AC Machines

(Transformer)
BY: E.M. MORALES,REE
► Is a stationary machine of high efficiency, by means of which AC
power may be changed from one voltage to another without
changing its frequency.
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► Parts:
► 1. Core – it provides a low - reluctance path for the flux.
► Usual Thickness: For 60 Hertz = 0.014”
► For 25 Hertz = 0.020”
► Reluctance - the property of a magnetic circuit of opposing the passage
of magnetic flux lines,
► 2. Windings -  Transformers have two windings, being the
primary winding (N1) and the secondary winding (N2).
► The primary winding is the coil that draws power from the source.
► The secondary winding is the coil that delivers the energy at the
transformed or changed voltage to the load.
► Transformer Action:
► A transformer consists of two electrically isolated coils and operates on
Faraday's principal of “mutual induction”, in which an EMF is induced in
the transformers secondary coil by the magnetic flux generated by the
voltages and currents flowing in the primary coil winding. According to
Faraday’s laws, “The Rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time
is directly proportional to the EMF induced in a conductor or coil”.
► E= N dϕ /dt volts
► Where,
► E = Induced EMF
► N = the number of turns
► dϕ = Change in flux
► Types of transformers:
► 1. Power type transformer - is used to transfer electrical energy in any
part of the electrical or electronic circuit between the generator and
the distribution primary circuits.
► Installed in power plants, large sub station, always in bank.
► 2. Distribution type transformer or service transformer is
a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation in the
electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage used
in the distribution lines to the level used by the customer.
► Mounted in poles, designed with a high all day efficiency.
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► Step-Down transformer - A transformer in which the output
(secondary) voltage is less than its input (primary) voltage. The
number of turns on the primary of the transformer is greater than the
turn on the secondary of the transformer
► N 1 > N 2 ; E1 > E2
► Construction:
► Core Type - the windings surround the laminated core.
► Shell Type - the windings are surrounded by the laminated core.
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Cooling Methods:
► A transformer heats up due to the losses in the core and windings. The
usual method of cooling transformer is to place the core and windings
in a tank filled with oil which serves as a coolant and insulator.
► Note: Transformer are small, but unsafe temperature will be reached
if special cooling methods are not provided.
► 1.) Oil-Immersed Self-cooled type (with radiator)
► According to the principle of convection, the heated oil flows in the upward
direction and then in the radiator. The vacant place is filled up by cooled oil
from the radiator. The heat from the oil will dissipate in the atmosphere due to
the natural air flow around the transformer.

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► 2. Oil-Immersed Forced-Air-Cooled Type (with fans or blower to the
radiator)
► Fans are mounted near the radiator and may be provided with an
automatic starting arrangement, which turns on when temperature
increases beyond certain value. This transformer cooling method is
generally used for large transformers up to about 60 MVA.
► 3. Oil-Immersed Water-Cooled type
► Cooper coils is placed if sufficient water is available.
► 4. Oil-Immersed forced-Oil-Cooled type
► This transformer is cooled by an oil/water heat exchanger normally
mounted separately from the tank. Both the transformer oil and the
cooling water are pumped (forced) through the heat exchanger to
accomplish cooling.
► Conservator Tank of a Transformer
► This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the
transformer main tank. The main function of conservator tank of
transformer is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the
transformer.
► Conservator Tank of a Transformer
► This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the
transformer main tank. The main function of conservator tank of
transformer is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the
transformer.
Characteristics of Transformer Oil:
► 1. Low Viscosity – low resistance of a fluid to the motion.
► 2. Low Volatility – has a low tendency to evaporate at low or normal
temperature.
► 3. Low Flammability – to reduce fire hazard
► 4. High Dielectric Strength - is defined as the electrical strength of an
insulting material usually up to 25 KV.
► 5. Free of Impurities – as oil ages water and sludge forms or the
presence of these contaminants will reduce the insulating qualities
of your transformer oil.
► 6. Resistance to Emulsification – Suspension of liquid with another
liquid. Ex. Water and oil
► Synthetic Fluids – use as substitute for oil.
► 1. Trade name: Inerteen (Westinghouse)
► 2. Trade name: Pyranol (GE)
► 3. Trade name: Chlorextol (Allis-Chalmers)
► Bushings - is an insulating structure that facilitates the passage of an
energized, current-carrying conductor through the grounded tank
of the transformer.
► Transformer leads are brought out from the the case through bushings.
► Types:
► 1. Porcelain type – for low voltage
► 2. The Condenser type – for relatively high voltage
► 3. The Oil-Filled type – for very high voltage
► Purpose: To protect the windings from grounds as the leads passes
through the case.
► Auxiliary Protective Devices:
► 1. For Lightning: A lightning arrester (alternative spelling lightning
arrestor) (also called lightning diverter) is a device used on electric
power systems and telecommunication systems to protect the insulation
and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning.
► Arresters are mounted on top.
► 2. For High Primary Current: Protective links or fuses are installed.
► is an oil immersed, expulsion type fuse designed for use in the high
voltage circuit of a distribution transformer.
► 3. For High Temperature: Thermal relays are mounted below the oil
level which permits the transformer to carry heavy overloads for only
short period of time and lesser overload for longer periods.
► Maximum allowable Temperature – 105 ° C is reached the relays
open up.
► TRANSFORMER NAMEPLATE (GENERAL REQUIREMENTS).
Following are he minimum information and Data which to be shown on a
transformer nameplate. The standards require the following information
and data for transformers rated above 500 kVA
(Suppose 1000kVA = 1MVA.
• Name of manufacturer
• Serial number
• Year of manufacture
• Number of phases
• kVA or MVA rating
• Frequency
• Voltage ratings.
• Tap voltages.
• Connection diagram.
• Cooling class
• Rated temperature in °C
• Polarity (for Single Phase Transformers)
• Phasor or vector diagram (For Polyphase or Three Phase Transformers)
• % impedance.
• Approximate mass or weight of the transformer
• Type of insulating liquid.
• Conductor material of each winding.
• Oil volume (of each transformer Container/Compartment)
• Instruction for Installation and Operation
► Transformer Name Plate:
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