International Journal of Engineering Research and

E-ISSN : 2454-6135
Advanced Technology (IJERAT)
Volume.7, No. 7
DOI: 10.31695/IJERAT.2021.3725 July -2021

Analysis Critical Success Factor for Toll Road Performance

Improvement with Dynamic Model
Sumadiyono, and Albert Eddy Husin
Department Master Program of Civil Engineering
Mercu Buana University, Jakarta
Indonesia
______________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
In toll road construction, all aspects need to be considered, from planning, implementing, and meeting minimum service standards
during operations. In addition, to reduce the risk of toll road project investment by reducing the risk of rework. Repetitive work
(rework) has a direct and indirect impact on project performance which has an impact on costs, rework is also a very significant
contributor to waste or additional time which results in the completion of the project schedule. This research answers the factors
related to the increase in cost and time performance. Cost-related research discusses rework modeling using the System Dynamic
and time-related research using the Line of Ballance. Rework is a problem in construction that can be caused by many interrelated
aspects that are not taken into account in planning. Rework modeling using a System Dynamic can provide simulations to get the
best results. The research obtained 12 outcome factors that affect cost and time performance on a toll road project, a dynamic
system implementation can provide optimal solutions with the ability to reduce the proportion of the number of rework by 23.11%
for 42 months.
Key Words: SPSS, Rework, Cost performance, System Dynamic.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
Efficient and extensive infrastructure aims to ensure the effectiveness of the functioning of the economy. Infrastructure
development is expected to increase accessibility, increase the competitiveness of a region to integrate domestic and international
markets at competitive costs and on time [1]. In road works on the project, many theories can be done, from the data collected as
many as 1,722 toll road projects taken from 1995 to 2001 by the Indiana Department of Transportation, the United States, which
obtained 11.95% toll road delays [2]. The high investment in toll road construction and the low rate of return on interest, which is
only around 7.79%, makes it difficult to attract private investors to participate in the current toll road infrastructure development,
which requires alternatives, ideas, implementation methods, and innovative creativity to add functions and benefits to it. Projects
[3].
In toll road construction, all aspects need to be considered, from planning, implementing, and meeting minimum service
standards during operations. Also, to reduce the risk of toll road project investment by reducing the risk of rework. Rework has a
direct and indirect impact on project performance. This is an important factor that contributes to the costs and excess time of
construction projects [4] Waste of costs in transportation infrastructure projects, such as road projects, is often caused by rework
[5,6]. The cost of rework on most construction projects is large, ranging from 5% to 20% of the contract value [7,8]. Apart from
having an impact on costs, rework is also a significant contributor to the time wastage and schedule delays of a project [9]. The
average rework adds to the time required for project completion by 22% of the planned time [10]. Rework has also been indicated
as a second cause for loss of worker productivity and is a problem that often arises in both design and construction work [11]

2. LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 Rework
Types of rework: (1) Repair, the scope of repair includes rework to return the condition of a certain work item to its original
condition (the work in question is already in a finished state); (2) Revision, the scope of revision includes work done to complete
or improve work items that have changed as a result of the work execution process; (3) Replacement, is a repair activity by
replacing a unit of material or a work result because it does not function according to standards; and (4) Redesign, is a repair
activity carried out by the designer or implementer to redesign the design.

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International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology, Vol. 7, No.7, July -2021

The level of uncertainty inherent in construction projects can be problematic, especially if the available information is incomplete,
the results of which can affect decision-making during the project [12]. Due to a lack of knowledge, decisions made before or
during construction may lead to mistakes that lead to rework [13].
In the toll road project, rework work may occur due to design changes caused by land changes that have not been acquired,
resulting in design changes that result in changes in construction costs which result in changes in the scope of construction of the
Toll Road Business Entity.

Figure 1. Factors that affect rework [14]

2.2 SYSTEM DYNAMIC

The stages in developing a System Dynamic model are starting from defining the problem (Problem Articulation) which will be
raised by creating a System Dynamic [15]. The second stage is making an initial hypothesis (Dynamics Hypothesis) armed with
the problems in the first stage. The third stage is formulation. The fourth stage is the testing phase with various combinations or
policy scenarios (Testing). The fifth stage or the last stage is making the best policy from the previous stage and conducting an
evaluation. The five stages are shown in (Figure 1). The advantage of a System Dynamic is that it has a feedback structure that is
interrelated and leads to balance [15].

Figure.2 Process in System Dynamic modeling [15]

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International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology, Vol. 7, No.7, July -2021

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study aims to improve cost and time performance on toll road projects, where the achievement of cost and time
optimization. the research flow is shown in (Figure 3). To answer the research question of how the implementation of a System
Dynamic can improve the cost performance of toll road projects. The following is a flowchart of System Dynamic
implementation. To answer the research question of how the implementation of a Line of Balance can improve the time
performance of toll road projects. The following is a flowchart of the Line of Balance implementation.

DYNAMIC SYSTEM START LINE OF BALANCE

METHODE

Model making Contract Documents Analysis of the Schedule of Each

Work Unit

Variable Input Value

Formulation Preparation Recurring Work Continuity Analysis

Dynamic System Model Man Power Needs Analysis

Simulation Cost Quality Time

NO NO Cost NO Analyze and Determine Buffer Time

E1≤ 5 % Delay
Rework
E2 ≤ 30 % ≤8,9%
≤3,7% Logic Relationship Between
YES (Siregar, 2019) Activities
YA (Danaya et.al, 2016) YA
Model Analysis and
Interpretation Optimization of Project Time
FINISH

Figure.3 Flowchart implementation Case Study

3.1 Variable Identification

The variables in this study include:
1) Rework (independent variable)
2) Project scheduling (independent variable)
3) Factors Affecting Cost and Time Performance on Toll Road Projects (dependent variable)
The factors that influence toll road performance are obtained from literature studies and questionnaires of toll road project
stakeholders and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Factors Affecting Toll Road Project Performance

Table 1 Factors Affecting Toll Road Project Performance

No Weight Factor %
1 Design change 9.49%
2 Lack of Supervision 9.24%
3 Working Methods are not suitable 9.05%
4 Changes to specifications 8.62%
5 Contractor Negligence 8.62%
6 Plans lacking detail 8.21%
7 Material Delay 8.02%
8 Lack of knowledge PM and SM 7.91%
9 Skilled workers 7.80%
10 Equipment Selection 7.78%
11 Land Acquisition 7.69%
12 Extreme Weather 7.57%

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International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology, Vol. 7, No.7, July -2021

3.2 Implementation Of Dynamic System

In this part of the study, the implementation of dynamic systems in the Cinere Serpong toll road construction project
work, to answer research question dynamic system implementation to improve cost performance on toll road projects, namely
how to implement dynamic systems to improve cost performance on toll road projects.

3.2.1 Causal Loor Diagram (Cld)

Causal loop diagrams must be done before making a model so that the model builder has a first picture of the concept of the
model to be made. The causal loop diagram as shown in Figure 4 shows the causal relationship which is connected utilizing
arrows. Causal loop diagrams are useful for describing the relationship between variables involved in a system

+ +

Design
Land Changes
Availability -

+ - +

Lack of
supervision

Extreme
+
weather +
Plan +
Drawings Material
Delay +
Lack Detail
- +
CONSTRUCTION
- - COST

+
+

REWORK +
+
+
+ Change in +
Specification
- +
+
Contractor's Method of +
negligence Improper work is not
Equipment appropriate
Selection +
+
+

+ Lack of
Knowledge of PM
and SM

+ Lack of
Worker Skills

Figure 3 Causal Loop

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International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology, Vol. 7, No.7, July -2021

3.2.2 Stok Flow Diagram (Sfd)

Stock flow diagrams can be used to find out how to improve cost performance on toll road projects that begin during the
design process made using one of the software for System Dynamic modeling, namely Powersim Studio 10 software. Figure 4 is a
depiction of the initial stock-flow diagram in the model in this study

Figure 4 Stock flow Dagrams

3.2.3 Input Value Formulation

The input value formulation is obtained from the results of the SPSS output regarding the factors that affect the cost
performance of toll road projects, then for a detailed explanation, interviews are conducted with stakeholders, BUJT, the Board of
Directors Team, Planning Consultants, Supervisory Consultants and PM and SM on toll road construction projects.

3.2.3 Model Validation

The input value formulation is obtained from the results of the SPSS output regarding the factors that affect the cost
performance of toll road projects, then for a detailed explanation, interviews are conducted with stakeholders, BUJT, the Board of
Directors Team, Planning Consultants, Supervisory Consultants and PM and SM on toll road construction projects.

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International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology, Vol. 7, No.7, July -2021

3.2.3 Scenario
In this research, the scenario aims to reduce the percentage of the number of reworks by adding improvement scenarios
and then seeing the impact of whether it can reduce the percentage of the number of reworks on toll road construction projects.
The following are some of the formulations of improvement scenarios used in this study:

Table 2. Scenario
No. Scenario Remarks
1 Scenario 1 (1) Increase the number of Engineers
(1) Increase the number of Engineers, and (2) Adding a measurement
2 Scenario 2
corridor.
(1) Increase the number of Engineers; (2) Adding a measurement corridor;
3 Scenario 3
and (3) Adding Geotechnical Investigation.
(1) Increase the number of Engineers; (2) Adding a measurement corridor;
4 Scenario 4 (3) Adding Geotechnical Investigation, and (4) Increase the number of
supervisors.
(1) Increase the number of engineers; (2) Adding a measurement corridor; (3)
5 Scenario 5 Adding Geotechnical Investigation; (4) Increase the number of supervisors;
and (5) Training.
(1) Increase the number of Engineer; (2) Adding a measurement corridor; (3)
6 Scenario 6 Adding Geotechnical Investigation; (4) Increase the number of supervisors;
(5) Training; and (6) Creating a project information system
Scenario 7
7 1. Adding a measurement corridor

8 Scenario 8 (1) Adding a measurement corridor, and (2) Adding Geotechnical

Investigation

9 Scenario 9 (1) Adding a measurement corridor; (2) Adding Geotechnical Investigation,

and (3) Increase the number of supervisors
(1) Adding a measurement corridor; (2) Adding Geotechnical Investigation;
10 Scenario 10
(3) Increase the number of supervisors; and (4) Training.
(1) Adding a measurement corridor; (2) Adding Geotechnical Investigation;
11 Scenario 11 (3) Increase the number of supervisors; (4) Training; and (5) Creating a
project information system
12 Scenario 12 (1) Adding Geotechnical Investigation.
13 Scenario 13 (1) Adding Geotechnical Investigation, and (2) Increase the number of
supervisors
14 Scenario 14 (1) Adding Geotechnical Investigation; (2) Increase the number of
supervisors; and (3) Training.
(1) Adding Geotechnical Investigation; (2) Increase the number of
15 Scenario 15
supervisors; (3) Training; and (4) Creating a project information system.
(1) Training; (2) Creating a project information system, and (3) Increase the
16 Scenario 16
number of Engineers.

The 3 scenarios were selected based on the scenario's ability to reduce the percentage of the number of reworks if it was
carried out for the next 1 year or the next project, this scenario was the improvement scenario 13 which was the scenario to reduce
the percentage of the number of reworks with the most significant value of 23.11%. The improvement scenario 9 is also able to
reduce the percentage of the number of reworks by 22.95% but more repairs are being made. The implementation of the
improvement scenario is a combination of the results obtained to reduce the rework and the costs that need to be spent in carrying
out the corrective steps.

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International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology, Vol. 7, No.7, July -2021

Table 3. The scenario was chosen to minimize the rework

Alternative Perform Implements

Pessimistic 1.76% Adding a topographic measurement corridor due to changes in alignment.

Moderate 6.20% (1) Training; (2) Creating an Information System project for integration;
and (3) Increase engineer.

Optimistic 23.11% (1) Adding a geotechnical investigation point, so that the accuracy of
boring results does not differ from field conditions; and (2) Increase the
number of supervisors, so that the construction implementation is
following the required method, and quality control can be maintained.

4. CONCLUSION

The factors that must be considered are the company's experience in doing similar work, which is the factor that has the
highest index value, namely:
 Design change
 Lack of Supervision
 Working Methods are not suitable
 Changes to specifications
 Contractor Negligence
 Plans lacking detail
 Material Delay
 Lack of knowledge PM and SM
 Skilled workers
 Equipment Selection
 Land Acquisition
 Extreme Weather
Result of Implementation of System Dynamic to Improve Cost Performance on Toll Road Projects: The budget for the
construction costs is IDR 2,296,818,088,784, Rework cost budget of 12.37% or IDR 284,119,416,006
 Minimum Scenario (Pessimistic) 1.76% x IDR 284,119,416,006 = IDR 5,000,501,721
 Intermediate Scenario (Moderate) 6.20% x IDR 284,119,416,006 = IDR 17,615,403,792
 Maximum Scenario (Optimistic)23.11% x IDR 284,119,416,006 = IDR 65,659,997,039

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