ASSIGNMENT 2

FORMWORK DESIGN

Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology

B.Sc. Honors Degree in Engineering

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
&
METHODS
CE3221
GROUP 65
THANTHRIGE G.T.N.I. – EN18357486
EDIRISINGHE Y.N. – EN18042498
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Assignment Part 1 1
1.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR PART 01 1
1.2 SHAPE COEFFICIENT FOR PLAN SIZE OF VERTICAL FORM 1
1.4 COEFFICIENT FOR CONCRETE TEMPERATURE 1
1.5 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE OF THE SETTING CONCRETE 2
1.6 COMMON DATA 2
2. Assignment Part 2 3
2.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR PART 02 3
2.2 ALLOWABLE SPACING OF STUDS 3
2.2.1 BASED ON FLEXURE OF PLYWOOD 3
2.2.2 BASED ON SHEAR OF PLYWOOD 4
2.2.3 BASED ON DEFLECTION OF PLYWOOD 4
2.3 ALLOWABLE SPACING OF WALES 5
2.3.1 BASED ON FLEXURE OF THE STUDS 5
2.3.2 BASED ON SHEAR OF THE STUDS 6
2.3.3 BASED ON DEFLECTION OF THE STUDS 6
2.4. THE ALLOWABLE SPACING OF SNAP TIES 7
2.4.1 BASED ON FLEXURE OF THE WALES 7
2.4.2 BASED ON SHEAR OF THE WALES 7
2.4.3 BASED ON DEFLECTION OF THE WALES 8
3. Method Statement 9
3.1 GENERAL INFORMATION 9
3.1.1 PURPOSE 9
3.1.2 INTRODUCTION 9
3.1.3 SEQUENCE OF WORKS 10
3.2 MATERIALS 11
3.3 EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 11
3.4 HEALTH AND SAFETY 12
4. Conclusion 13
5. References 14

i
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Design Parameters for part 01 1

Table 2: Common data 2
Table 3: Design Parameters for part 02 3
Table 4: Allowable spacing of plywood 5
Table 5: Allowable spacing of studs 6
Table 6: Allowable spacing of the wales 8

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 01: Formwork 9

Figure 02: Safety equipment 12

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INTRODUCTION

The main objective of this project is to determine how to design a formwork

system for wall concreting and to identify the methodology and potential hazards
that can be used in the processing and installation process. Formwork is a term
used to describe the process of making a temporary mold by pouring concrete. But
designing a form system is not an easy task. Therefore, the required calculations
are given in this report.
There are many steps and procedures to follow when constructing and
disassembling a form. This sequence is therefore briefly described throughout the
formal statement in this report.

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1. Assignment Part 1
1.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR PART 01

Table 1: Design Parameters for part 01

Parameter Value

Hc
Height of the concrete wall 3.6 m

Rc
Rate of concrete rising on the vertical
formwork 1.9 m/hour

T
Concrete temperature at placement in 14 0C

1.2 SHAPE COEFFICIENT FOR PLAN SIZE OF VERTICAL FORM

C1 = shape coefficient for plan size of vertical form work
For a concrete wall formwork
C1 = 1.0

1.3 COEFFICIENT FOR CONCRETE MIXTURE

C2 = Coefficient for concrete mixture
For Ordinary Portland cement
Retarder is to be used for concrete
C2 = 0.45

1.4 COEFFICIENT FOR CONCRETE TEMPERATURE

C3 = Coefficient for concrete temperature

C3 = [36 / (14 + 16)] 2

C3 = 1.44

1
1.5 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE OF THE SETTING CONCRETE
hf – height of formwork
hc Height of formwork (Assume same as wall height)

ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑐 = 3.6𝑚
hh = 𝐶1√𝑅𝑐 + 𝐶2.𝐶3√(ℎ𝑓 − 𝐶1√𝑅𝑐)
= 1 ∙ √1.9 + 0.45 ∙ 1.44√(3.6 − 1 ∙ √1.9)
= 2.34m

𝑃 𝑐 = ℎℎ𝜌𝑔
= 2.34 × 2400 × 9.81
= 55.092KPa
Hydrostatic pressure of the setting concrete =55.092 𝑘𝑃𝑎

1.6 COMMON DATA

Table 2: Common data

ϼ - Density of concrete 2400 kg/m3

g - Gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2

σf - Allowable stress in flexure for plywood, studs and wales 12.5 N/mm2

τp - Allowable shear stress for plywood 0.5 N/mm2

Ep - Modulus of Elasticity for Plywood 11,000 N/mm2

Et - Modulus of Elasticity for timber used for Studs and Wales 12,000 N/mm2

2
2. Assignment Part 2
2.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR PART 02
Table 3: Design Parameters for part 02

Parameter Value

W Maximum pressure on the plywood

14 KN/m2
sheeting
T
Thickness of plywood 20 mm

τt Allowable shear stress for timber used

1.5 KN/m2
in Studs and Wales

2.2 ALLOWABLE SPACING OF STUDS

2.2.1 BASED ON FLEXURE OF PLYWOOD
Considering as simply supported
Maximum pressure on the plywood sheathing 14 KN/m2
For 1m length
W=14kN/m2 .1m
Spacing of studs -l1
𝑤𝑙²
Maximum moment =
8
= 14 × l12/ 8
= 1.75 l12

𝑡
𝑦 = = 20𝑚𝑚/2 = 10𝑚𝑚
2

𝟏
I= 𝑏ℎ3
𝟏𝟐

1
I = 12 × 1000 × 203 = 666666.67mm4

𝑀𝑦 1.75 𝐿1² ×10

𝜎= = = 2.625×10-5 × l12 N/mm-2
𝐼 666666.67

3
𝜎 ≤𝜎𝑓

The allowable stress in flexure for plywood, studs and wales σf = 12.5 N/mm2

2.625×10-5 × l12 N/mm-2 ≤ 12.5 N/mm2

l1 = 691mm

2.2.2 BASED ON SHEAR OF PLYWOOD

𝑤𝑙 14𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 𝑙1
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 7𝑙1
2 2

𝐴 = 𝑡 × 1000 = 20 ×1000 = 20000𝑚𝑚2

𝑉 7.0𝑙1
τ = 1.5 = 1.5 × = 3.5 × 10-4 𝑙1
𝐴 20000

𝜏 ≤ 𝜏𝑝
The allowable shear stress for plywood τp = 0.5 N/mm2

3.5 × 10-4 × 𝑙1 ≤ 0.5

𝑙1 = 1428.57mm

2.2.3 BASED ON DEFLECTION OF PLYWOOD

5𝑤𝑙1⁴ 5 ×14 × 𝑙1⁴ -10

𝛿= = = 2.486 × 10 𝑙1⁴
384𝐸𝑝𝐼 384 ×11000 ×66666.67

The modulus of Elasticity for Plywood Ep = 11,000 N/mm2

𝑙
δ≤
360

𝑙1
2.486 × 10-10 𝑙1⁴ ≤ 360
𝑙1 = 223.57mm
4
 Table 4: Allowable spacing of plywood

Characteristics Allowable Spacing

𝑙1 - BASED ON FLEXURE OF PLYWOOD 691mm

1428.57mm
𝑙1 - BASED ON SHEAR OF PLYWOOD

𝑙1 - BASED ON DEFLECTION OF PLYWOOD 223.57mm

Minimum deflection is in the minimum space between studs allowable spacing of 223.57mm.

2.3 ALLOWABLE SPACING OF WALES

2.3.1 BASED ON FLEXURE OF THE STUDS

W2 = w ∙ 𝑙1 = 14KNm-2 × 0.22357m = 3.13KNm-1

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.1071 × 𝑤2 × 𝑙2² = 0.1071 × 3.13 𝑙2² = 0.3352 𝑙2²

Studs will be 50 x 100 mm timber

𝑡
𝑦 = = 100𝑚𝑚/2 = 50𝑚𝑚
2

1
I= × 50 × 1003 = 4166666.67mm4
12

𝑀𝑦 0.3352 𝑙2² ×50

𝜎= = = 4.02×10-6 × l22 N/mm-2
𝐼 4166666.67

𝜎 ≤ 𝜎𝑓
The allowable stress in flexure for plywood, studs and wales σf = 12.5 N/mm2

4.02×10-6 × l22 ≤ 12.5

l2 = 1763.36mm

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 2.3.2 BASED ON SHEAR OF THE STUDS

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.603𝑤2𝑙2 = 0.603 × 3.13𝑙2 = 1.887𝑙2

𝑉 1.887𝑙2
τ = 1.5 = 1.5 × = 5.661 × 10-4 𝑙2
𝐴 50 ×100

𝜏 ≤ 𝜏𝑝
The allowable shear stress for timber τp = 1.5 N/mm2

5.661 × 10-4 𝑙2 ≤ 1.5

𝑙2 = 2649.7mm

2.3.3 BASED ON DEFLECTION OF THE STUDS

0.0065𝑤𝑙2⁴ 0.0065 ×3.13 × 𝑙2⁴

𝛿= = 12000 ×4166666.67 = 4.07 × 10-13 𝑙2⁴
𝐸𝑡𝐼

𝑙
δ≤
360

𝑙2
4.07 × 10-13 𝑙2⁴ ≤ 360

𝑙2 = 1896.86mm

Table 5: Allowable spacing of studs

Characteristics Allowable Spacing

l2 - FLEXURE OF THE STUDS

1763.36mm
𝑙2 - SHEAR OF THE STUDS
2649.7mm

𝑙2 - DEFLECTION OF THE STUDS 1896.86mm

Minimum space is based on flexure of the studs is (l2) 1763.36mm.

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2.4. THE ALLOWABLE SPACING OF SNAP TIES

2.4.1 BASED ON FLEXURE OF THE WALES

If spacing of wales is l3

𝑤3 = w ∙ 𝑙2 = 14kNm-2 × 1.76336m = 24.687kNm-1

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.1071.𝑤3.𝑙32 = 0.1071 × 24.687 𝑙32 = 2.644 𝑙32

Wales will be 100 x 100 mm timber

𝑡
𝑦 = = 100𝑚𝑚/2 = 50𝑚𝑚
2

1
I= × 100 × 1003 = 8333333.33mm4
12

𝑀𝑦 2.644 𝑙3² ×50

𝜎= = = 1.586×10-5 × l32 N/mm-2
𝐼 8333333.33

𝜎 ≤ 𝜎𝑓

The allowable stress in flexure for plywood, studs and wales σf = 12.5 N/mm2

1.586×10-5 × l32 ≤ 12.5

𝒍𝟑 = 887.77𝐦𝐦

2.4.2 BASED ON SHEAR OF THE WALES

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.603𝑤3𝑙3 = 0.603 × 24.687𝑙3 = 14.886𝑙3

𝑉 14.886𝑙3
τ = 1.5 = 1.5 × = 2.233 × 10-3 𝑙3
𝐴 100 ×100
𝜏 ≤ 𝜏𝑝
2.233 × 10-3 𝑙3 ≤ 1.5

l𝟑 = 671.74mm

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 2.4.3 BASED ON DEFLECTION OF THE WALES

0.0065𝑤𝑙3⁴ 0.0065 ×24.687 × 𝑙3⁴

𝛿= = = 1.604 × 10-12 𝑙3⁴
𝐸𝑡.𝐼 12000 ×8333333.33

𝑙
δ≤
360

𝑙3
1.604 × 10-12 𝑙3⁴ ≤
360

𝑙3 = 1200.87𝑚𝑚

Table 6: Allowable spacing of the wales

Characteristics Allowable Spacing

𝒍𝟑 - BASED ON FLEXURE OF THE WALES 887.77mm

l𝟑 - BASED ON SHEAR OF THE WALES 671.74mm

𝑙3 - BASED ON DEFLECTION OF THE WALES 1200.87mm

Minimum space is based on deflection of the wales is (l𝟑) 671.74mm.

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3. Method Statement

3.1 GENERAL INFORMATION

3.1.1 PURPOSE

The purpose of this method statement is to discover the methodology and to ensure the desired
quality of the wall formwork at each stage. This should be in accordance with the design
requirements outlined in the scope of work and technical specifications.

3.1.2 INTRODUCTION

This methodical note covers the materials, preparations, general requirements for all procedures
and tests for the installation of wall formwork, and also applies to wall closure activities. The
positioning limitations of the partition and the test process need to be carefully reviewed. Due to
the design and team work of the tester, the contractor, engineer and supplier are essential for a
successful good model. When designing drawings, it is important to build as planned. Any
uncertainties in the design must be approved by the designer. A pre-construction meeting is
important to explain the rules and regulations of the construction team members and to review the
design quality control and testing program. Every carpenter should know the type of formwork
required to know how to safely build, assemble and disassemble. Modeling should always be built
in accordance with the principles of good safety and carpentry. It must have the following
requirements.

• Reliable support surfaces, especially for timber structures.

• Correct struts and supports.
• Fasteners, bolts or spaces are sufficient to prevent moments or buckling.

Figure 01:- Formwork

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3.1.3 SEQUENCE OF WORKS

• All formwork is done according to specification.

• After studying the structural drawings, the project engineer plans the dimensions, number
and type. If necessary, use the formwork in consultation with the structural engineer.
Depending on the program, the number of repetitions is determined. External designers
can be used for specific systems.
• The availability of the formwork is discussed with the purchasing manager and the decision
is made. for the purchase, rental or reuse of formwork material.
• When making formwork shutters, all dimensions should be checked to avoid corrective
actions during assembly.
• Paint the reference numbers on all panels to make sure they are used correctly.
• Make sure that the columns, shorelines, walkways, supports, clamps and tie rods are the
correct size and height. right distances. The form designer must review the work-in-error
system for the load and design parameters defined in the specification. Minimum distance
for studs 400 mm and minimum distance for Wales 500 mm.
• Make sure the wrong job is locked securely and rests on a solid foundation.
• Molds attached to previously poured concrete must be securely fastened to prevent loss of
mortar. For sealing foam strips can be used.
• Check the quality of the shutter liner, fixing screws and washers, installed parts, inserts and
other parts.
• The anchor holes to be made in the formwork must be cleaned so that they can be repaired
or blocked later.
• Particular attention is paid to the rigidity and line of the stops and devices.
• Remove all cuts and nails from the cable ties that could stain the formwork and concrete.
• Ensure that the concrete group has adequate access and work platforms and that there are
stop and crash barriers.
• Adjustable steel accessories must be installed vertically and the verticality of the
accessories checked with a spirit level.
• A support shall not be used if it is bent, wrinkled or rusted or if the head or support is bent.
damaged pin, etc.
• For removal, a suitable release agent should be used without damaging the surface.
• The new types of wood and plywood are given the first layer of the appropriate release
agent for 36 hours. in advance then a second layer just before use. Avoid excessive use of
mold release agents as this may cause discoloration or delays in the concrete.
• All holds and bindings must be closely monitored. Make sure they are not working
properly. The loss of mortar indicates that movements have occurred.
• If unused tie rods are used, loosen them slightly before concreting and remove them.

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3.2 MATERIALS

• Exterior grade plywood with boil and weather resistant adhesive should be used.
• The plywood should be sufficiently rigid to prevent deflections.
• Also, they should have the strength required by the design standards to withstand the
concrete pressure, variable loads and vibrations.
• Suitable timber with sufficient strength to withstand the design loads has to be used for
studs and wales. They should not have large defects.
• Snap ties with the required safe tension loading must be used to keep the wall forms
parallel.
• Wire nails are to be used to fix studs and wales.

3.3 EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS

• Measuring tapes
• Hand saw
• Power saw
• Spanners
• Tampers
• Brush
• Form ties
• Markers

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3.4 HEALTH AND SAFETY

Figure 02: Safety equipment

All the safety equipment should be worn when they required.

The safety of persons and things must be in the foreground and all work must be carried out without
causing accidents or material damage. The formwork comprises the following activities:
Storage
• Transport of forms
• Production and fixing
• Lifting of the formwork on site
• Removal of formwork
Appropriate access and exit to the construction site must be guaranteed for the work. All
employees must wear basic personal protective equipment. All equipment, tools and devices used
in the work must be in perfect condition and maintained. All employees receive a toolbox that
explains the procedures for securely executing the job.

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4. Conclusion
Through this assignment we were able to gain a better understanding of formwork design. In the
future, our main task is to complete the task assigned to us as professional engineers accurately,
systematically, efficiently and sustainably. Therefore, this assignment helped us a lot to design
the required specifications correctly. It helps us to complete the whole process sustainably with
less environmental impact.
Finally, this assignment will enable us to work together as a team to enhance our skills,
knowledge and technology in the field of civil engineering as well as to enhance our
communication skills and further our careers in the field of civil engineering. the future.

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5. References

• B. Guide, "Concrete Formwork Loads and Pressure Calculations", The Constructor,

2020. [Online]. Available: https://theconstructor.org/building/concrete-formwork-loads-
pressure-calculations/14521/. [Accessed: 22- Sep- 2020].

• Freeit.free.fr, 2020. [Online]. Available:

http://freeit.free.fr/The%20Civil%20Engineering%20Handbook,2003/0958%20ch04.pdf.
[Accessed: 22- Sep- 2020].

• Raj, E., 2018. Method statement for formwork. [Online] Available:

https://www.thecivilengineering.com/method-statement-for-formwork-reinforcement-
and-concrete-works/[Accessed: 22- Sep- 2020].

• Ravishankar,R. (2015). Formwork construction in structures. Available:

https://www.slideshare.net/rithikarockingravishankar/formwork-construction-in-
structures. [Accessed: 22- Sep- 2020].

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