This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E648 − 19aϵ1 An American National Standard

Standard Test Method for

Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a
Radiant Heat Energy Source1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

ε1 NOTE—In A2.2.1(1) (b), the value for density was corrected editorially from 1333 kg/m3 to 1442 kg/m3 in January
2020.

1. Scope* flame under controlled conditions but does not by itself

1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers a procedure for incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk
measuring the critical radiant flux of horizontally mounted assessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actual
floor-covering systems exposed to a flaming ignition source in fire conditions.
a graded radiant heat energy environment in a test chamber. A 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specimen is mounted over underlayment, a simulated concrete safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
structural floor, bonded to a simulated structural floor, or responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
otherwise mounted in a typical and representative way. priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to us-
1.2 This fire-test-response standard measures the critical
e.Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.
radiant flux at flame-out. It provides a basis for estimating one
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
aspect of fire exposure behavior for floor-covering systems.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
The imposed radiant flux simulates the thermal radiation levels
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
likely to impinge on the floors of a building whose upper
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
surfaces are heated by flames or hot gases, or both, from a fully
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
developed fire in an adjacent room or compartment. The
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
standard was developed to simulate an important fire exposure
component of fires that develop in corridors or exitways of 2. Referenced Documents
buildings and is not intended for routine use in estimating
flame spread behavior of floor covering in building areas other 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
than corridors or exitways. See Appendix X1 for information C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement Sheets
on proper application and interpretation of experimental results C1288 Specification for Fiber-Cement Interior Substrate
from use of this test. Sheets
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this Lot or Process
standard. E136 Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C
that provide explanatory information. These notes and E171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier
footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be Packaging
considered as requirements of this standard. E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the 3. Terminology
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
3.1 Definitions—See Terminology E176 for additional defi-
nitions.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface
2
Burning. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as E648 –19. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0648-19AE01. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
1Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.9 total flux meter, n—the instrument used to measure the
3.2.1 blackbody temperature, n—the temperature of a per- level of radiant heat energy incident on the specimen plane at
fect radiator—a surface with an emissivity of unity and, any point.
therefore, a reflectivity of zero.
4. Summary of Test Method
3.2.2 corridor, n—an enclosed space connecting a room or
compartment with an exit. The corridor includes normal 4.1 The basic elements of the test chamber are (1) an air-gas
extensions, such as lobbies and other enlarged spaces, where fueled radiant heat energy panel inclined at 30° to and directed
present. at (2) a horizontally mounted floor covering system specimen,
Fig. 1. The radiant panel generates a radiant energy flux
3.2.3 critical radiant flux, n—the level of incident radiant
distribution ranging along the 100-cm length of the test
heat energy on the floor covering system at the most distant
specimen from a nominal maximum of 1.0 W/cm2 to a
flame-out point. It is reported as W/cm2 .
minimum of 0.1 W/cm2. The test is initiated by open-flame
3.2.4 flame-out, n—the time at which the last vestige of ignition from a pilot burner. The distance burned to flame-out
flame or glow disappears from the surface of the test specimen, is converted to watts per square centimeter from the flux profile
frequently accompanied by a final puff of smoke. graph, Fig. 2, and reported as critical radiant flux, W/cm2.
3.2.5 floor covering, n—an essentially planar material hav-
ing a relatively small thickness in comparison to its length or 5. Significance and Use
width, which is laid on a floor to enhance the beauty, comfort, 5.1 This fire test response standard is designed to provide a
and utility of the floor. basis for estimating one aspect of the fire exposure behavior of
3.2.6 floor covering system, n—a single material, composite a floor-covering system installed in a building corridor. The test
or assembly comprised of the floor covering and related environment is intended to simulate conditions that have been
installation components (adhesive, cushion, etc.), if any. observed and defined in full scale corridor experiments.
3.2.7 flux profile, n—the curve relating incident radiant heat 5.2 The test is intended to be suitable for regulatory statutes,
energy on the specimen plane to distance from the point of specification acceptance, design purposes, or development and
initiation of flaming ignition, that is, 0 cm. research.
3.2.8 time zero, n—the point in time when the chamber door 5.3 The fundamental assumption inherent in the test is that
is closed, which needs to occur within 3 s after the specimen critical radiant flux is one measure of the sensitivity to flame
has been moved into the chamber (see 12.4). spread of floor-covering systems in a building corridor.
--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FIG. 1 Flooring Radiant Panel Test Showing Carpet Specimen and Gas Fueled Panel

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
2Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1

FIG. 2 Standard Radiant Heat Energy Flux Profile

--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.4 The test is applicable to floor-covering system speci- 6.2.3 When the rate of flame front advance is to be
mens that follow or simulate accepted installation practice. measured, a metal scale marked with 10-mm intervals shall be
Tests on the individual elements of a floor system are of limited installed on the back of the platform or on the back wall of the
value and not valid for evaluation of the flooring system. chamber.
5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or 6.2.4 When the extent of flame travel is to be measured after
more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test a prescribed burning period, for example, 15 min, the metal
conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are scale described in 6.2.3 shall be used.
changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method 6.2.5 The top of the chamber shall have an exhaust stack
to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics with interior dimensions of 102 6 3 mm wide by 380 6 3 mm
measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test deep by 318 6 3 mm high at the opposite end of the chamber
exposure conditions described in this procedure. from the radiant panel.
6.3 Radiant Heat Energy Source:
6. Apparatus 6.3.1 The radiant heat energy source shall be a panel of
6.1 General: porous material mounted in a cast iron or steel frame with a
6.1.1 The test chamber employed for this test shall be radiation surface of 305 by 457 mm. It shall be capable of
located in a draft-protected laboratory. operating at temperatures up to 816°C. The panel fuel system
shall consist of a venturi-type aspirator for mixing gas3 and air
6.2 Test Chamber: at approximately atmospheric pressure, a clean, dry air supply
6.2.1 The test chamber, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, shall consist of an capable of providing 28.3 NTP m3/h at 76 mm of water, and
enclosure 1400 6 10 mm long by 500 6 10 mm deep by 710 suitable instrumentation for monitoring and controlling the
6 10 mm above the test specimen. The sides, ends, and top flow of fuel to the panel.
shall be of 13-mm calcium silicate, 0.74 g/cm3 nominal 6.3.2 The radiant heat energy panel shall be mounted in the
density, insulating material with a thermal conductivity at chamber at an angle of 30 6 5° to the horizontal specimen
177°C of 0.128 W/(m·K). One side shall be provided with an plane. The horizontal distance from the 0 mark on the specimen
approximately 100 by 1100-mm draft-tight fire-resistant glass fixture to the bottom edge (projected) of the radiating surface
window so the entire length of the test specimen is observable of the panel shall be 89 6 3 mm. The panel-to-specimen
from outside the chamber. vertical distance shall be 140 6 3 mm (See Fig. 3).
6.2.2 The bottom of the test chamber shall consist of a
sliding steel platform that has provisions for rigidly securing
the test specimen holder in a fixed and level position. The free, 3
Gas used in this test shall be commercial grade propane having a heating value
or air
2
access, area around the platform shall be 2300 to 3225 of approximately 83.1 MJ/m3 , commercial grade methane having a minimum purity
cm . of 96 %, or natural gas.

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
3Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1

FIG. 3 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Side Elevation

6.4 Pyrometer: 6.6 Pilot Burner:

6.4.1 The radiation pyrometer for standardizing the thermal 6.6.1 The pilot burner, used to ignite the specimen, shall be
output of the panel shall be suitable for viewing a circular area a nominal 6 mm inside diameter, 10 mm outside diameter
178-254 mm in diameter at a range of 1.37 m. It shall be stainless steel tube line burner having 19 evenly spaced 0.7 mm
calibrated over the 490 to 510°C operating blackbody tempera- diameter (#70 drill) holes drilled radially along the centerline,
ture range in accordance with the procedure described in and 16 evenly spaced 0.7 mm diameter (#70 drill) holes drilled
Annex A1. radially 60° below the centerline (see Fig. 6).
6.5 Specimen Holder: 6.6.2 In operation, the gas flow shall be adjusted to 0.085 to
6.5.1 The specimen holder (see Fig. 5) shall be constructed 0.100 m3/h (3.0 to 3.5 SCFH) (air scale) flow rate. The pilot
from heat-resistant stainless steel having a thickness of 1.98 burner shall be positioned no more than 5° from the horizontal
mm and an overall dimension of 1140 by 320 mm with a so the flame generated will impinge on the specimen at the 0
specimen opening of 200 6 3 mm by 1000 + 15 mm -0 mm. distance burned point (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
Six slots shall be cut in the flange on either side of the holder 6.6.3 When the burner is not being applied to the specimen,
to reduce warping. The holder shall be fastened to the platform it shall be capable of being moved at least 50 mm away from
with two stud bolts at each end. the specimen.

--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
4Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1
--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FIG. 4 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Low Flux End, Elevation

6.6.4 With the gas flow properly adjusted and the pilot 6.7.1.1 The thermocouple shall be kept clean to ensure
burner in the test position, the pilot flame shall extend from accuracy of readout.
approximately 63.5 mm at either end to approximately 127 mm 6.8 Exhaust System:
at the center. 6.8.1 An exhaust duct with a capacity of 28.3 to 85 NTP
6.6.5 The holes in the pilot burner shall be kept clean. A soft m3/min decoupled from the chamber stack by at least 76 mm
wire brush has been found suitable to remove the surface on all sides and with an effective area of the canopy slightly
contaminants. Nickel-chromium or stainless steel wire with an larger than plane area of the chamber with the specimen
outside diameter of 0.5 mm is suitable for opening the holes. platform in the out position is used to remove combustion
6.7 Thermocouples: products from the chamber.
6.7.1 A 3.2-mm stainless steel sheathed grounded junction 6.8.1.1 Before igniting the panel, but with the exhaust hood
Chromel-Alumel thermocouple shall be located in the flooring operating and the dummy specimen in place, the air flow rate
radiant panel test chamber (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The chamber through the stack shall be 76.2 6 15.2 m/min when measured
thermocouple is located in the longitudinal central vertical with a hot wire anemometer at least 30 s after insertion of the
plane of the chamber 25 mm down from the top and 102 mm probe into the center of the stack opening at a distance of 152
back from inside the exhaust stack. mm down from the top of the stack opening.

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
5Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1

--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FIG. 5 Dummy Specimen in Specimen Holder (Bottom View)

6.8.1.2 The hot wire anemometer shall have an accuracy of 6.10.1 The total heat flux transducer used to determine the
60.1 m/s. flux profile of the chamber in conjunction with the dummy
6.9 Dummy Specimen: specimen shall be of the Schmidt-Boelter4 type, have a range
6.9.1 The dummy specimen that is used in the flux profile from 0 to 1.5 W/cm2 , and shall be calibrated over the operating
determination shall be made of 19-mm inorganic 0.74 g/cm3 flux level range from 0.10 to 1.5 W/cm 2 in accordance with the
nominal density calcium silicate board (see Fig. 5). It shall be procedure outlined in Annex A1. A source of 15 to 25°C
250 mm wide by 1070 mm long with 27-mm diameter holes cooling water shall be provided for this instrument.
centered on and along the centerline at the 100, 200, 300, ... , 6.10.2 The heat flux transducer output shall be measured
900 mm locations, measured from the maximum flux end of with a data acquisition system or a high impedance or
the specimen. To provide proper and consistent seating of the potentiometric voltmeter with a range from 0 to 10 mV and
flux meter in the hole openings, a stainless or galvanized steel reading to 0.01 mV.
bearing plate shall be mounted and firmly secured to the
underside of the calcium silicate board with holes correspond- 6.11 Timing Device:
ing to those previously specified. The bearing plate shall run
the length of the dummy specimen and have a width of 76 mm.
The thickness of the bearing plate shall be varied as necessary 4
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
to maintain the flux meter height specified in 10.5 up to 3.2 mm is Medtherm Corp., P.O. Box 412, Huntsville, AL 35804. If you are aware of
maximum. alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters. Your
comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
6.10 Heat Flux Transducer: technical committee,1 which you may attend.

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
6Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1

FIG. 6 Pilot Burner

6.11.1 A timing device with a minimum resolution of 0.10 8.2 Standard ASTM sampling practice shall be followed
min shall be used to measure preheat, pilot contact, and where applicable; see Practice E122 for choice of sample size
flame-out times. to estimate the average quality of a lot or process.

7. Hazards 9. Test Specimens

7.1 Suitable safeguards following sound engineering prac- 9.1 The test specimen shall be the floor-covering system
tices shall be installed in the panel fuel supply to guard against sized to provide for adequate clamping in the mounting frame.
a gas-air fuel explosion in the test chamber. Consideration shall Its minimum dimensions shall exceed the frame width (200
be given, but not limited to the following: (1) a gas feed cut-off mm nominal) and length (1000 mm nominal) by approximately
activated when the air supply fails, (2) a fire sensor directed at 50 mm.
the panel surface that stops fuel flow when the panel flame goes 9.1.1 Holes shall be made in the specimen to accommodate
out, (3) a commercial gas water heater or gas-fired furnace the bolts when required to secure the specimen to the mounting
pilot burner control thermostatic shut-off that is activated when frame (see Fig. 5).
the gas supply fails or other suitable and approved device. 9.1.2 For tiles, samples shall be representative of the largest
Manual reset is a requirement of any safeguard system used. dimension tile manufactured. The specimen shall be mounted
7.2 In view of the potential hazard from products of so that the first joint is located the farthest possible distance
combustion, the exhaust system must be so designed and from the zero point. As an alternative, select samples from roll
operated that the laboratory environment is protected from or sheet goods prior to cutting into tiles. The test results are
smoke and gas. The operator shall be instructed to minimize applicable to identical tiles of smaller dimensions.
the exposure to combustion products by following sound safety 9.1.2.1 If the tile is not sufficiently wide to cover the width
practice, for example, ensure that the exhaust system is of the specimen holder, the tile shall be mounted to include a
working properly, wear appropriate clothing including gloves, longitudinal joint at the center line of the specimen holder.
etc. 9.1.2.2 If the tiles are not glued, the edges shall be mechani-
cally secured to the substrate.
8. Sampling 9.2 The floor-covering system is to be specified by the test
8.1 The samples selected for testing shall be representative sponsor. In the absence of a specified floor-covering system,
of the product. select one of the following:
--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
7Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1
9.2.1 A carpet mounted over the cushion proposed for use, 10.4 Allow 0.5 h for the closed chamber to equilibrate.
or over the cushion recommended by the carpet manufacturer 10.5 Measure the radiant heat energy flux level at the
for use in the installation, tested over the standard simulated 400-mm point with the total flux meter instrumentation. This is
concrete subfloor (see A2.2.1). done by inserting the flux meter in the opening so its detecting
9.2.2 A carpet with or without integral cushion pad bonded plane is 1.6 to 3.2 mm above and parallel to the plane of the
to the standard simulated concrete subfloor (see A2.2.2). dummy specimen and reading its output after 30 6 10 s. If the
9.2.3 A resilient floor bonded to the standard simulated level is within the limits specified in 10.6, start the flux profile
concrete subfloor (see A2.3.1). determination. If it is not, adjust the panel fuel flow as required
9.2.4 A hardwood floor nailed to a plywood subfloor, to bring the level within the limits specified in 10.6. A
sanded, and finished in accordance with standard practice (see suggested flux profile data log format is shown in Fig. 7.
A2.4.1).
10.6 Run the test under chamber operating conditions that
9.2.5 A laminate floor mounted over the proposed cushion
give a flux profile as shown in Fig. 2. The radiant heat energy
or simulated concrete subfloor (see A2.5).
incident on the dummy specimen shall be between 0.87 and
9.3 A flooring material intended for installation in the form 0.95 W/cm 2
at the 200-mm point, between 0.48 and 0.52
2
of planks, tiles, cove, or base having an overall width greater W/cm at the 400-mm point, and between 0.22 and 0.26 W/cm2
than the opening in the specimen holder, 200 mm shall include at the 600-mm point.
at least one longitudinal joint located at the approximate
10.7 Insert the flux meter in the 100-mm opening following
centerline of the specimen holder. For materials having a width
the procedure given in 10.5. Read the output at 30 6 10 s and
less than the opening of the specimen holder, 200 mm, the
proceed to the 200-mm point. Repeat the 100-mm procedure.
joints shall be located as necessary to complete the specimen
Determine the 300 to 900-mm flux levels in the same manner.
assembly.
Following the 900-mm measurement, make a check reading at
9.4 Three specimens per sample shall be tested. 400-mm. If this is within the limits set forth in 10.6, the test
chamber is in calibration and the profile determination is
10. Radiant Heat Energy Flux Profile Standardization completed. If not, adjust fuel flow, allow 0.5 h for equilibrium,
10.1 In a continuing program of tests, the flux profile shall and repeat the procedure.
be determined not less than once a week. Where the time 10.8 Plot the radiant heat energy flux data as a function of
interval between tests is greater than one week, the flux profile distance along the specimen plane on rectangular coordinate
shall be determined at the start of the test series. graph paper. Draw a smooth curve through the data points. This
10.2 Mount the dummy specimen in the mounting frame curve shall hereafter be referred to as the flux profile curve.
and attach the assembly to the sliding platform. 10.9 Determine the open chamber temperature and radiant
10.3 With the sliding platform out of the chamber, ignite the panel blackbody temperature identified with the standard flux
radiant panel. Allow the unit to heat for 1.5 h. The pilot burner profile by opening the door and moving the specimen platform
is off during this determination. Adjust the fuel mixture to give out. Allow 0.5 h for the chamber to equilibrate. Read and
an air-rich flame. Make fuel flow settings to bring the panel record, in degrees Celsius, the chamber temperature and the
blackbody temperature to approximately 500°C and record the optical pyrometer output that gives the panel blackbody
chamber temperature. When equilibrium has been established, temperature.
move the specimen platform into the chamber and close the 10.10 Once per test day, prior to testing, ignite the panel and
door. allow the unit to heat for 1.5 h. If less than one week has passed

FIG. 7 Flux Profile Data Log Format

--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
8Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1
since the heat flux profile was established, the heat flux at the 12.7 Leave the pilot burner flame in contact with the
200, 400, and 600 mm positions shall be verified. If the values specimen for 5 min, then remove to a position at least 50 mm
do not fall in the ranges specified in 10.6, a complete heat flux away from the specimen, and extinguish the pilot burner.
profile shall be performed prior to testing. 12.8 If the specimen does not propagate flame within 5 min
following pilot burner flame application, terminate the test. For
11. Conditioning specimens that do propagate flame, continue the test until the
11.1 Condition test specimens at 21 6 3°C and a relative flame goes out, or the flame front advances to the full length of
humidity of 50 6 5 % horizontally or vertically in open racks the specimen. Observe and record significant phenomena such
for optimum air circulation for a minimum of 48 h; carpet as melting, blistering, penetration of flame to the substrate, etc.
specimens that have been glued down shall be conditioned for 12.9 When the test is completed, open the door and pull out
a minimum of 96 h. (See Specification E171.) the specimen platform.
12. Procedure 12.10 Measure the distance burned, that is, the point of
farthest advance of the flame front to the nearest 1 mm. From
12.1 Invert the sample holder on a workbench and insert the the flux profile curve, convert the distance to watts per square
flooring system specimen. The specimen shall be backed by a centimeter critical radiant heat flux at flame-out. Read to two
nominal 13-mm thick 0.58 g/cm3 inorganic millboard. Place significant figures. A suggested data log format is shown in Fig.
the steel bar clamps across the back of the specimen/millboard 8.
assembly and tighten the nuts firmly. Return the sample holder
to its upright position, clean the test surface with a vacuum, and 12.11 Remove the specimen and its mounting frame from
mount it on the specimen platform. Carpet specimens shall be the movable platform.
brushed to raise the pile to its normal position. 12.12 Before each test, verify that the blackbody tempera-
12.2 Position the pilot burner at least 50 mm away from the ture and chamber temperature are within 610°C of the values
specimen’s test position in the chamber. recorded in 10.9. The test assembly shall be at room tempera-
ture prior to start up.
12.3 Ignite the pilot burner.
13. Calculation
12.4 Move the specimen into the chamber, and, within 3 s,
close the door and start the timer. This is time zero (see 3.2.8). 13.1 Calculate the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient
of variation of the critical radiant flux test data on the three
12.5 Allow the specimen to heat for 5 min in this position.
specimens in accordance with ASTM standard practice(1).5
12.5.1 If the specimen ignites before the end of the 5 min
heating period, record the time of occurrence and continue with
the full heating period. s5 Œ~ ( X 2 2 nX̄
n21
2
!
and ν 5
s
X̄
3 100
12.6 After 5 min, bring the pilot burner flame into contact
with the specimen at the 0 mm mark while the pilot burner 5
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
remains on. this test method.
--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FIG. 8 Flooring Radiant Panel Test Data Log Format

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
9Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1
where: 14.1.8 Observations of the burning characteristics of the
s = estimated standard deviation, specimen during the testing exposure, such as premature
X = value of single observation, ignition during the initial 5 min heating period, delamination,
n = number of observations, melting, sagging, shrinking, etc.
X̄ = arithmetic mean of the set of observations, and
ν = coefficient of variation. 15. Precision and Bias (Note 1)
15.1 Defining test results as the average of three replicate
14. Report determinations, the repeatability (within laboratory variability)
is approximately 20 % of the measured value (Note 2), and the
14.1 Report the following information:
reproducibility (among laboratory variability) is approximately
14.1.1 Description of the flooring system tested including 35 % of the measured value (Note 3).
its elements,
NOTE 1—This statement is based on the results of two, 13 laboratory
14.1.2 Description of the procedure used to assemble the factorially designed experiments in which a total of 18 floor covering
flooring system specimen, systems were tested.
14.1.3 For tiles, the finished dimensions of the tile tested NOTE 2—Repeatability is a quantity that will be exceeded approxi-
and a statement that test results are applicable to tiles of smaller mately 5 % of the time by the difference, taken in absolute value, of two
randomly selected results obtained in the same laboratory on a given
dimensions, material (2).
14.1.4 Number of specimens tested, NOTE 3—Reproducibility is a quantity that will be exceeded approxi-
14.1.5 Individual values of critical radiant flux, mately 5 % of the time by the difference, taken in absolute value, of two
single test results made on the same material in two different randomly
14.1.6 Extent of flame travel up to the prescribed time, selected laboratories (2).
where applicable. The test result shall be reported as radiant
flux at (t) minutes, measured from time zero. 16. Keywords
14.1.7 Average critical radiant flux, standard deviation, and 16.1 critical radiant flux; fire; floor-covering systems; radi-
coefficient of variation, and ant panel

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. PROCEDURE FOR CALIBRATION OF RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION

A1.1 Radiation Pyrometer meter. This calibration shall make use of the flooring radiant
A1.1.1 Calibrate the radiation pyrometer by means of a panel tester as the heat source. Measurements shall be made at
conventional blackbody enclosure placed within a furnace and each of the nine dummy specimen positions and the mean
maintained at uniform temperatures of 490, 500, and 510 6 value of these results shall constitute the final calibration.
2°C. The blackbody enclosure shall consist of a closed A1.2.2 Each laboratory shall maintain a dedicated cali-
Chromel metal cylinder with a small sight hole in one end.
brated reference flux meter against which one or more working
Sight the radiation pyrometer upon the opposite end of the
--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

flux meters can be compared as needed. The working flux

cylinder where a thermocouple indicates the blackbody tem-
meters shall be calibrated at least once per year.
perature. Place the thermocouple within a drilled hole and in
good thermal contact with the blackbody. When the blackbody A1.3 Potentiometer
enclosure has reached the appropriate temperature equilibrium,
read the output of the radiation pyrometer. Repeat for each A1.3.1 The indicating potentiometer used to measure output
temperature. of the radiation pyrometer and the total heat flux meter shall be
A1.1.2 An acceptable alternative to the procedure described calibrated at least once per year.
in A1.1.1 is the use of an outside agency to provide calibration A1.3.1.1 Calibrate the potentiometer using a NIST traceable
traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology calibrator with a minimun resolution of 0.01 mV.
(NIST). A1.3.1.2 An acceptable alternative to the procedure de-
scribed in A1.3.1 is the use of an outside agency to provide
A1.2 Total Heat Flux Meter
calibration traceable to NIST.
A1.2.1 The total flux meter calibration shall be developed
by transfer calibration methods with an NIST-calibrated flux

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
10
Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1

A2. MOUNTING METHODS

A2.1 Introduction board for no more than 24 h prior to conditioning. (See 11.1 for
A2.1.1 This annex has been compiled as an aid in selecting storage and conditioning requirements.) Mount the specimen in
a method of mounting various floor covering materials in the testing frame as described in A2.2.1 and test in accordance
fire test chamber. The mounting methods in 9.2 are for test with standard procedure.
NOTE A2.2—In the absence of a manufacturer’s recommendation, apply
method uniformity and convenience and are to guide the user
the adhesive with a 3.2 mm V-notched trowel.
in the evaluation of an appropriate floor-covering system.
A2.2.3 Carpet, Other—Substitution of the actual subfloor
A2.1.2 Tests of carpet/cushion systems involving other than for the fiber-cement board substrate is acceptable.
the standard cushion are only applicable to the specific system
tested. Conversely, for regulatory purposes, the results of tests A2.3 Resilient Flooring
for carpets over the standard cushion are normally applied to
A2.3.1 Follow or simulate, or both, commercial installation
any cushion combination.
practice. This will, in most instances, mean bonding to the
A2.2 Carpet standard fiber-cement substrate.
A2.2.1 Carpet and Cushion Pad over Concrete, Simulated, A2.4 Hardwood Flooring
Cut the carpet specimens in the machine direction. To mount a
A2.4.1 Follow or simulate, or both, commercial installation
specimen, invert the holder on a clean, flat surface. Insert the
practice. In a typical system, the substrate would be a 16-mm
test specimen in the holder. Then insert the cushion pad with
plywood sheet covered with building paper. The oak flooring
the pattern side facing the carpet followed by the standard
strips would be nailed to the plywood then sanded, sealed, and
simulated concrete subfloor and a 13-mm 0.58 g/cm3 inorganic
waxed.
millboard. Finally, place the steel bar clamps across the
assembly and tighten firmly. Mount the test assembly on the A2.5 Laminate Flooring
specimen transport frame so that the pile lay faces the panel.
NOTE A2.1—The standard simulated concrete subfloor at times will A2.5.1 Laminate and Cushion Pad over Concrete,
spall during a test. This will be avoided by heating for 12 h at 163°C. Simulated—The laminate specimens shall be prepared with a
(1) The standard simulated concrete subfloor shall comply longitudinal seam near the centerline of the specimen holder.
with Specification C1288 or C1186, Grade II, and the follow- The manufacturer recommendations for sealing the seams shall
ing additional properties: be followed. The laminate and the proposed cushion shall be
(a) Nominal thickness shall be 1⁄4 in. (6.3 mm). conditioned in accordance with 11.1 for a minimum of 48 h.
(b) Density = 90 6 10 lb/ft3 (1442 6 160 kg/m3). Mount the laminate specimens by inverting the specimen
(c) The board shall be uncoated. holder on a clean, flat surface. Place the test specimens in the
(d) The board shall be suitable for test sample adhesion. specimen holder. Mount the cushion pad recommended by the
A2.2.2 Carpet with or without Integral Cushion Pad manufacturer with the pattern side facing the laminate followed
Bonded to Concrete, Simulated—Cut the carpet specimens in by a nominal 6.3-mm thick fiber-cement board having a
the machine direction. The adhesive shall be that recom- density of 1442 6 160 kg/m3 and meeting the requirements of
mended by the carpet manufacturer.6 Apply the adhesive to the Specification C1186 Grade II and Test Method E136 and a
13-mm 0.58-g/cm3 inorganic millboard. Place the steel bar

--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
smooth side of the fiber-cement board in accordance with the
directions provided by the adhesive manufacturer (Note A2.2). clamps across assembly and tighten firmly. Mount the test
Apply a nominal 9.1 kg roller, having a diameter of 76 mm and assembly on the specimen transport frame so that the laminate
approximately the width of the specimen, across the top of the décor layer faces the panel.
specimen to ensure good contact with the substrate. Stack the A2.5.2 Laminate with an attached cushion shall be mounted
specimens under a dead load after bonding to the fiber-cement without the addition of a separate cushion.
A2.5.2.1 In the absence of a specified cushion, use a
6
In the absence of the manufacturer’s recommendation, a multipurpose adhesive closed-cell foam pad with a thickness of 1.5 to 2.5 mm and a
typical of commercial installation shall be selected by the laboratory. density of 35 6 5 kg/m3.

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
11Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. COMMENTARY ON CRITICAL RADIANT FLUX TEST

X1.1 Introduction fire behavior. Critical radiant flux, the heat flux level below
X1.1.1 The development and behavior of fires in buildings which surface flame spread will not occur, was selected as the
and rooms or compartments are complex phenomena and not floor-covering system fire property of controlling importance.
well understood. As a result, efforts to achieve a basis for safety If a room fire does not impose a radiant flux that exceeds this
requirements must, for the present, be based on the selection critical level on a corridor floor-covering system, flame spread
and use of those components of the fire system that may will not occur.
become involved and be regulated. These together with expe- X1.2.2 Critical radiant flux does not provide information on
rienced engineering rationale must serve until a more valid the irradiance level to which the flooring will be exposed when
technical basis for fire engineering design has been assembled. fires occur. This will be largely influenced by other variables
X1.1.2 When fire develops in a building, experience sug- that include:
gests that the traditional floor systems have seldom served as a X1.2.2.1 Nature, quantity, and arrangement of the fire load
fire-spread medium during early stages of a fire. During several in the compartment where ignition occurs,
fires in the early 1970s, floor-covering materials in corridors X1.2.2.2 Ventilation conditions in the portion of the build-
have become involved over considerable distances. The test ing that becomes exposed to fire,
method described in this standard has been suggested as a X1.2.2.3 Geometry of the compartment and ventilation
means to control potential fire spread in floor covering systems. passages,
X1.2.2.4 Heat release rate of the fire load and the floor-
X1.1.3 Since the quantity and nature of room furnishing covering system, and
items cannot at present be controlled with regard to fire X1.2.2.5 Heat capacity of the enclosing walls, ceiling, and
involvement of the full room, it is necessary to assume that floors.
floor involvement can and will, on occasion, occur. It has
seemed appropriate to recommend application of only floor- X1.3 Experimental Studies of Relevance
covering systems meeting the higher levels of resistance to fire
X1.3.1 One important fire property of floor-covering sys-
involvement based on critical radiant flux for use in corridors.
tems has been identified that, provided effective irradiance
Building codes cover interior finish in general, and it appears
level can be predicted when fire occurs, will provide informa-
that only in corridors do requirements for floor-covering
tion on the extent of fire-spread possibility. The use of this
systems need to be more restrictive than the normal regula-
property alone, at least in some cases, is inadequate for
tions.
prediction of fire spread under severe exposure conditions. For
X1.1.4 This commentary is included to provide information instance, Fig. X1.1 shows a plot of the maximum heat flux to
on the technical relevance of the test method to the problem of the floor surface of the NIST full-scale corridor when no
fires. It is intended to provide both the technical and lay public combustible floor-covering system or other interior finish was
with a basis for interpreting the significance and limitations of present in the corridor. These data were obtained with a fire
the data resulting from use of the test. load in the adjoining room of 2.2 lb/ft2 (10.7 kg/m2) with a
measured burning rate (maximum) of 10.6 lb/min (80 g/s). The
X1.2 Nature of the Test two curves, designated by triangles, show the envelope result-
X1.2.1 Convective heat flow cannot serve as a major ing from two series of experiments (7). The data plotted on the
feedback mechanism in most cases of fires involving floor- same figure as circles represent the critical radiant flux of
covering systems because of the buoyancy of the flames and twelve floor-covering systems versus the extent of flame
hot gases. Thus these horizontal surfaces of building finishes propagation in the corridor as tested in the full-scale tests (8).
have seldom been recognized as primary hazards in the spread In all cases, the heat flux to the floor covering system at the
of flames. However, corridor fire tests conducted at NIST (3, 4) doorway between the room and corridor was higher than the
together with some building fire incidents have indicated that critical radiant flux for the material. Hence, flame spread
fire spread can occur in corridors exposed to burn-out condi- should be expected to take place into the corridor, and this was
tions in adjacent rooms. Fires were observed to propagate the observed.
full length of the corridor when little, if any, combustible other X1.3.2 It is evident that only two of the twelve floor-
than the floor-covering system was involved in the corridor covering systems stopped burning at distances corresponding
finish. Analysis of the measurements made during such tests to their critical radiant flux as shown on the flux-distance curve
has made clear the importance of radiant heat transfer from for the corridor without combustible linings. The reason for
upper corridor surfaces, flame, smoke, and gases in serving a this difference in behavior is apparently that the flux to the floor
fire support role. Thus, the sensitivity of a floor-covering surface has been sufficiently augmented by the heat release
system to radiant support of combustion can be suggested (5, from the flooring itself after rapid flame spread commenced.
6) as a basis of ranking floor-covering systems with respect to This usually followed a period of relatively slow flame spread
--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
12
Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1

FIG. X1.1 Heat Flux to Floor with Bare Corridor versus Distance Along Corridor and Fire Propagation Distance of Various Floor Sys-
tems versus Critical Radiant Flux (NIST Corridor with Four 18-kg Cribs in Burn Room—Fuel Load 10.7 kg/m2 )

away from the doorway. It also seems likely that changes in X1.3.5 The current version of this test procedure is a result
ventilation of the compartment fire may have modified the of a recent study conducted at NIST (10). The purpose of this
location at which pyrolysis gases are burned, that is, in the work was twofold: to resolve a perceived problem with
corridor above the floor and influenced the flame height of the ignitability of and continued flame propagation across some
floor fire. These effects would greatly increase the radiant flux carpet specimens and to reduce the variability of test results
incident on the floor. To date these effects are not well obtained by different laboratories. As a result, three significant
understood, and no firm guidance can be provided on the way changes were made in the standard: 1) specimen preparation
they should be introduced to predict the overall behavior of and conditioning; 2) tighter control of the air flow through the
such a fire system. chamber during calibration and conduct of the test; and 3)
X1.3.3 Other data are available to illustrate the merit of the replacement of the propane torch pilot burner with a propane
test under less severe exposure. These result from a series of line burner. The ignitability (and flame propagation) question
experiments on crib or furniture item fires in an open door 3.4 appears to have been resolved by the use of the new line
by 2.7-m room of 2.4-m height that had been fitted with burner. The variability of test results among different labora-
floor-covering assemblies of known critical radiant flux char- tories has been shown to be markedly improved by the
acteristics. In these tests the crib or furniture and the floor aforementioned changes in the standard, at least for one carpet
covering assembly were the only combustibles in the room. fabric. Previous proficiency rounds performed by NVLAP
resulted in coefficients of variation ranging from 18 to 35 %;
X1.3.4 The results of this study have been published and the coefficient of variation obtained using the revised standard
Fig. X1.2 shows some of the data developed (9). This shows was less than 12 %. A complete discussion of the research
the extent of fire propagation from the source as a function of conducted by NIST can be found in the referenced report.
critical radiant flux. The four floor-covering systems used were
carpets that qualified as having passed the pill test. The data are
X1.4 Summary
interesting since they show that under the conditions of the
experiments the distance of fire propagation was inversely X1.4.1 It must be recognized that the critical radiant flux
related to critical radiant flux. In addition, while not demon- test method provides a useful way of rank ordering floor-
strated by this figure, the data show that the burning ceased at covering systems with regard to this important fire property.
positions on the floor-covering system somewhat below those However, this is only one of several parameters that determine
at which flux measurement during the test corresponded to the the fire behavior of floor-covering systems. Critical radiant flux
critical radiant flux of the floor-covering system being studied. indicates the threshold above which flame spread will occur. To
Thus, in this situation, which did not involve room flashover, use this property in fire safety estimates one must judge the
critical radiant flux appeared to provide a method of ranking probable heat flux exposure to the floor from the initiating fire.
--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,

the fire spread behavior of the carpets. Such estimates must, for the present, depend on judgment or

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
13
Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1

--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. X1.2 Room Burn Tests—Fire Spread from Crib 6.4-kg Cribs

data from prototype experiments. Once a fire is initiated in a X1.4.2 Thus, establishment of criteria for critical radiant
corridor, other parameters such as critical flux for ignition and flux of floor-covering systems may be expected to reduce, but
rate of flame spread, as well as corridor configuration and the not eliminate, the incidents of extensive flame spread of
presence of combustibles, such as ceiling and wall linings, can floor-covering systems.
be important in determining the ultimate spread of fire.

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
14
Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1

X2. HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPH

X2.1 Fig. X2.1 is a photograph of a typical flooring radiant reference only. The appearance of the apparatus currently
--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FIG. X2.1 Historic Photograph of Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Apparatus

panel test apparatus, circa mid-1970s, and is shown for historic manufactured will differ from the photograph.

REFERENCES

(1) Manual on Quality Control of Materials, ASTM STP 15C, ASTM, Method to Determine the Hazard of Floor Covering Fire Spread in
1951. Building Corridors,” International Symposium Fire Safety of Com-
(2) Mandel, John, “Repeatability and Reproducibility,” Materials Re- bustible Materials, University of Edinburgh, October 1975.
search and Standards, Vol 11, No. 8, p. 8. (7) Quintiere, James, private communication.
(3) Fung, F. C. W., Suchomel, M. R., and Oglesby, P. L., “The NBS (8) Hartzel, L. G., “Development of a Radiant Panel Test for Flooring
Program on Corridor Fires,” Fire Journal, Vol 61, No. 3, 1973, pp. Materials,” National Bureau of Standards, NBSIR 74–495, May 1974.
41–8. (9) Tu, King-Mon, and Davis, Sanford, “Flame Spread of Carpet Systems
(4) Quintiere, James, and Huggett, Clayton, “An Evaluation of Flame Involved in Room Fires,” National Bureau of Standards, NBSIR
Spread Test Methods for Floor Covering Materials,” National Bureau 76-1013, June 1976.
of Standards Special Publication 411, Government Printing Office,
(10) Davis, Sanford, Lawson, J. Randall, and Parker, William J., “Exami-
Washington, DC, November 1974, pp. 59–89.
nation of the Variability of the ASTM E648 Standard with Respect to
(5) Benjamin, I., and Adams, H., “The Flooring Radiant Panel Test and
Carpets,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR
Proposed Criteria,” Fire Journal, Vol 70, No. 2, March 1976.
(6) Quintiere, James, “The Application and Interpretation of a Test 89-4191, October 1989.

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
15
Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT
 E648 − 19aϵ1
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E05 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E648-19)
that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Section 12.8 was revised.

Committee E05 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E648-17a)
that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Footnote 5 was removed from 9.2.1. (3) A2.2 name was changed.
(2) 9.2.3 was revised. (4) A2.2.1 was revised.

Committee E05 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E648-17)
that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Standard was updated to remove outdated language and (2) No technical changes were made with the exception of
bring format into compliance with ASTM Form and Style updating some language referencing old technology to allow
Guide. for more modern systems.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/
--`,`,`,`,,,`,,,,`,,,,```,``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASTM International

Provided by IHS Markit under license with ASTM
16
Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic University/9976803100, User=CHAN, Ka Wing
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/14/2021 04:21:32 MDT