BATU-Engineering Mathematics II First order ODE 2.

3: Non-Exact Differential Equations

Chapter-2 First Order and First Degree

Topic-2.3 Ordinary Differential Equations

Topic 2.3
Type 3: Differential Equations of the form y ⋅ f ( xy)dx + x ⋅ g ( xy)dy =0

If Differential Equation M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =

0 is not exact but can be written as

y ⋅ f ( xy )dx + x ⋅ g ( xy )dy =
0

then it’s

1
Integrating Factor = , provided xM − yN ≠ 0
xM − yN

Note: In each term of a function, if the degree of x is same as the degree of y then such
function is called function of xy

For example, 1 − 2 xy + x 2 y 2 + 6 x3 y 3 is a function of xy .

2.3. Solve following differential equations

1. ( y + xy ) dx + ( x
2 2
y − x ) dy =
0

2. y (1 + xy + x 2 y 2 ) dx + x (1 − xy + x 2 y 2 ) dy =
0

dy x2 y3 + 2 y
3. = −
dx 2 x − 2 x3 y 2

4. y ( xy + 2 x 2 y 2 ) dx + x ( xy − x 2 y 2 ) dy =
0

5. y [ xy sin( xy ) + cos( xy )] dx + x [ xy sin( xy ) − cos( xy )] dy =

0

© 2021-SEAM by Prof. Satishkumar Barot, Dr N D Narkhede Page 1

BATU-Engineering Mathematics II First order ODE 2.3: Non-Exact Differential Equations

Example 2.3.1: Solve ( y + xy 2 ) dx + ( x 2 y − x ) dy =

0

Solution: Comparing given differential equation with M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =

0

M ( x, y ) =
y + xy 2 , N ( x, y ) =
x2 y − x

∂M ∂N
1 + 2 xy,
= 2 xy − 1
=
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ ∴ Given D.E is not exact
∂y ∂x

However, it can be expreesed as y ⋅ (1 + xy ) dx + x ⋅ ( xy − 1) dy =0

That is, y ⋅ f ( xy )dx + x ⋅ g ( xy )dy =
0

xM − yN = x ( y + xy 2 ) − y ( x 2 y − x ) = xy + x 2 y 2 − x 2 y 2 + xy = 2 xy ≠ 0

1 1
Integrating=
Factor =
xM − yN 2 xy
1
Multiplying given differential equation by Integrating Factor = , we get
2 xy
1 
( ) ( 0
⋅ y + xy 2 dx + x 2 y − x dy =
2 xy 
)
Mutiplying by 2, we get

1   1
0
 + y  dx +  x −  dy =
x   y

This is an exact differential equation and its solution is

1  −1
∫
y const
 + y  dx + ∫ dy =
 x  y
C

log x + xy − log y =
C

x
∴ log   + xy =
C
 y

© 2021-SEAM by Prof. Satishkumar Barot, Dr N D Narkhede Page 2

BATU-Engineering Mathematics II First order ODE 2.3: Non-Exact Differential Equations

Example 2.3.2: Solve: y (1 + xy + x 2 y 2 ) dx + x (1 − xy + x 2 y 2 ) dy =

0

Solution: Comparing given differential equation with M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =

0

M ( x, y ) =y + xy 2 + x 2 y 3 , N ( x, y ) =−
x x 2 y + x3 y 2

∂M ∂N
1 + 2 xy + 3 x 2 y 2 ,
= 1 − 2 xy + 3x 2 y 2
=
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ ∴ Given D.E is not exact
∂y ∂x

( ) (
However, it can be expreesed as y 1 + xy + x 2 y 2 dx + x 1 − xy + x 2 y 2 dy =
0 )
That is, y ⋅ f ( xy )dx + x ⋅ g ( xy )dy =
0

xM − yN = x ( y + xy 2 + x 2 y 3 ) − y ( x − x 2 y + x3 y 2 )

= xy + x 2 y 2 + x3 y 3 − xy + x 2 y 2 − =
x3 y 3 2 x 2 y 2 ≠ 0

1 1
Integrating=
Factor =
xM − yN 2 x 2 y 2
1
Multiplying given differential equation by Integrating Factor = , we get
2 x2 y 2
1
2 x2 y 2 
( ) ( )
⋅  y + xy 2 + x 2 y 3 dx + x − x 2 y + x3 y 2 dy =
0

Mutiplying by 2, we get

 1 1   1 1 
0
 2 + + y  dx +  2 − + x  dy =
x y x   xy y 
This is an exact differential equation and its solution is

 1 1  −1
∫  2 + + y  dx + ∫ dy =
y const 
x y x  y
C

1
− + log x + xy − log y =
C
xy

x 1
∴ log   + xy − C
=
 y xy

© 2021-SEAM by Prof. Satishkumar Barot, Dr N D Narkhede Page 3

BATU-Engineering Mathematics II First order ODE 2.3: Non-Exact Differential Equations

dy x2 y3 + 2 y
Example 2.3.3: Solve = −
dx 2 x − 2 x3 y 2

Solution: Given differential equation can be written as ( x 2 y 3 + 2 y ) dx + ( 2 x − 2 x3 y 2 ) dy =

0

: Comparing with M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =

0

M ( x, y ) =
x 2 y 3 + 2 y, N ( x, y ) =
2 x − 2 x3 y 2

∂M ∂N
3 x 2 y 2 + 2,
= 2 − 6 x2 y 2
=
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ ∴ Given D.E is not exact
∂y ∂x

( ) (
However, it can be expreesed as y x 2 y 2 + 2 dx + x 2 − 2 x 2 y 2 dy =
0 )
That is, y ⋅ f ( xy )dx + x ⋅ g ( xy )dy =
0

xM − yN = x ( x 2 y 3 + 2 y ) − y ( 2 x − 2 x 3 y 2 ) = x 3 y 3 + 2 xy − 2 xy + 2 x3 y 3 = 3 x3 y 3 ≠ 0

1 1
Integrating=
Factor =
xM − yN 3 x 3 y 3
1
Multiplying given differential equation by Integrating Factor = , we get
3x3 y 3
1
3 3 (
⋅  x 2 y 3 + 2 y ) dx + ( 2 x − 2 x 3 y 2 ) dy = 0 
3x y
Mutiplying by 3, we get

1 2   2 2
0
 + 3 2  dx +  2 3 −  dy =
x x y  x y y

This is an exact differential equation and its solution is

1 2  −2
∫
y const
 + 3 2  dx + ∫ dy =
 x x y  y
C

2 x −2
log x + ⋅ − 2 log y =
C
y 2 −2

 x  1
∴ log  2  − 2 2 = C
y  x y

© 2021-SEAM by Prof. Satishkumar Barot, Dr N D Narkhede Page 4

BATU-Engineering Mathematics II First order ODE 2.3: Non-Exact Differential Equations

Example 2.3.4: Solve y ( xy + 2 x 2 y 2 ) dx + x ( xy − x 2 y 2 ) dy =

0

Solution: Comparing given differential equation with M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =

0

M ( x, y ) =
xy 2 + 2 x 2 y 3 , N ( x, y ) =
x 2 y − x3 y 2

∂M ∂N
2 xy + 6 x 2 y 2 ,
= 2 xy − 3 x 2 y 2
=
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ ∴ Given D.E is not exact
∂y ∂x

However, it can be expreesed as y ( xy + 2 x 2 y 2 ) dx + x ( xy − x 2 y 2 ) dy =

0

That is, y ⋅ f ( xy )dx + x ⋅ g ( xy )dy =0

xM − yN = x ( xy 2 + 2 x 2 y 3 ) − y ( x 2 y − x 3 y 2 ) = x 2 y 2 + 2 x 3 y 3 − x 2 y 2 + x 3 y 3 = 3 x 3 y 3 ≠ 0

1 1
Integrating=
Factor =
xM − yN 3 x3 y 3
1
Multiplying given differential equation by Integrating Factor = , we get
3x3 y 3
1
3 3 (
⋅  xy 2 + 2 x 2 y 3 ) dx + ( x 2 y − x3 y 2 ) dy =
0 
3x y
Mutiplying by 3, we get

 1 2  1 1
0
 2 +  dx +  2 −  dy =
x y x  xy y

This is an exact differential equation and its solution is

 1 2 −1
∫
y const
 2 +  dx + ∫ dy =
 x y x  y
C

1
− + 2 log x − log y =
C
xy

 x2  1
∴ log   − =C
 y  xy

© 2021-SEAM by Prof. Satishkumar Barot, Dr N D Narkhede Page 5

 BATU-Engineering Mathematics II First order ODE 2.3: Non-Exact Differential Equations

Example 2.3.5: Solve y [ xy sin( xy ) + cos( xy ) ] dx + x [ xy sin( xy ) − cos( xy ) ] dy =

0

Solution: Comparing given differential equation with M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy =

0

M ( x, y ) =
xy 2 sin( xy ) + y cos( xy ), N ( x, y ) =
x 2 y sin( xy ) − x cos( xy )

∂M  ∂ ∂   ∂ ∂y 
= x  y 2 sin( xy ) + sin( xy ) y 2  +  y cos( xy ) + cos( xy ) 
∂y  ∂y ∂y   ∂y ∂y 

= x  y 2 x cos( xy ) + 2 y sin( xy )  + [ − yx sin( xy ) + cos( xy ) ]

= y 2 x 2 cos( xy ) + xy sin( xy ) + cos( xy )

∂N  ∂ ∂   ∂ ∂x 
= y  x 2 sin( xy ) + sin( xy ) x 2  −  x cos( xy ) + cos( xy ) 
∂x  ∂x ∂x   ∂x ∂x 

= y  x 2 y cos( xy ) + 2 x sin( xy )  − [ − yx sin( xy ) + cos( xy ) ]

= y 2 x 2 cos( xy ) + 3 xy sin( xy ) − cos( xy )

∂M ∂N
≠ ∴ Given D.E is not exact
∂y ∂x

However, it can be expreesed as y [ xy sin( xy ) + cos( xy ) ] dx + x [ xy sin( xy ) − cos( xy ) ] dy =

0

That is, y ⋅ f ( xy )dx + x ⋅ g ( xy )dy =

0

xM
= − yN x ( xy 2 sin( xy ) + y cos( xy ) ) − y ( x 2 y sin( xy ) − x cos( xy ) )

= x 2 y 2 sin( xy ) + xy cos( xy ) − x 2 y 2 sin( xy ) + xy cos( xy ) = 2 xy cos( xy ) ≠ 0

1 1
Integrating=
Factor =
xM − yN 2 xy cos( xy )
1
Multiplying given differential equation by Integrating Factor = , we get
2 xy cos( xy )
1
⋅ ( xy 2 sin( xy ) + y cos( xy ) ) dx + ( x 2 y sin( xy ) − x cos( xy ) ) dy =
0 
2 xy cos( xy )

Continue on next page….

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BATU-Engineering Mathematics II First order ODE 2.3: Non-Exact Differential Equations

Mutiplying by 2, we get

 1  1
 y tan( xy ) +  dx +  x tan( xy ) −  dy =
0
 x  y

This is an exact differential equation and its solution is

 1 −1
∫  y tan( xy ) +  dx + ∫ dy =
y const 
x y
C

log ( sec( xy ) )
y + log x − log y =
C
y

x
∴ log sec( xy ) + log   =C
 y

© 2021-SEAM by Prof. Satishkumar Barot, Dr N D Narkhede Page 7