Parasitology Table Protozoa
Parasitology Table Protozoa
Parasitology Table Protozoa
Causative Agent Life Cycle / Transmission / Signs & Symptoms / Pathology Diagnosis Treatment Prevention & Epidemiology /
Morphology Control Demographics
PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS: INTESTINAL AMOEBAE
Entamoeba MOT: *Oral-fecal, contaminated
MOT: only member of the family to cause colitis Microscopic detection of Goals: Environmental Worldwide
histolytica water & food & liver abscess cysts & trophozoites on To cure invasive sanitation Prevalent in tropics
Subphylum: Common on day care centers, Amoebiasis stool specimens disease at both Proper waste Risks:
Risks:
Sarcodina institutions (prisons, mental, home Asymptomatic: cyst passers / cyst Consistency / intestinal & extra- disposal children, pregnant
Superclass: for the aged), use of night soil carrier state (but can infect others) appearance: intestinal sites Safe drinking women & women in
Rhizopoda (vegetables), food & water Symptomatic: trophozoites Cyst (solid) To eliminates the water & food postpartum period
Class: Lobosea handlers, mechanical vectors (flies Diarrhea/dysentery Trophozoites (solid) – passage of cysts from Proper food treated with
Order: Amoebida & cockroaches), sexual intimacy Ulceration (intestinal) die within 30 mins to the intestinal lumen handling corticosteroids,
Family: (homosexuals through oral & anal Extraintestinal: liver (common), lungs, 1 hour Hygiene malignancy &
Entamoebidae sex) brain, pericardium (serious case), skin -examine ASAP Cyst passers Avoid night soil malnutrition
Genus: venereal transmission through Factors:
Virulence Factors: Contamination: urine & Metronidazole for fertilizer
Entamoeba fecal-oral contact lectin for adherence chlorine water may kill Diloxanide furoate Health education
direct colonic inoculation through secretion of proteolytic enzymes the trophozoite Colitis & promotion
contaminated enema equipment release of cytotoxins DFS – 2mg stool Metronidazole
»descending colon (dry env’t: Pericarditis – rupture of the liver abscess Flourescent Atb Test)
trophozoites do not survive) »starts at the L lobe. CIE (Counter
to vomit out what ingested »pre- Rare. If occurs, serious complication Immunoelectrophoresis)
cystic stage »trophozoites passed out Chest pains, CHF-like manifestation Atg detection (Stools):
in stool Brain Amoebiasis – hematogenous route ELISA
Cutaneous amoebiasis PCR (Polymerase
(Polymerase Chain
Reaction)
COMMENSAL AMOEBA
Causative Agent Life Cycle / Transmission / Morphology Diagnosis Prevention & Epidemiology /
Control Demographics
Entamoeba coli Cyst: >10 um Stool examination Proper disposal of cosmopolitan in
bigger than the E. hystolitica Liquid to semi-formed stools will show trophozoites human waste distribution
1-8 nuclei Formed stools show cysts Good personal harmless inhabitant
Karyosome off center / eccentric hygiene of the colon
Chromatoidal bars: jagged-ends “broomsticks-” or “needle sticks-” DFS OFWs
or “slinter-” like Demonstrate trophozoites Food handlers
Similar to E. hystolitica but is much smaller & does not ingest RBCs
Immature cysts:
Chromatoidal bars-short with tapered ends, or thin & bar-like
Entamoeba dispar Similar to E. hystolitica morphology but DNA & rRNA & isoenzyme
pattern are different
Entamoeba polecki Parasite of pigs & monkeys
Cyst:
Uninucleated
Nuclear membrane & karyosome are very prominent in fecal smears
Entamoeba gingivalis Found in the mouth (gum & teeth surface), gum pockets & tonsillar
crypts
Trophozoite: 10-20 um
Moves quickly & numerous blunt pseudopodia
Endolimax nana Cyst: 6-10 um in dm
Quadrinucleate when mature
Trophozoite: 6-15 um
Sluggish movement
Lamblia Axostyle-running across the Habitat: SI drowsiness, metallic taste of food & prevalence is
duodenalis, cytoplasm Impaired absorption of fat, D- Enter- test (String test) water supply attributed to
L. intestinalis Flagella: retracted into xylose & Vit. B12 May demonstrate Quinacrine Safe drinking homosexual oro-anal
axonemes, the median body & Acute: nausea, lassitude, trophozoites Alternative drug water (Boiling, practices
deeply stained curved fibrils anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal Swallows a gelatin SE: yellow staining of filtration, 2% Outbreaks: water-
surrounded by a tough hyaline distention, weight loss capsule containing a skin, pychosis iodine) borne
cyst wall secreted from condensed Flatus-rotten eggs smell nylon string Risk factors:
cytoplasm (hydrogen sulfite) Poor hygiene
Paired parabasal bodies Chronic: fatty stools (steatorrhea) DFS Poor sanitation
Nucleus-binucleated, ovoidal
Reproduction: longitudinal
binary fission
Found in diarrheic stools
Metabolism:
Glucose (Embden-Meyerhof)
Arginine/Alanine – participates in
glucose metabolism
Cannot synthesize lipid (host gut)
Trichomonas General morphology of Male: Experimental results: Simultaneous for sexual Associated with
vaginalis Trichomonads: Asymptomatic: self-limiting, less survive in urine 9-20 partners venereal
Pear-shaped persistent hours transmitted
Axostyle: extended beyond the Symptomatic: discharge, pruritus Wash clothL 23 hours Nitro-imidazoles: diseases, STIs,
length of the organism (head of penis), burning sensation of Metronidazole / gonorrhoea (24-
5 Flagella: 4 in the anterior end, urination Specimen: discharge Imidazole 30%)
1 trails along the undulating Microscopy: fresh, Non-venereal:
membrane Female: tumbling/twitching motility virgins,
1 nucleus Asymptomatic: self-limiting, less Staining: Giemsa children/babies,
Cyclostome: less prominent persistent Pap Smear neonatal
Symptomatic: pruritus, vulvo- AO (Aquidine-Orange Worldwide
IP: 4-30 days after exposure vaginitis, vaginal discharge, painful Stain) distribution
Lumen flagellate coitus, vaginal odor Siderophil granules Both sexes affected
under sunlight) petechiae, “strawberry cervix”, Culture: in pouch system with the number of
Largest among trichomonads punctate hemorrhages sexual partners
Do not produce cysts, only Whiff test: 20% KOH, fishy Peak in age groups
retraction of pseudopodia
Nuclear chromatin: peripheral
clumping
Intermediate stage between the
vacoular & pre-cystic form
Allows the parasite to ingest
bacteria to enhance encystment
Granular forms: 10-60 um
properly
Drink safe water
Toxoplasma Tachyzoites (trophozoites) Immunocompetent Observation of various Pyrimethamine- Pregnant women One of the most
gondii Most common form seen on None, self-limiting, mild cases specimen Sulfadiazine (1 line) Gloves when common human
samples 10-20% develop flu-like illnesses Blood (routine method for 2 synergistic drugs handling soil infections
Pear-shaped Rarely, may develop chorioretinitis Dx) Inhibits tetrahydrofolate Avoid eating raw Worldwide
Mobile form, bends/curves Bronchioalveolar lavage synthesis (for DNA meat prevalence: 20-
sometimes Immunocompromised LN biopsy replication & Wash utensils & 75% (3 out of 4)
Oocyts: 10-13 um by 9-11 um HA, confusion, seizures (neurologic Other body fluids transcription) food Philippines:
Round / ovoid, thin wall sxs) Amniocentesis MOA: PABA analogues Don’t drink around >25%
HIV pts: Neurologic Toxoplasmosis unpasteurized US: 60M (15% of
Definitive host: Cats (Felidae) Most common CNS mass lesion Other Methods: Special cases: milk female in
Intestinal epithelium: merozoites Occurs when CD4 <100 PCR, ELISA Ocular toxoplasmosis Cover children’s childbearing age)
multiply (schizogony) » differentiation Tumor-like CNS s/sx Fundoscopy/Retinal TMP-SMX (alternative) sandboxes France: eating
into micro/ macrogametocytes
Death may occur: thru brain exam – calcifications in CS (inflammation of Avoid cats undercooked meat
(gametogony)
herniations the retina retina) Central America:
Inside the mature oocyst, 2 sporocyst
(each having 4 sphorozoites) MRI – encephalitis Pregnant women Cat lovers stray cats
Excretes unsporulated oocyst (no Congenital Toxoplasmosis UTZ – for pregnant not routinely given Keep cats indoors Risks:
autoinfection) ꜜBW, hepatospleenomegaly, women because it is highly Don’t feed cats Can be transmitted
P. falcifarum Sharing of IV needles Adherence to infected RBC to non- & Pyrimethamine Chemotherapy: & territories worldwide
P. vivax Transplacental: transmission upon birth infected RBC leading to rosette Clinical Diagnosis: Resistant to CQ if early diagnosis & 3.3 B at risk
P. ovale Neonatal malaria formation –tissue anoxia Semi-immune: only HA given alone treatment Morbidity: approx. 247B
P. malariae Mother seems to be asymptomatic Cytoadherance infected RBC become Severe malaria: P. Long lasting annually
P. knowlesi sticky on the surface & walls of t he falcifarum Uncomplicated P. insecticidal nets Mortality: approx. 1M
(DOH, 2009) Walking malaria – carriers, endothelium diminishing the calibre Confusion, coma, falcifarum (LLIN) – even upto deaths annually
st
asymptomatic Process results in: formation of red neurologic focal 1 line drug 5 years of use 91% Africa
Immunity on their RBCs cell aggregates & intravascular signs, severe anemia, combination Indoor residual 85% children (<5y/o)
Suppliers of malaria sequestration of RBCs that respiratory difficulties (Coartem) spraying (IRS)
You can find them thru Mass blood contain mature forms of the parasite Lab. Finding: because Artersiminins Vaccines MDG (Millennium
smear in vital organs (brain & heart) early clinical diagnosis (Artenether, Development Goals #6)
is not typical Artenusate, Malaria Control Goals for global
Mosquito Stage: P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale Dihydrocoteminin) reduce the impact importance
Sexual stage No sequestration Microscopy: + Lumetantrine not elimination To ꜜM/M
Sporogony P. vivax – reticulocytes Thick & thin peripheral treat malaria cases Malaria has global
Mosquito infected with gametocytes P. malariae – old RBCs blood smears P. vivax properly importance
(micro /macrogametocytes) »female Quality of reagents CQ prevention: vector
only bites »zygote » ookinete » Classis s/sx of Malaria: (early destroyed) control Top 5 Provinces:
oocyst containing sporozoites Triad: chills » fever » sweating Microscopy & Severe Malaria Prevent disease: Palawan, Isabela,
(infective stage) » migrate in the HA, muscle pains experience of IV quinine & administration of Cagayan, Tawi-Tawi
salivary glands » blood meal Merozoites: hypothalamus » ꜛT microscopist’s quinidine anti-malarial drugs
causing chills » fever » sweating experience Pregnant: IV then IBT (Intermittent B Malaria free 22
Asexual Stage: Human Can mimic flu Standard Exam: oral Treatment) for provinces: all Visayas
st
Human Liver Stage: 1 : thick film – 100 pregnant & children except Negros & Antique
Sporozoites » liver (exoerythrocytic Severe Complications: microscopic fields, Gametocytes & Catanduanes,
schizoint) » schizogony » Cerebral malaria – tissue anoxia magnification of 600 Hypnozoites Activities for Sorgogon, Samar,
trophozoite » schizoint (containing (causes death), kidney failure to 700x Primaquine Malaria Control Leyte, Bohol, Cebu,
merozoites) » liver cell ruptures » end Advantages: simple, Health education Masbate, Mariduque,
up in RBC Uncomplicated Malaria: low cost, quality & Prophylaxis (IEC- Information Capiz, Aklan, Benguet
P. vivax & P. ovale: stops/sleeps in Classical malaria- attack last 6-10 quantity diagnosis Doxycycline Education
liver cells called hypnozoites stage hours Sensitivity of Communication) Control phase in the
Dormant stage Tertian: P. falcifarum, P. vivax, P. peripheral Philippines
Responsible for relapse of malaria ovale (every 2nd day) microscopists: 55% Barriers for Malaria Malaria not included in
rd
Quartan: P. malariae (every 3 Disadvantages: Control: 10 leading cause of
Human Blood Stage: day) labor intensive Drug resistant morbidity
Multiplication (doubling/ tripling) Insecticide resistant Indigenous cases
Erythrocytic schizony » merozoites Severe/Complicated Malaria: Serologic Tests: Imported cases
» trophozoites » schizont Occurs to most persons who have to IFAT Ensuring Quality:
Specialized feature: gametocytes immunity to malaria RDT (Rapid Diagnostic Quality assurance Malariometric Indices:
(reproduction) process called Young children & pregnant women Test) TES (Therapeutic Slide Positivity Ratio:
gametogony Lateral flow Efficacy
P. falcifarum & P. vivax immunochromatogra Surveillance)
Malaria parasites: Recrudescence: no clearing phic assay Bioassay &
P. falcifarum & P. vivax – most Submicroscopic threshold Test strips (dipsticks) susceptibility test Annual Parasite
infections worldwide Short term relapse (hours to days to Molecular Diagnosis monitoring – for Incidence:
P. vivax & P. ovale –
dormant liver few weeks) PCR effective insecticides
stage (hypnozoites), can reactivate for LLIN & IRS
(relapse) & cause malaria for several P. vivax (parasites cleared) & P.
months to years after the infecting ovale
mosquito bite Parasitic relapse
P. malaria – long-lasting infections if
left untreated can persist
asymptomatically in the human host for
years & even lifetime; longest IP
P. falcifarum severe potentially fatal
–
malaria
Estimated 700,000-2,7M deaths
Philippines (60-70%)
P. knowlesi monkey-type
–
Breeding Sites:
Likes dark clothing
Bites at night