Microelectronics: Jun-Hong Weng
Microelectronics: Jun-Hong Weng
Microelectronics: Jun-Hong Weng
Chapter 8 Operational
Amplifier as a Black Box
Jun-Hong Weng
Tunghai University
Department of Electrical Engineering
Chapter 8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
等效電路:
非反向放大器:
正端輸入,負端接地。
當𝑉𝑖𝑛2 = 0 → 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴0 𝑉𝑖𝑛1
𝑉𝑖𝑛1 和𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 同相→ 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 非反相
正斜率(增益)
反向放大器:
負端輸入,正端接地。
當𝑉𝑖𝑛1 = 0 → 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝐴0 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
𝑉𝑖𝑛2 和𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 反相→ 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 反相
負斜率(增益)
𝑨𝑽 = ∞ 𝑨𝑽 = ∞
𝑹𝒊 = ∞ 𝑽𝑬𝑬 𝑹𝒊 = ∞
If Vin= +1 V , A0=1000,求Vout=?
Sol:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴0 (𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 )………………….(公式)
= 𝐴0 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
= 𝐴0 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝐴0 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
⟶ 𝐴0 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴0 𝑉𝑖𝑛1
Razavi 8.1
⟶ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴0 + 1 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛1
*閉迴路電路架構 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴0
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ⟶ = = …..……….(公式)
:閉迴路增益 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 𝑉𝑖𝑛 1+𝐴0
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1000
⟶ = =0.999 V
1 1+1000
A0:開迴路增益
(𝑅上 ) 𝑅2
𝑉𝑖𝑛2 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
(𝑅下 ) 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 ≈ 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 (虛短路)
*閉迴路電路架構 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉
:閉迴路增益 𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1
= =1+
𝑉𝑖𝑛1 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉 𝑅
= 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1 + 1 …..……….(公式)
𝑉𝑖𝑛1 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅2
𝑅
口訣: 正1 + 𝑅上 (正1 + 𝑅
𝑅𝑢𝑝
)
下 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑅1 Τ𝑅2 = ∞
→ 𝑅2 ≈ 0
→ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 Τ𝑉𝑖𝑛 ≈ ∞
1 + 𝑅𝑢𝑝 ΤR 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 1 + ∞ = ∞
物理意義:無部分輸出電壓迴受制輸入端。
Razavi 8.2
𝑅1 Τ𝑅2 = 0
→ 𝑅2 ≈ ∞
→ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 Τ𝑉𝑖𝑛 ≈ 1
1 + 𝑅𝑢𝑝 ΤR 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 1 + 0 = 0
物理意義:𝑅1 零跨壓(因輸入無電流),𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 。
If R2 is zero, the loop is open and Vout /Vin is equal to the intrinsic gain
of the op amp.
If R2 is infinite, the circuit becomes a unity-gain amplifier and Vout /Vin
becomes equal to one.
Microelectronics jhw@ thu.edu.tw
Noninverting Amplifier (非反向放大器)
反向放大器:負端輸入,正端接地。
∵虛短路→X點虛接地(並非真的接地)。
𝑉𝑖𝑛 −𝑉𝑋 𝑉𝑖𝑛 −0 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑖R2 = = =
𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑉𝑋 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 0−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑖R2 = 𝑖R1 = = =−
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑖R1 = 𝑖R
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
⟶ =−
𝑅2 𝑅1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅1
⟶ =− ………………….(公式)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅2
𝑅
口訣: 負𝑅右
左
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 𝑅1 𝑅1 1
=− ≈ − [1 − 1+ ]……………….(公式)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅2 1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅2 𝐴0
+ 1+ 對照PPT. p9
𝑅1 𝐴0 𝑅2
Sol:
𝑅1 𝑅1 1
= 4, 1+ = 0.1%
𝑅2 𝑅2 𝐴0
→ 𝐴0 = 5000
又𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅2 = 10𝐾Ω → 𝑅1 = 40𝐾Ω
* 電路含意:
在有增益誤差的情況下(精準度),較高的閉迴路增益會有較高的
增益誤差。 對照PPT. p10電路含意
RF
R1
V1 - Vout
R2 +
V2
R3
108 台聯
①+②=③
V1 V 0 𝑉−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
RF → + 2=
R1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝐹
0V 1 2 0 𝑉−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
V1 - Vout → + =
R2 10 𝑘 20 𝑘 10 𝑘
+ −𝑉
V2
→0.2 mA = 𝑜𝑢𝑡
10 𝑘
R3
→𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −2 V
VI
+ VA
VO
R
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐷 + 𝑉𝐴 =0.595V
(b) Diode on 負迴授成立 1V
+ VA
𝑉𝑜 = 1𝑉 (虛短路)
1 - +
I= = 1𝑚 VD
1𝐾 -
𝑉𝐷 = 0.7𝑉 VO
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐷 + 𝑉𝐴 =1.7V I 1k
- +
VD
-
補充 VO
1k
指數運算
𝑚
1.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑚 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑛 2.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑚 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑛
𝑛
𝐼𝐷 1𝑚𝐴 0.01𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛 → 𝑉𝐷 = 0.7 = 𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛 , 𝑉𝐷1 = 𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛
𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑆
0.01𝑚𝐴 0.01𝑚𝐴 0.7V 𝑉𝐷1
𝑉𝐷1 𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛 𝐼𝑆
𝑙𝑛 𝐼𝑆
= 1𝑚𝐴 = 1𝑚𝐴 × 𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛 1𝑚𝐴 − 𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛 0.01𝑚𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛 1𝑚𝐴
0.7 𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛 𝐼 𝑙𝑛 𝐼 𝐼 𝑆 𝐼 𝑆 0.01𝑚𝐴
𝑆 𝑆
元件 複數表示 S參數(拉式)
R ZR =R ZR =R
C 1 1
ZC = ZC =
𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑠𝐶
L Z𝐿 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 Z𝐿 = 𝑠𝐿
s為頻率的函數
The closed-loop gain is still equal to the ratio of two impedances.
脈衝輸入 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
=−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑅1 𝐶1
1 1 𝑉𝑖𝑛
→ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉 =−
𝑠𝑅1 𝐶1 𝑖𝑛 𝑅1 𝐶1 𝑠
𝑇𝑏
Razavi 8.5 1
=− න 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑅1 𝐶1 0
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑏
=− ቤ
𝑅1 𝐶1 0
𝑉𝑖𝑛
=− 𝑡, 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑇𝑏
𝑅1 𝐶1
頻率=0→直流(大訊號) → −𝐴0
−1
→交流(小訊號) → pole(極點) 𝑠𝑝 = 0 → 𝑠𝑝 =
(1+𝐴0 )𝑅1 𝐶1
→ 𝑅𝑥 𝐶𝑥 =(1 + 𝐴0 )𝑅1 𝐶1
Razavi 8.6
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅1
→൝
𝐶𝑥 =(1 + 𝐴0 )𝐶1
電路意義:
使用op當低通濾波器可以將C提高
s在分子且等於零→代表有零點
◇s轉成時域
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
= −𝑠𝑅1 𝐶1
𝑉𝑖𝑛
→ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑠𝑅1 𝐶1 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛
= −𝑅1 𝐶1
◇利用電流相等求𝑉 𝑑𝑡
𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝐶1 =− → 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑅1 𝐶1
𝑑𝑡 𝑅1 𝑑𝑡
Microelectronics jhw@ thu.edu.tw
Lossy Differentiator
𝐴0 ≠ ∞ →無虛短路 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑥 𝑉𝑥 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
1
= ………………(1)
𝑅1
𝑠𝐶1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ………………(2)
𝑉𝑥 = −
𝐴0
1 (1 + 𝐴0 )
𝐴0 ≠ ∞ →無虛短路 =
𝑅𝑥 𝐶𝑥 𝑅1 𝐶1
𝑅1
(1 + 𝐴0 )
→ 𝑅𝑥 =
𝑠𝑝 = − 1 + 𝐴0
𝑅1 𝐶1 𝐶𝑥 = 𝐶1
When finite op amp gain is considered, the differentiator becomes
lossy as the zero moves from the origin to –(A0+1)/R1C1.
It can be approximated as an RC circuit with R reduced by a
factor of (A0+1).
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅上 𝑍上
=1+ =1+
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅下 𝑍下
對照PPT P.11
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅右 𝑍右
=− =−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅左 𝑍左
𝑉𝑥 = 0
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
+ =−
Ao 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝐹
𝑉1 𝑉2
→ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑅𝐹 ( + )
𝑅1 𝑅2
當𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅
𝑅𝐹
→ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 )
𝑅
𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
1.𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 0 → 𝑉𝑌 ≈ 𝑉𝐷1,𝑜𝑛
→ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑥 ≈ 0
2. 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ≅ 0+ → 𝑉𝑌 ↑
→ 𝑉𝐷1,𝑜𝑛
→ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛
When Vin is positive, the circuit in b) behaves like that in a), so the
output follows input.
When Vin is negative, the diode opens, and the output drops to zero.
Thus performing rectification.
Microelectronics jhw@ thu.edu.tw
Inverting Precision Rectifier
When Vin is positive, the diode is on, Vy is pinned around VD,on, and Vx
at virtual ground.
When Vin is negative, the diode is off, Vy goes extremely negative, and
Vx becomes equal to Vin.
𝑉𝑖𝑛
(1)(2) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛
𝐼𝑆 𝑅1
2𝑉𝑖𝑛
(1)(2) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =− − 𝑉𝑇𝐻
𝑊
𝜇𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑥 𝑅1
𝐿
偏移電壓(offset vltage)
Offsets in an op amp that arise from input stage mismatch cause the
input-output characteristic to shift in either the positive or negative
direction (the plot displays positive direction).
107台大
解決偏移直流問題 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑍上
=1+
𝑉𝑂𝑆 𝑍下
𝑍上 1ൗ
𝑠C1
→ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1 + 𝑉𝑂𝑆 = (1 + )𝑉𝑂𝑆
𝑍下 𝑅1
1 1 𝑡
= 𝑉𝑂𝑆 + 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑂𝑆 + 𝑉 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑅1 𝐶1 𝑂𝑆 𝑅1 𝐶1 0 𝑂𝑆
𝑉𝑂𝑆
= 𝑉𝑂𝑆 + 𝑡
𝑅1 𝐶1
R上
= 1+ 𝑉𝑂𝑆
R下
低頻時,電容開路
R
直流:當 上 ↓ ⟹ 𝑉 影響越小
𝑂𝑆
參考課本舉例 R
下
𝑍右
= − 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑍右 𝑍左
= − 𝑉
𝑍左 𝑖𝑛 𝑅2 1
= ∙
1 𝑅1 1 + 𝑠𝑅2 𝐶1
=− 𝑉
𝑠𝑅1 𝐶1 𝑖𝑛 1
有極點在原點 有極點在(− 𝑅 )
2 𝐶1
交流:𝑅2 𝐶1 ↑ ⟹frequency 影響越小
IB1 IB2
IB2 有影響
𝑹𝟏
= −𝑰𝑩𝟐 𝑹𝟐 (− )
𝑹𝟐
= 𝑰𝑩𝟐 𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝒊𝒏 = −𝑰𝑩𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑅1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0 = 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 1 + + 𝐼𝐵2 𝑅1
𝑅2
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
→ 0 = 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 + 𝐼𝐵2 𝑅1
𝑅2
𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 = −𝐼𝐵2 𝑅1
𝑅2
𝑅2
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 = −𝐼𝐵2 𝑅1
𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 = −𝐼𝐵2 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2
𝑨𝟎
−1
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒: 𝜔𝑝,𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 頻率的倒數→週期→X軸為時間
(𝜔)−1 → (𝑓)−1 → 𝑇
In the linear region, when the input doubles, the output and the output
slope also double. However, when the input is large, the op amp slews
so the output slope is fixed by a constant current source charging a
capacitor.
This further limits the speed of the op amp.
Microelectronics jhw@ thu.edu.tw
Comparison of Settling with and without Slew Rate
In True
EX: Razavi 8.17
Linear
Setting
Slop
(SR: slew rate)
Time (slew)
As it can be seen, the settling speed is faster without slew rate (as
determined by the closed-loop time constant).
Microelectronics jhw@ thu.edu.tw
8-11
8-23
8-28
8-42
8-47