Criminal Behaviour

and Crisis Management

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
PROF. ALAN LAD SANTOS, MS CRIM
- Registered Criminologist (TOP 5)
- PRC – CLE Rating of 89.70%
- ON GOING PHD (PCCR)
- MASTERS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE (PCCR)
- REVIEW DIRECTOR, MENTORS CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW AND TRAINING
ACADEMIC
- Faculty, NEW ERA UNIV, OLIVAREZ COLLEGE, UNIIVERSITY OF MANILA
- CURRENT ACADEMIC COORDINATOR ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDAITON
- FORMER DEAN, NEW ERA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
- CURRENT, RESEARCH COORDINATOR AND OJT COORDINATOR NEW
ERA UNIVERSITY COLLEG OF CRIMINOLOGY
- POLICE OFFICER AT NCRPO, PNP
QUOTES TO MOTIVATE
Criminal Psychology
The study of criminal behavior.

BEHAVIOR

These are actions or activities. (Kahayon)

These are observable actions or activities.

(Criminologists)
 Classification of Behavior
Normal Behavior
- Adaptive or adjusted behavior
- Accepted behavior which follows the standard
norms of the society

Abnormal Behavior
- Maladaptive or maladjusted behavior
- Deviant behavior which go against the standard
norms of the society
 Kinds of Behavior
Overt Behavior
Behaviors that are outwardly manifested and/or directly
observable.

Covert Behavior
Hidden behaviors and not observable by the naked eye.

Conscious Behavior
Behaviors which are in the level of awareness.

Unconscious Behavior
Behaviors which are embedded in one’s subconscious –
unaware.
Simple Behavior
Behaviors which involve less number of neurons in the
process of behaving.

Complex Behavior
Behaviors which involve more number of neurons or
combination of simple behaviors.

Rational Behavior
When the person acted with sanity or reason.

Irrational Behavior
When the person acted without sanity or no apparent
reason.
Voluntary Behavior
Acts done with full volition.

Involuntary Behavior
Activities which refer to bodily processes that foe on even
when we are awake or asleep.

ASPECTS of BEHAVIOR
1. Intellectual Aspect
2. Emotional Aspect
3. Social Aspect
4. Moral Aspect
5. Psychosexual Aspect
6. Political Aspect
7. Value/Attitude
 The CRIMINAL FORMULA
Desire/Intent
Tendency

Act due to
criminal Opportunity
Behavior

Resistance
Control/Temptation
 Determinants of Behavior
Heredity - Environment - Needs/Drives/Motives

Heredity
- Biological factors/Genetic Influences
- Behavior acquired from birth transferred from one
generation to another

Environment
- Socio-cultural influences
- Behavior acquired from family, friends, and other
environmental factors
Family is the cradle of personality development
 PATHOGENIC FAMILY STRUCTURE

The Inadequate Family – characterized by inability to cope with

ordinary problems, lacks the resources to satisfy physical and
psychological needs.

The Anti-Social Family – having unacceptable values as a result of the

influence of parents to children.

The Discordant/Disturbed Family – characterized by non-satisfaction of

one or both parents from the relationship that may express feeling of
frustration.

The Disrupted Family – characterized by incompleteness whether as a

result of death, divorce, separation or some other circumstances.
 NEEDS/DRIVES/MOTIVES

Needs – a biological requirement for well being of individual. It creates

“drives”.

Drives – a psychological state of arousal that prompts someone to take

action.

Motives – a refers to the influences that govern the initiation, direction,

intensity, and persistence of behavior.
Abraham Maslow – suggested that human needs form a hierarchy where
biological needs are at the bottom and self-actualization is at the top as
the highest of all needs.

Self-
actualization
Aesthetic Needs
Esteem Needs
Cognitive Needs
Love & Belongingness
Safety Needs
Biological or Physiological Needs
 FRUSTRATIONS/CONFLICTS/ANXIETY

Frustration – unpleasant feelings that result from the blocking of motive

satisfaction.

Conflicts – simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives

resulting to unpleasant emotions.

Anxiety – intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to resolve it.
Neurotic Fear
 TYPES OF CONFLICTS

Double Approach Conflict – motivation to engage in 2 desirable

activities that cannot be pursued simultaneously.

Double Avoidance Conflict – facing two undesirable situations in which

the avoidance of one is the exposure to other.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict – facing situation having both desirable

and undesirable feature.
Dilemma
Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a situation in which a choice
must be made between two or more alternatives each has both positive
and negative features.
 THE EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
These are unconscious techniques used to prevent a person’s
self-image from being damaged.

1. DENIAL of REALITY
The protection of oneself from unpleasant reality by refusal to face it.

2. DISPLACEMENT
Taking out impulses on a less threating target.

3. INTELLECTUALIZATION
Avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects.
4. PROJECTION
Placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else.

5. RATIONALIZATION
Supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason.

6. REACTION FORMATION
Taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety.

7. REGRESSION
Returning to the previous stage of development.
8. REPRESSION
Pulling into unconscious.

9. SUBLIMATION
Acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way.

10. FANTASY
The gratification of frustration desires in imaginary achievement.
Paying attention not to what is going around him but rather to what is
taking place in his thought.
 PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

1. NEUROTIC or PSYCHONEUROTIC PATTERNS

2. PYCHOPATHIC PATTERNS
3. PSYCHOTIC PATTERNS
4. ADDICTIVE PATTERNS
5. SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONAL PATTERNS

Neurotic/Psychoneurotic Patterns
Group of mild functional personality disorders in which there is no gross
personality disorganization, individual does not lose contact with reality,
no hospitalization required.
1. Anxiety Disorders
2. Somatoform Disorders
3. Dissociative Disorders
4. Mood/Affective Disorders
 ANXIETY DISORDERS
Neurotic Fear
Panic Worry
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders – when an individual is compelled to
think about something that he doesn’t want to think about or carry
some actions against his will.

Asthenic Disorders – characterized by chronic mental and physical

fatigue and various aches and pains.
Neurasthenia
Phobic Disorders – persistent fear on some objects or situations that
present no actual danger to the person.
 SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
Complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of physical
problem but no organic basis can be found

Hypochondriasis – excessive concern about state of health or physical

condition.

Psychogenic Pain Disorder – characterized by the report of severe and

lasting pain

Conversion Disorders – neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some

physical malfunctions or loss of control without any organic causes.

Hysteria
 DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

Amnesia – the partial or total inability to recall or identify past

experiences following a traumatic incident.
Brain Pathology Amnesia Psychogenic Amnesia
Multiple Personality – the possession of two or more symptoms of
personality usually dramatically different.
Dual Personalities
Depersonalization – loss of sense of self or the so-called out of body
experience. Best example is:

Somnambulism
 MOOD DISORDERS
Affective Disorders

Depressive Disorders – loss of energy or interest, feeling of guilt,

difficulty in concentrating, loss of appetite, thoughts of death or suicide.

Major Depressive Disorders

Dysthymic Disorders – mild forms of major depressive disorders.

Bipolar Disorders – experiencing both manic and depressive disorders.

Cyclothymic Disorders – mild forms of bipolar disorders.

 Psychopathic Patterns
Group of abnormal behaviors which typically stemmed from immature
and distorted personality development, resulting in persistent
maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity, excessive
self-importance, argumentativeness and tendency to blame others of
one’s own mistake.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Characterized by immaturity, excitability, emotional instability and
self-dramatization.
Schizoid/Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Characterized by inability to form social relationships and lack of
interest in doing so. Loners

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and pre-
occupation with receiving attention. The person usually expects and
demands special treatment from others and disregarding the rights and
feelings of others.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Characterized by instability reflected in drastic mood shifts. The person
usually display intense anger which is unpredictable.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Characterized by hypersensitivity to rejection and alertness to any sign
of social degradation and the person becomes reluctant to enter into
social interactions.

Dependent Personality Disorder

Characterized by extreme dependence on other people, panic of being
alone, lack of confidence and feeling helpless.

Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder

Characterized by being hostile expressed in indirect and non-violent
ways.
Stubborn
Compulsive Personality Disorder
Characterized by excessive concern with rules, order, and the person feels
difficulty in doing things for relaxation.

Anti-social Personality Disorder

Characterized by continuing violation of the rights of others through
aggressive, anti-social behavior without remorse or loyalty to anyone.
 Psychotic Patterns
Group of disorders involving gross structural defects in the brain tissue,
severe disorientation of the mind thus it involves loss of contact of
reality.

Organic Mental Disorders

Mental disorders that occur when the normal brain has been damaged
resulted from any interference of the functioning of the brain.

1. Acute Brain Disorder

Caused by diffuse impairment of the brain function

2. Chronic Brain Disorder

Caused by injuries, diseases, drugs, and variety of other conditions.
Groups of Organic Mental Disorders

1. Delirium – severe impairment of information processing in the brain

affecting the basic process of attention, perception, memory and
thinking.

2. Dementia – deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing

brain maturation. The defect in the process of acquiring knowledge or
skill, problem-solving, and judgment.

3. Amnestic Syndrome – inability to remember on going events more

than a few minutes after they have taken place.

4. Hallucinosis – false perception that arises in full wakefulness state.

Can be hallucination in both hearing and visual.
Disorders Involving Brain Tumor
TUMOR – a new growth involving abnormal enlargement of body tissue.

Disorders Involving Head Injury

Caused by falls, blows and accidents resulting to sensory and motor
disorders.

Senile Dementia and Presenile Dementia

Mental Retardation
Characterized by sub-average general functioning existing concurrency
with deficits in adaptive behavior. Person is suffering from low I.Q.,
common disorder before the age of 18.
Schizophrenia
Group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality,
withdrawal of social interaction, disorganization and fragmentation of
perception, thoughts and emotion.

Dementia Praecox Split Mind

 Addictive Patterns
Group of disorders caused by psychological dependence on alcohol or
drugs or other substances which creates disastrous personal and social
problems.
 Sexual Dysfunctional Patterns
Group of deviations either due to desire for sexual gratification or in the
ability to achieve it.

Those Affecting Males

1. Erectile Insufficiency – characterized by inability to achieve or

maintain erection for successful intercourse.
Impotency
2. Pre-mature Ejaculation – unsatisfactory brief period of sexual
stimulation that results to the failure of the female partner to
achieve satisfaction.

3. Retarded Ejaculation – inability to ejaculate during intercourse

resulting to worry between partners.
 Those Affecting Females

1. Arousal Insufficiency – characterized by partial or complete failure to

attain the lubrication or swelling response of sexual excitement by
the female partner.
Frigidity
2. Orgasmic Dysfunction – characterized by difficulty in achieving
orgasm.

3. Vaginismus – involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to the

vagina that prevents penetration of the male sex organ.

4. Dyspareunia – painful sexual acts in women.

 Sexual Behaviors Leading to Sex Crimes

As to Sexual Reversals

1. Homosexuality – sexual behavior directed towards the same sex.

2. Transvestism – achievement of sexual excitation by dressing as a

member of the opposite sex.

3. Fetishism – sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some body

part, underwear or other objects associated with the opposite sex.
 As to the Choice of Partner

1. Pedophilia – sexual desire with a child of either sex.

2. Bestiality – sexual desire with animals.

3. Auto-sexual/Masturbation – sexual gratification is obtained with

cooperation of others.

4. Gerontophilia – Sexual desire with an elder person.

5. Necrophilia – Sexual desire with a corpse.

6. Incest – Sexual desire of a person to another person having blood

relationship with him.
 As to Sexual Urge

1. Satyriasis – excessive sexual urge/desire of men to have sexual

intercourse.

2. Nymphomania – excessive sexual urge/desire of women to have

sexual intercourse.
 As to Mode of Sexual Expression

1. Oralism – the use of mouth or tongue as a way of sexual satisfaction.

A. Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of women.

B. Cunnilingus – licking the external female genitalia.
C. Anilism – licking the anus of sexual partner

2. Sado-Masochism – Sexual desire using pain/cruelty.

A. Sadism – infliction of physical pain to partner

B. Masochism – infliction of physical pain to oneself.
Algolagnia
 As to Part of the Body

1. Sodomy – sexual act through the anus of the partner.

2. Uranism – sexual gratification is obtained through fingering, holding

breast or licking parts of the body.

3. Frottage – rubbing sex organ against body parts of another.

4. Partialism – sexual libido on any part of the body of sexual partner.

 As to Visual Stimulus

1. Voyeurism – sexual pleasure is achieved through clandestine

peeping. The person is called…
Peeping Tom
2. Scoptophilia – intentional act of watching people undress or during
sexual intimacies.
 As to Number of Participants

1. Troilism – three persons participate in sex orgy.

2. Pluralism – group of persons in sex orgies such as couple to couple.

Sexual Festival
 Other Sexual Abnormalities

1. Exhibitionism – intentional exposure of genitals to members of

opposite sex.
Indecent Exposure

2. Corprolalia – use of obscene language to achieve sexual satisfaction.

3. Don Juanism – act of seducing women as a career without

permanency of sexual partner or companion.
Post Lecture
Examination
EASY
1. The Father of Psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud. According
to him, self-actualization is the highest in the hierarchy of
needs. This statement is?

a. False
b. Neither A nor D
c. None of these
d. True
2. This personality disorder is characterized by
hypersensitivity to rejection and apprehensive alertness to
any sign of social derogation.

a. Compulsive
b. Avoidant
c. Borderline
d. Narcissistic
3. A less severe form of bipolar disorder.

a. Depersonalization
b. Manic disorder
c. Dysthymic disorder
d. Cyclothymic disorder
4. Snoring is what kind of behavior?

a. Simple behavior
b. Complex behavior
c. Involuntary behavior
d. Covert behavior
5. These are unconscious techniques used to prevent a
person’s self-image from being damaged, to protect self-
worth and self-esteem and to avoid defeat.

a. Displacement
b. Ego defense mechanisms
c. Both A and D
d. Reaction formation
DIFFICULT
1. Leonilo has been confused since the time when his father
gave him the chance to choose between taking military
course or to stay at home be grounded for four years. Leonilo
does not want both options. What is being described?

a. Dilemma
b. Double avoidance conflict
c. Multiple avoidance conflict
d. Approach avoidance conflict
2. Cecilio attended his friend’s birthday celebration in
Balayan. He believed that he could not proceed there if he
would ask permission from her mother because he presumed
that her mother would just disagree. By this situation,
Cecilio was said to be guided by principle of ________ and
personality of ________?

a. Ego, Reality
b. Id, Pleasure
c. Pleasure, Id
d. Pleasure, Superego
3. Maridi wore the casserole from the kitchen which she
thought was her cap. What mental disorder does Maridi
suffer?

a. General Paresis
b. Organic Delusional Syndrome
c. Hallucinosis
d. Organic Affective Syndrome
4. Tony achieves sexual gratification when he slaps his
partner’s legs and butt during sexual intercourse. What
sexual deviant behavior characterizes Tony’s act?

a. Algolagnia
b. Masochism
c. Sado-masochism
d. Sadism
5. Geraldine drinks a case of redhorse beer alone every night
to forget temporarily her depressions caused by separation
of her parents. To what pathogenic family structure does she
belong?

a. Anti-social family
b. Inadequate family
c. Disrupted family
d. Discordant family
 CRISIS MANAGEMENT

1. A crisis as seen from the point of view of a law

enforcer, is an event that involves individuals,
usually alone who have reached a weakened
mental state that a person may seem to have lost
the ability to cope up with a situation through
what one would consider normal methods, such as
discussion or negotiation. .
Qualities of A Good Crisis Manager

1. Define the situation

2. Specify Objectives
3. Develop Hyphotesis
4. Gather facts
5. Analyze the facts
6. Consider possible courses of action
7. Evaluate possible courses of action
8. Decision and implementation
CLASS OF TERRORISM

1. NATIONAL TERRORISM
A terrorist who operates and aspires to political
power primarily within a angle nation, i.e. The Abu
Sayaff Group.

Class discussion: do you consider the Moro Islamic

Liberation Front (MILF) or the Communist Party of
the Philippines-New Peoples Army (CPP-NPA) as
terrorist Organizations? Explain.
CLASS OF TERRORISM

2.Transnational Terrorists:

This’ is a terrorist who operates across national borders, whose

actions and political aspirations may effect individuals •of more than
one nationality, i.e. the Al Qaeda.

3. International Terrorist:
A terrorist who is controlled by, and whose actions represents the
national interest of a sovereign state. Abu Nidal, operating as an arm
of first Libya and then Syria could be an example of such group.
CONTEMPORARY TERRORISM

1. MEDIA
2. COMMUNICATION
3. USE OF SUPER VIOLENCE
MOTIVATION AND CLASSIFICATION GROUP

Minority Nationalistic Groups

Groups fighting the majority of the community where

the support base will depend on ethnic, religious, or
linguistic minorities at odds with the majority community.

Good examples include the Basque Euzkadi ta

Azkatasuna or ETA, the Official and Provisional wings of the
Irish Republican Army, the Front d’ Atlibarement Catala in
Spain, and the Palestinian Groups fighting the Israeli
government.
MOTIVATION AND CLASSIFICATION GROUP

Marxist Revolutionary Groups

Here the terrorists’ movement is characterized

by its possession of a coherent Marxist Ideology (of any
persuasion) and of a long term strategy for bringing about a
Socialistic Revolution.
MOTIVATION AND CLASSIFICATION GROUP

Anarchist Groups

True Anarchists are difficult to find since true Anarchy

bring lawlessness and disorder, which is not a natural state in which
the human race exists.

Pathological Groups

Pathological Violence appears to be a phenomenon of

individual whose motivation normally has more to do with personal
inadequacy, hatred of family or specifically identified persons or
things, than with acquired ideology.
MOTIVATION AND CLASSIFICATION GROUP

Anarchist Groups

True Anarchists are difficult to find since true Anarchy

bring lawlessness and disorder, which is not a natural state in which
the human race exists.

Pathological Groups

Pathological Violence appears to be a phenomenon of

individual whose motivation normally has more to do with personal
inadequacy, hatred of family or specifically identified persons or
things, than with acquired ideology.
MOTIVATION AND CLASSIFICATION GROUP

Neo-Fascist and Extreme Right-Wing Groups

The threat from these groups is increasingly rising within Europe

and the United States. Neo-Fascists Groups are appearing to counter the
activities of the Left and may pose a more serious threat to security forces than
the more traditional terrorist groups.

Ideological Mercenaries

Western Societies are now experiencing a new form of

terrorism from men and women who, for the sake of a shared ideology and a
common faith in worldwide revolution (rather than money), are ready to cross
frontiers to pursue their causes.
COMMON TACTICS

1. BOMBING
2. HOAXES
3. ARSON
4. HIJACKING
5. AMBUSH
6. KIDNAPPING
7. HOSTAGE TAKING
8. ASSASINATION
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

LEADERS

With the exception of some Anarchist groups, all other terrorist groups boast a LEADERSHIP in some
form or another. As in military circles, a leadership is necessary to make policy, lay plans and give direction.
ACTIVE CADRE

The Active Cadre are the DOERS, the men of action who carry out the orders from higher
command. They are normally organized into small active service units or cells, each specializing in one
particular tactic of conversely, each containing one expert in every field (Less Likely).
ACTIVE SUPPORTERS

These Active Supporters provide the logistical support needed to sustain terrorist operations.
They provide safe houses, weapons, ammunition, vehicles, medical support, food, money, etc.
PASSIVE SUPPORTERS

The Passive Supporters are the most difficult elements to define and recognize. They consist of
those people who are sympathetic to the cause but those who often will not stand up and be counted
through the fear of becoming involved.
SELECTING NEGOTIATOR IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT - HOSTAGE
NEGOTIATION

The negotiator should be a mid-level member of the law enforcement agency who is a
volunteer and in the excellent mental and physical condition.
Having identified mid-level members of law enforcement/military agencies as the
targeted candidates for the role of negotiator, we can now identify certain
personality trait he should possess:

He should be able to communicate with persons from the highest o the lowest socio-economic
classes.

He should be able to appear systematic and understanding to win trust and be able to avoid
judging or condemning other person.
SELECTING NEGOTIATOR IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT - HOSTAGE
NEGOTIATION

He should have the ability to cope with uncertainty and be willing to accept responsibility with
no authority.

He should have a total commitment towards the negotiation concept.

He should have “practical intelligence”. “common sense”. And be street-wise.

He should be mature in appearance and voice qualities.

He must be able to understand, and accept that if negotiations ate not progressing and lives are
in imminent danger he may well have to assist in supporting an assault or counter- sniper action
to rescue the hostages.

He should have a clear intelligible speaking voice which is neither hoarse nor high pitch.

He should be a person who has a quick mind, vivid imagination, and sharp memory.
When selecting negotiators, it is necessary to consider the following:

1. Someone who speaks a foreign language or different local dialects.

a. A priority listing of languages central to the country should be drawn.

2. Someone who is fluent in “sign” language.

3. Someone who is knowledgeable about various religions s of the

world.

4. Someone who is a member of certain ethnic or racial groups

HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION

In hostage negotiation the general tendency of the hostage taker is to

hostage a prominent personality in order to gain needed leverage in
the negotiation. What is important in this situation is improved
communication and the efficiency of the police in responding to the
call of emergency.

Priorities in Hostage Situation:

1. Preservation of life.
2. Arrest of the hostage-taker, recover and protect
property.
3. Successfully negotiate.
Characteristics of Hostage-Takers:

Mentally deranged — suffers from delusion .and; they set the rule; reacts on
overwhelming stress, forcing them to take action to relieve stress; and, may
even take members of their family as hostage.

Severe Depression — suffers some mental aberration which is an answer to

life stress that could lead to self-destruction as in suicide.

Personality Disorder — with an anti-social and maladaptive patterns of

behavior that brings them to be repeatedly in conflict with society.
Characteristics of Hostage-Takers:

Paranoid — they feel threatened and persecuted, highly suspicious of people

and very impulsive.

Sociopathic Personality— highly impulsive and unable to delay gratification

so that if hostage is a woman, there is a probability of raping her.

Terrorist — with political purpose or agenda. They use threat and

harassment to create an atmosphere of fear, disregarding women and
children as victims. They are only loyal to themselves and other allied groups
and willing to give life as part of martyrdom
What Is Negotiable?

Money, food, drinks, transportation, or even

swapping of prisoners.

What Is Non-Negotiable?

Weapons and ammunition, and person

Cardinal Role in Negotiation

Commander should not negotiate, negotiator should not

command. Reasons:

hostage-taker will have sense of importance;

may make impossible demands, knowing that he is dealing with

commander;

conflict might arise being a negotiator and commander at the same time
and will have no more fall back.
Designation and Duties of Personnel In a Negotiating Team:

I. Field Negotiator — (All members of the Team should know him). His duties are:

takes charge of all members;

establish contact with hostage-taker;

over-see containment process such as evaluation of civilians and scaling off the place;

regular consultation with commanding officer, who is the highest authority;

operational aide, his duties are;

reports to the field negotiator,

set up temporary headquarters;
coordinate assignments of off-duty personnel arriving at the scene;
assessed units as necessary; and,
relay orders or information to personnel concerned.
(f) administrative aide:

1. reports to field negotiator

2. supervise temporary headquarters
3. maintain records of operation of all units at the
scene.

(g) patrol personnel — with one leader, and

composed of;

1. sharpshooters or snipers
2. chemical agent
What is important in a Hostage Taking Situation?

Dry run or constant practice to ensure the unit’s capabilities of control over the situation.

Considerable screening of all members. Team members should be given free hand in handling
and evaluating the situations they are in,

Patrol units, assault units, and all units concerned should know exactly whose command they are
under.

Rescue efforts has to run strictly from top, down to the last member.

If chemicals has to be used in the assaults, it should be enough only to maim the perpetrators in
order to incapacitate to disable them.

Assaults when decided upon should be carried out within 7 seconds.

Presence of a linguist is necessary, if the negotiator is not.