tributes
to the Spanish authorities in the form of agricultural products they produced.
• Through the Laws of the Indies, the Spanish crown awarded vast tracts of land to wit:
- a Friar lands for the religious orders;
-Repartiamentos for lands granted to the Spanish military as a reward for their service; and
-Encomienda a large tracts of land given to Spaniards

57
(encomiendero) to manage and have the right to receive tributes from the natives tilling it.
Natives within these areas became mere tillers working for a share of crops.They did not
even have any rights to the land.
• Abusive encomienderos collected more tributes that became the land rentals from the
natives living in the area. A compras y vandalas system was practiced wherein tillers were
made to compulsory sell at a very low price or surrender their agricultural harvests to
Spanish authorities where encomienderos can resell it for a profit. People of the
encomiendas were also required to render personal services on public and religious work
and as a household help to the encomienderos.
• The Spanish crown made a law in 1865 ordering landholders to register their landholdings.
Only those who were aware of these decrees benefited. Ancestral lands were claimed and
registered in other people’s names (Spanish officials or local chieftains). As a result, many
peasant families were driven out from the lands they have been cultivating for centuries or
were forced to become tillers.
• As more tillers were abused, exploited and deprived of their rights, the revolution of
peasants and farmers in 1896 articulated their aspirations for agrarian reform and for a just
society. Women also fought for freedom and played an important role in the planning and
implementing the activities of the revolutionary movements.
• The revolutionary government confiscated the large landed estates, especially the friar
lands and declared these as properties of the government. (Malolos Constitution, 1896,
Article XVII)
AMERICAN ERA (1898-1935)

• Realizing that being landless was the main cause of social unrest and revolt at that time,
the Americans sought to put an end to the miserable conditions of the tenant tillers and small
farmers by passing several land policies to widen the base of small landholdings and
distribute land ownership among the greater number of Filipino tenants and farmers.
• Philippine Bill of 1902
-This law provided regulations on the disposal of public lands wherein a private individual
can own 16 hectares of land while the corporate land holdings can avail of 1, 024 hectares.
This also gave the rights to the Americans to own agricultural lands.
• Some 400,000 native farmers were without titles at the start of the American era, this
situation was also aggravated by the absence of records of issued titles and accurate land
surveys. To remedy the situation, the Torrens system was then introduced to replace the
registration system implemented by the Spaniards.
• Homestead program of 1903
-This program allowed an enterprising tenant to acquire a farm of at least 16 hectares to
cultivate. However, the program was not implemented nationwide and was introduced only in
some parts of Mindanao and Northern Luzon, where there were available public alienable
and disposable lands.
• There was no limit on the size of landholdings one could possess. Landholdings were once
again concentrated in the hands of fewer individuals who can afford to buy, register, and
acquire fixed titles of their properties. Hence, more lands were placed under tenancy.
• There were widespread peasant uprisings, headed by the armed peasants’ groups known
as Colorum and Sakdalista of Luzon and Northeastern Mindanao respectively. These
uprisings resulted to social disorder in 1920’s and 1930’s. Hence, more militant peasants
and workers’ organizations bonded together for a more collective action against the abuses
of landlords and unjust landownership situation. This gave birth to the Communist Party of
the Philippines.
Commonwealth Years (1935-1942)
• The government under the stewardship of President Quezon realized that land reform
programs should be implemented immediately. They saw the purchase of friar lands as a
possible way to solve the problem of inequitable land ownership. They also saw that the
Homestead program could be transformed into a massive resettlement program, if properly
implemented.

58
JAPANESE ERA
• During this occupation, peasants and workers organized the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong
Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon) on March 29, 1942 as an anti-Japanese group. They took over
vast tracts of land and gave the land and harvest to the people.
• For them, the war was a golden opportunity for people’s initiative to push pro-poor
programs. Landlords were overpowered by the peasants but unfortunately at the end of the
war, through the help of the military police and civilian guards landlords were able to retrieve
their lands from the HUKBALAHAP.
10. Post-test
I. Direction: Please write True if the statement is correct and False if it says otherwise.
___________1. The Philippine Revolution of 1896 was known as the “First Cry”.
___________2. The Katipunan remained a secret society all throughout the Spanish
period.
___________3. Andres Bonifacio designated a meeting place outside the city to plan the
revolution.
___________4. The story of the First Cry is found in Chapter 7 of the memoirs.
___________5. The account of Magsangkay was used by the government and civic
officials to fixt the date and place of the First Cry in the first decade of American rule.
___________6. During the first days of the Philippine Revolution, the Katipunan was
never defeated in the battle against the Spaniards.
___________7. Magdalo and Magdiwang groups decided to form a revolutionary
government which would lead the revolution.
___________8. Artemio Ricarte initially refused the position as Captain-General of the
revolutionary government.
___________9. Artermio Ricarte’s memoirs were published in English.
___________10. Andres Bonifacio wrote a letter to Emilio Aguinaldo a month after the
Tejeros elections.
___________11. The letter “K” in the middle of the sun in the Katipunan flag stood for
“Kalayaan”, according to Chairman Lumbreras.
___________12. Dr. Jose Rizal was allegedly persuaded by the Jesuits priest to retract
his masonic belief and writings.
___________13. Until today, there was a considerable doubt that Rizal made a
retraction.
___________14. Rizal’s retraction document was sent to the Archbishop of Manila.
___________15. Father Balaguer was the Archbishop of Cavite.
II. Direction: Choose the best answer being described in each item. Encircle the letter of
your choice.
16. This event said to be the signal to start the revolution against the Spaniards
a. Tejeros Convention
b. Pact of Biak na Bato
c. Treaty of Paris
d. Cry of Pugad Lawin
17. Who is the founder of the Katipunan?

59
a. Emilio Aguinaldo
b. Emilio Jacinto
c. Andres Bonifacio
d. Jose Rizal
18. Bonifacio is famously called with what name in the Katipunan?

a. Magdalo
b. Chief
c. Supremo
d. Governor
19. An assembly that was created to solve the problem between Magdiwang and
Magdalo.
a. Tejeros Convention
b. Pact of Biak na Bato
c. Treaty of Paris
d. Treaty of Tordesillas
20. The Tejeros Convention happened in which Philippine province?

a. Manila
b. Batangas
c. Laguna
d. Cavite

21. What is the signal of the start of the revolution?
a. Filipinos tear up their cedulas
b. Filipinos gathered at the Tejeros Assembly
c. Rizal’s retraction of his belief
d. Andres Bonifacio was killed in the fight
22. When did the First Cry of the Philippine happened according to National Historical
Commission??
a. August 20, 1896
b. August 19, 1896
c. August 26, 1896
d. August 23, 1896
23. Who is the Kidlat ng Apoy?

a. Emilio Aguinaldo
b. Emilio Jacinto
c. Santiago Alvarez
d. Jose Rizal
24. When did Tejeros Convention happened?

a. March 22, 1897

60
b. July 18, 1976
c. February 25, 1986
d. June 12, 1996
25. According to the account of Santiago Alvarez, what did the Filipinos shouted for the
revolution?
a. “Revolt!”
b. “Long Live the Philippines!”
c. “Long Live the Son’s of the People!”
d. “Long Live the Philippine Republic!”
26. According to the account of Guillermo Masangkay, what did the Filipinos shouted for
the revolution?
a. “Revolt!”
27. According to the account of Dr. Pio Valenzuela, what did the Filipinos shouted for the
revolution?
a. “Revolt!”
28. In what position was Bonifacio elected during the Tejeros Convention in 1897?
a. Comptroller
b. Secretary of Justice
c. Secretary of Interior
d. Secretary of War
29. Why was the Tejeros Convention called?

a. to settle dispute between two faction – Rizal and Bonifacio
b. to elect officials of revolutionary government
c. to start the war
d. to make peace with the Spaniards
30. Who is Magdalo?

a. Aguinaldo
b. Rizal
c. Bonifacio
d. Jacinto

31. What happened after discovery of Katipunan?

a. A promise to liberate the country from Spain
b. First national struggle for independence

61
c. Spanish authorities began arresting suspected Katipuneros
d. A flag was raised by the Filipinos
32. When did Dr. Jose Rizal died?

a. December 29, 1896
b. December 27, 1996
c. December 30, 1896
d. December 28, 1896
33. Who solemnized the marriage of Josephine Bracken and Dr. Jose Rizal?
a. Fr. Vicente Balaguer
b. Fr. Pio Valenzuela
c. Fr. Pedro Damaso
d. Fr. Pio Pi
34. Who is Magdiwang?

a. Aguinaldo
b. Rizal
c. Bonifacio
d. Jacinto
35. What is Rafael Palma’s critical analysis about Rizal’s retraction?

a. There are moral evidences about Rizal’s retraction
b. There was a signature on the Rizal’s retraction document
c. Rizal’s conversion was a pious fraud to make people believe
d. Rizal broke down and agreed to convert to Christianity
36. What is Austin Coate’s critical analysis about Rizal’s retraction?

a. In Balaguer’s account, there was no mention of the Ultimos Adios.
b. No signed letter of retraction.
c. Rizal was not given a Christian burial.
d. All of the answers are correct.
37. Who was the Jesuit Superior in the Philippines during the time when Rizal was
executed?
c. Fr. Pedro Damaso
d. Fr. Pio Pi
38. Who was the author of the book, Biografia de Rizal?

a. Andres Bonifacio
b. Rafael Palma
c. Austin Coates
d. Jose Rizal
39. Who was the Assistant Colonial Secretary and Magistrate in Hongkong?

62
a. Andres Bonifacio
b. Rafael Palma
c. Austin Coates
d. Jose Rizal
40. Who was the Archbishop of Manila at the time when Rizal was executed?
c. Fr. Pedro Damaso
d. Fr. Bernardino Nozaleda
11. References
INC.
Inc.

63

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Republic of the Philippines

SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

GE HIST: Readings in Philippine History

FIRST YEAR BTLED STUDENTS

PREPARED BY : ALVIE ELMA C. PLAZA, MAEng

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

Unit 1 – History Definition and Relevance 4

Unit 2 – First Voyage around the World by Antonio Pigafetta 12

Unit 3 – Site of the First Mass 32

Unit 4 – History of Agrarian Reforms in the Philippines 49

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

1. Title: MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY

3. Time Frame: 13 hours

A. Definition and Significance of History: History is

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

History reflects the progress of civilizations and societies.

The failure of a civilization to survive was a result of its inability to respond to

2. Exchange Theory (Alvin Scaff)

3. Role of Historical Man (George Wilhelm Hegel)

4. Materialistic Concept of History (Karl Marx)

5. Method of Historiography (Fernand Braudel)

To achieve total history is to integrate all aspects of man’s past.

6. Analyzing Conditions of the Masses (Teodoro Agoncillo- Father

7. Philippine History as People’s History (Renato Constantino)

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

3. Classifications of Historical Sources

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

1. Reading primary sources requires you to use imagination. _____________

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

Sources of history may be classified as primary and secondary.

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

Answer the following questions:

_____1. Which of the following is the least importance of studying history?

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

Internet source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon_Man

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

1. Title: CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY

3. Time Frame: 13 hours

Learning Activity #2:

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

The three castes namely:

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

In its structure the Kartilya resembles the declaration used in Manila’s

Other influences may be identified more tentatively. The admonitions to

To emphasize Enlightenment influences on Katipunan thinking, some say,

Ang kabagayang pinaguusig ng katipunang ito ay lubos na dakila at

Dito’y isa sa mga kaunaunahang utos, ang tunay na pagibig sa

Maralita, mayaman, mangmang, marunong, lahat dito’y

GE HIST – Readings in the Philippine History

Ang gawang lahat, na laban sa kamahalan at kalinisan, dito’y

Kung ang hangad ng papasuk dito’y ang tumalastas lamang o mga

Dito’y gawa ang hinahanap at gawa ang tinitignan; kaya’t hindi

Ipinauunawa din, na ang mga katungkulang ginaganap ng lahat ng

the of the month of _____

__________________of the year 189.