LUCAN CENTRAL COLLEGES INC.

SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT PAGADIAN CITY

A COURSE MODULE IN
TEAM SPORTS AND
GAMES
2ND SEMESTER

NAME OF STUDENTS: _______________________

CONTACT NUMBER: ________________________
EMAILL ADDRES S: _________________________
FB ACCOUNT: __________________________
CLASS SCHEDULE: _________________________
INSTRUCTOR: NINA MARIZ ANN BAGOLCOL

Introduction:
The module introduces learners to the world of team sports. As learners continue with the lesson, they
will encounter activities that allow them to demonstrate understanding of the benefits that can be
derived from their engagement and participation in team sports together with their family, which
eventually, promotes family fitness, health and wellness.

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, learners should be able to

 discuss the nature and background of each Team Sports Games

 explain the health and fitness benefits derived from playing team sports

 practice proper and acceptable behavior (e.g. fairness and respect for authority) when participating in
every game

 proficiently execute basic skills and tactics in each game

 interpret rules and regulations of team sports

 exhibit enjoyment in playing team sports game

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

1. Read and understand the lesson and the directions in every exercise.

2. Observe honesty in answering the test and exercises and in checking your answers.

3. Avoid unnecessary mark on any part of this module.

4. Try to finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. Submit as scheduled.

TIME COMMITMENT

Time to complete each lesson will vary depending upon your interest in the content for that lesson, the time
that you spend on the narrative section (reading, looking at images, exploring links and videos), and the time
that you spend writing (and the number of journal prompts you decide to complete). If you want to get the
most out of the materials presented, you should plan to spend at least 4 - 5 hours on each module.

POLICY AND PROCEDURES

SPIRIT OF PROGRAM PARTICIPATION

The Coach
1. Treats own players and opponents with respect.
2. Inspires in the athletes a love for the game and the desire to compete fairly.
3. Acts in a manner consistent with position as "role model" to the athletes.
4. Disciplines those on the team who display unsportsmanlike behavior.
5. Knows he/she is a teacher and understands that sports is a learning experience.
6. Maintains own composure and poise despite pressure situations, and expects the players to conduct
themselves the same way.

The Player
1. Treats opponents with respect and will not employ or respond to taunting/baiting.
2. Plays hard, but plays within the rules of the game.
3. Exercises self-control at all times, setting the example for others to follow.
4. Respects officials and accepts their decisions without gesture or argument.
5. Wins without boasting, loses without excuses, and NEVER quits.
6.  Always remembers that it is a privilege to represent the township/community.
7.  Constantly provides positive support for the team and teammates without assigning blame for losses
or glory for wins. Win and lose as a team.

The Spectator/Parent
1. Provides enthusiastic, POSITIVE support to the child and their team.
2. Appreciates a good play no matter who makes it.
3. Shows compassion for an injured player, applauds positive performances.
4.  Does not heckle, jeer, or distract players and avoids profane, obnoxious language and behavior.
5.  Respects the judgment and strategy of the coach, and does not criticize players or coaches for loss of
a game.
6.  Respects officials and accepts their decisions without gesture or argument.
7. Respects the property of others and authority of those who administer the competition.
8.  Censures those whose behavior is unbecoming or inappropriate.

GENERAL POLICIES
 1. All participants and teams, regardless of what team or league they are registered to play in, must
complete and submit to the TAA, an approved  TAA registration duly completed or they are ineligible to
play.  This is one of the requirements of the TAA’s insurance carrier.
 2. All participants and teams shall pay the required fee(s) with the registration form or they are
ineligible to play.
 3. All TAA team coaches and assistant coaches, regardless of the sport, shall complete the Rutgers
Safety Clinic.  This clinic is offered several times throughout the year and sponsored by the  TAA. 
Without this clinic you cannot coach in Tewksbury.  This clinic is insightful and provides limited immunity
to volunteer coaches.  All TAA team coaches, assistant coaches, and trainers shall submit to a criminal
background check and complete and sign all of the required coaches forms.
 4. All teams shall have at least two coaches/assistant coaches in attendance at each practice and game. 
Each coach and assistant coach shall keep with them a copy of the players medical release forms at
practices and games.  First Aid Kits are provided to each coach.  It is the coach’s responsibility to ensure
that each kit is fully stocked with adhesives and medicated cleansing pads. Each kit should have at least
two pair of latex gloves.  Ice Packs are also provided and are stocked in the storage sheds at Oldwick and
Old Turnpike School.  If a coach sees that we are running low on supplies in the shed, they should
contact the program head via email.
 5. Coaches are responsible for submitting only approved expenditures to their Program Director. 
Coaches are to use the approved coach’s reimbursement form and attach all supporting invoices and
canceled checks to the form.  Only pre-approved expenses will be reimbursed.  Only the Program
Director, TAA President or their delegates can approve an expenditure.  There is no carry over policy for
obtaining reimbursements.  If funds were not expended during a season, a coach will not have that
money available to the team for future expenditures.
 6. Coaches are expected to abide by and follow any and all rules established by the TAA, specific sport
program, or Township Committee, or Township department, or School staff, or  private property/facility
owner as to the use of township, school, private, or rented facilities. (Ie: playing field, gym or court
facilities).
 7. No coach/assistant coach is permitted to be an intermediary for registration fees.  All registration
fees must be made payable to the TAA and deposited in the TAA checking account.  Likewise, all
expenditures must be reported to the TAA via an expense reimbursement form and recorded as part of
the activity of the TAA.
              
Failure to adhere to any of the above policies may result in a forfeiture of membership in the TAA and
coaching privileges or both.
               

PARENT’S CODE OF CONDUCT

There is more to life than any one sport. Encourage your child to participate in other activities.
Tewksbury Athletic Association requires all parents to observe the following Parents Code of Conduct:
• Respect the coach's decisions and abilities. Don't force your kid to decide whether to listen to you or
the coach.
• Stress fair and sensible play. Nobody needs to get hurt because someone is not playing by the rules.
• Stress the long-term importance of practice over the short-term excitement of games.
• Stress the importance of the team. Never lose sight of the fact that you are a role model.
• Winning probably means more to you than it does to your kid. Don't yell if your kid makes a mistake.
• Point out what they do well.  Positive reinforcement goes a long way.
• Take time to learn the rules of the game. That way, if you insist on shouting at the coach or official, at
least you'll know what you are talking about.
• Remember that coaches and league administrators are volunteers. A "thank you" every once in a while
is often reward enough.

PARENT’S SPORTSMANSHIP PLEDGE

 As a condition of your child's participation in any of our sports programs please read the following
Parent Sportsmanship Pledge.

1. It is often difficult for parents to see their children in situations where they are being evaluated,
especially at a very young age. But if we spend our time worrying too much about how they're doing, we
are missing what should be a wonderful experience for us as well as them. If they're not great players,
we will love them anyway for who they are, find reasons to praise them for their accomplishments on
the field, big or small, and know that they will be great at other things.
2. The game is for the kids. We shouldn't let our natural competitive spirit and normal desire for glory
turn into angry yelling at the kids when they don't fulfill our expectations. Sometimes our expectations
may be unrealistic. If they're having fun as well as gaining confidence by learning skills, and being
coached by a person who is teaching and mentoring without anger, that should satisfy us.
3. Winning is one goal, but only one of many goals. Fewer than half the teams competing win their
games on any given day (counting ties) and as studies have consistently indicated, children play mainly
for the fun of it. Kids almost unanimously rate the FUN they have during the match much higher than
the score at that single moment when the game is over.
4. We need to also remember that it is okay to lose because life is not just about winning. We suffer
setbacks at times. Learning to accept defeat gracefully and come back enthusiastically next time is an
important lesson to teach. As long as children try their best, they are winners on another level even
when they lose the game.
5. Coaches and referees deserve RESPECT. They make mistakes as we all do, but whether they're great
at what they're doing or not, we have a responsibility to set a good example to help teach RESPECT to
our children. Yelling criticism at referees, coaches or players is inappropriate and that behavior must be
subject to penalties from the club, including the last thing the club wants to consider, possible
suspension from attending matches. Children often reveal that they are embarrassed when their parents
shout out criticism. Referees do not change their calls but many do decide to quit because of the abuse
they take from parents, coaches and players. Yet we wonder why we don't have enough referees.
Coaches are giving time and effort and if they are making it a positive FUN experience, we should
RESPECT them for that.
6. Some of us are more emotional, which is good in some ways. Some of us are calmer, which also is
good in some ways. When we are emotional, perhaps sometimes because of frustrations in other parts
of our lives, it is harder to keep ourselves under control. It can become a problem in this setting when
we yell at the kids. When they think we're angry, it can make them nervous and lower their self-esteem.
As a result, they may not perform as well as they can. Sometimes we don't even realize how angry we
sound because, for one thing, our children don't always talk about their feelings. They may tell someone
else.
7. When someone makes unsportsmanlike comments to other spectators, children, coaches, or
referees, it is often best to ignore them unless they're good friends. In general, when someone is excited
and negative, that is NOT the time to talk about sportsmanship. We should avoid confrontations at all
costs.
8. Even if our child has outstanding ability, we shouldn't look too far into the future. We need to be
realistic about the question of whether they will get a lot of playing time in high school or college. And
considering the rapidly increasing number of good players coming out of high school, we need to be
aware there are relatively few college athletic scholarships and competition for spots on the roster will
be intense.
9. Know the level of commitment expected and the policy on playing time. If you have any questions, it
is often best to ask the coach during a quieter moment, not at a game.
10. If we keep the game in the proper perspective, we can realize that children usually have FUN as long
as we support their effort. Putting them under pressure by being overly critical is not a good idea. If they
become anxious about their performance, they may be hesitant to try new skills, they may not reach
their potential and their interest in the game may decline.
11. The experience of watching children play youth sports is over all too soon. Why not relax and have
fun simply knowing that the kids are having fun and we're having a good time together?

ZERO TOLERANCE POLICY

Due to occasional physical and verbal abuse against Coaches, Referees, Officials or Umpires, Tewksbury
Athletic Association has adopted the following ZERO TOLERANCE POLICY.
1. It is the goal of this policy is to prevent abusive and obscene language, violent play, violent conduct,
fighting and other behavior detrimental to the sport.
2. It is the responsibility of ALL Coaches/Managers to maintain the highest standards of conduct for
themselves, their players and supporters in all matches. A Coach's responsibility for Referee/Umpire
support and spectator control includes the times prior to, during and after the game at the field and
surrounding areas.
3. All persons responsible for a team and all the spectators shall support the Referee/Umpire. Failure to
do so will undermine the Referee's authority and has the potential of creating a hostile environment for
the players, the Referee and other participants and spectators.
4. No Coach or Assistant Coach shall address the Referee/Umpire during the game, with the following
exceptions:
During a game, Coaches may
(1) respond to a Referee initiating communication
(2) make substitutions
(3) point out emergencies or safety issues.
During Half Time or at the end of the game, a Coach or Assistant Coach, using absolutely no sarcasm,
harassment or intimidation, may only
(1) ask a Referee/Umpire to explain a rule(s) in a polite and constructive way, or
(2) give polite and friendly feedback to the Referee.          
5. No Spectator shall address the Referee/Umpire at any time, except to point out emergencies or safety
issues.
6. Spectator Penalties:
• Coach and/or Referee/Umpire shall take appropriate action to quiet the offending spectator; or
• A verbal warning.  Coach or Referee, shall warn the spectator that the next infraction will be a removal
of the spectator or the Coach or Referee may abandon the game.
• The Coach or Referee/Umpire, shall instruct the spectator to leave the field. If the spectator does not
leave the field, the Coach or Referee shall abandon the game and file a report to the Tewksbury Athletic
Association, who may impose a forfeit on the spectator's team.

COACH’S CODE OF CONDUCT

                Coaching is a privilege, not a right.  The Program Director of each sport shall have the sole
discretion to choose and/or accept an individual to be a coach or assistant coach.
                This Pledge summarizes important elements of the youth sports experience and sets out your
commitment to Sportsmanship and Fair Play.  Adhering to it is a condition of your participation in the
Tewksbury Athletic Association.
                Important Information about youth and sports
                Kids participate in sports primarily because it’s fun.  Adults need to keep it fun.  Some adults
get too emotional about youth sports because they are too concerned about how their kids are doing,
have the mistaken belief that winning is very important, or have a desire for glory through their kids’
success.  That last one is part of the concept of living through your kids.
                Kids need to know that if they’re trying their best, they are winners.  Parents need to
remember that their kids will not be great at everything.  Recognizing that, parents can help most by
relaxing and enjoying these fleeting years.
                Placing too much pressure on kids to perform well creates stress that can detract from their fun
and can affect their self-esteem.  Instructions shouted to players are distracting, usually too late, and
sometimes inaccurate or in conflict with what the coach is teaching.
                My Pledge to Set A Good Example
                I will not be loud or negative towards players, referees, coaches or spectators.  I acknowledge
that failing to show respect for people who are doing the best they can sets a bad example for our
children and can result in my expulsion from the field.  If someone else makes an inappropriate
comment, I will not make a negative response that could lead to a confrontation.
                When I coach I will remember that encouragement and praise for every child, not just the best
athletes, are critically important to their self-esteem and their ability to achieve the most they can.
                I recognize that striving to win, rather than winning itself, is what is important in sports and in
life. Striving to win means doing the best you can.
                I recognize that players must get adequate playing time to improve and gain the confidence
that helps them do the best they can.  I acknowledge that this is more important than winning games.  If
I feel that my team lost simply because a player of lesser ability received appropriate playing time, I did
the right thing.
                I acknowledge that making mistakes and losing are part of life.  I pledge that I will be tolerant of
the mistakes of players, coaches, referees, and others.  I recognize that mistakes are opportunities for
learning.
                I recognize that within the parameters of competition, sportsmanship and fair play remain
paramount.  I pledge that I will commit to promoting an atmosphere of healthy competition to ensure
fun for all participants.

KEYS TO PARENTAL PERFORMANCE

We want your participation. Please read this page and let us know your thoughts. Here is a clear, concise
set of standards addressing parent participation without dissipating the enthusiasm.
A. LET THE COACHES COACH
                This includes goal setting and psyching up your child for practice and post game critiques.
Having more than one "coach" confuses children.
B. DO NOT BRIBE OR OFFER INCENTIVES
                Leave motivation to the coach. Offering money for scoring goals, for example, distracts your
child from concentrating properly in practices and games. Support your child unconditionally. Do not
withdraw love when your child performs poorly.
C. SUPPORT ALL PLAYERS ON THE TEAM
                Your child's teammates are not the enemy. When they are playing better than your child, she
has a wonderful opportunity to learn.
D. SUPPORT THE PROGRAM            
                Get involved by volunteering, helping with fundraisers, car-pooling, or however else you can.
E. ENCOURAGE YOUR CHILD TO TALK WITH THE COACHES
                "Taking responsibility" - whether about playing difficulties or missing an upcoming match - is a
big part of the game.
F. UNDERSTAND AND DISPLAY APPROPRIATE GAME BEHAVIOR
                When you cheer appropriately, you help your child focus on the parts of the game he can
control (positioning, decision-making, skills, etc.). If he begins focusing on elements he can't control
(field conditions, the referee, the weather, etc.), he will not play up to his ability.
G. MONITOR YOUR CHILD AT HOME
                Be sure she is eating and sleeping properly. Help your child keep priorities straight. A youngster
needs help balancing schoolwork, friendships, and other commitments besides sports. But having made
a commitment to sports, she also needs help fulfilling her obligation to her team.
H. PASS THE REALITY TEST
                If your child's team loses but he played his best, help him see this as a "win." Remind him to
focus on the process, not the end result. Fun and satisfaction should come from "striving to win."
Conversely, do not let him be satisfied with "winning" if it comes from inadequate preparation and
performance.
               

VIOLATIONS/UNSPORTSMANLIKE CONDUCT
                A violation or unsportsmanlike conduct is any act prejudicial to the best interest of the
Tewksbury Athletic Association, including, but not limited to the following:
1.  Violation of the policies and rules of the Tewksbury Athletic Association including, but not limited to,
any rules of its authorized programs.
2.  Penalization by an administrative agency or court of law for violation of any local, municipal, state or
federal law or regulation which impacts upon the Tewksbury Athletic Association.
3.  Acting or inciting or permitting any other person to act in a manner contrary to the rules of the
Tewksbury Athletic Association, or in a manner deemed improper, unethical, dishonest,
unsportsmanlike or intemperate, or prejudicial to the best interest of the Tewksbury Athletic Association
including any of its authorized programs.
4. Any act committed or remark made in connection with a game or practice considered offensive
and/or made with the intent to influence or cast aspersions on the character or integrity of the coach,
assistant coach, officials, approaching a coach or an official before or after a decision at an inappropriate
time during or after a game, or public verbal abuse of a coach or official.
5. Physical assault upon a person.
6. Failure to obey any penalty imposed by the Tewksbury Athletic Association.
7. Competing while suspended or expelled by the Tewksbury Athletic Association.
8. Failure to pay any indebtedness to the Tewksbury Athletic Association.
9.  Failure to conduct one’s self in accordance with the Competitor’s, Parent’s or Coach’s Code of
Conduct.

PENALTIES
                If found guilty of a violation or act of unsportsmanlike conduct, the accused will be subject to
such penalties as the Hearing Committee may determine, including, but not limited to:
A. Censure.  A vote of censure will be listed under the accused’s name in the Secretary’s Record of
Penalties.  If found guilty of a further violation, the accused will be subject to a heavier penalty than for
a first offense.
B. Suspension of such person for any period of time from competing in one or all sports authorized to be
conducted under the auspices of the Tewksbury Athletic Association.  A suspended person is forbidden
for the time specified in the decision to hold or exercise an official position within the Tewksbury
Athletic Association, from the privilege of taking any part whatsoever in any Tewksbury Athletic
Association program and is excluded from all grounds upon which the Tewksbury Athletic Association
conducts their authorized programs as a participant, coach or spectator. 
C. Expulsion from one or all authorized programs of the Tewksbury Athletic Association.
D. Monetary Fine. 
E.  Any other penalty deemed appropriate under the circumstances.
 VIOLATIONS, PROTESTS AND CHARGES
                A Head Coach or his delegate shall have the authority to address any violation which occurs
during a practice or game.  In the event an incident occurs, the coach, in his/her sole discretion, shall
have the authority to penalize the person who has committed a violation.  The coach’s authority shall
include requiring the violator to sit out all or part of the practice or game; and/or remove the violator
from the field for the practice or game.
                The Program Director shall have the authority to address any violation which occurs during a
practice or game and impose a penalty deemed appropriate under the circumstances. 
                It is recommended that the coach or program director address any violation or incident and, if
appropriate, take any of the following action:
1. Issue warning;
2. Issue reprimand;
3. Impose skill/exercise penalty;
4. Impose suspension for entire current practice or game;
5. Impose one day suspension for the following practice or game.  The Program Director may impose
multi-day suspensions.
                In the event that a coach imposes a partial or full suspension in accordance with bullet  4 or 5
above, then the coach shall file an Incident Report with the president of the Tewksbury Athletic
Association in the form annexed hereto.
                A protest or charge may be filed by any person and said protest or charge must be in writing
and contain the full name and address of the accused, a complete and definite statement of acts which
constitute the alleged violation or unsportsmanlike conduct.  Precise details regarding an alleged
violation are necessary.  The maker of the protest or charge is encouraged to list each separate violation
and specify if said violation is set forth in the Tewksbury Athletic Association policies or Code of Conduct.
                The maker of the protest or charge must be prepared to substantiate the protest or charge by
his or her own personal testimony at a hearing of at least one other witness with personal knowledge. 
The maker and witness(es) will be subject to cross-examination. 
                The Tewksbury Athletic Association may investigate any protest or charge, may intervene in
any protest or charge at its discretion.  The Tewksbury Athletic Association may also attempt to arrange
a plea agreement or dismissal of a protest or charge in lieu of a hearing by reviewing all of the evidence
and/or conducting interviews with the maker and the accused to the protest or charge.
                The Chair of the Hearing Committee may designate one or more members of the Hearing
Committee, or any other individual to investigate any protest or charge, to conduct any necessary fact
finding, to hear evidence, to review documents submitted by the parties and to make proposed factual
findings to the Hearing Committee. 
                A protest or charge must be in writing, signed by the person making the charge, addressed to
the President of the Tewksbury Athletic Association and submitted within a reasonable time of the
alleged violation.
                Any person against whom a protest or charge is filed is entitled to a hearing.  The hearing shall
take place no earlier than ten (10) days after written notice to the accused except if the accused waives
the ten (10) day requirement and requests an expedited hearing, in which event, the Hearing Committee
shall schedule the same as soon as practically possible taking into consideration availability of the
maker, accused witnesses and members of the Hearing Committee.
                The written notice of protest or charge shall be provided to the accused with the proposed
hearing date within a reasonable time after it is received by the President of Tewksbury Athletic
Association. The notice shall specify the time and place at which the hearing is to be held or state that
the hearing will be held at a date to be determined. 
                The hearing date may be adjourned, postponed or continued upon receiving a written request
by either the maker or the accused based upon good cause shown.
                Accused persons may attend their hearing at their option, with or without legal counsel and
may bring witnesses, submit sworn statements or other evidence on their behalf.
                The proponent of a protest or charge has the burden of proof by a preponderance of the
evidence. 
                In connection with any protest or charge or any other violation of the Tewksbury Athletic
Association, and upon a finding that considerations involving the health, safety or welfare of the
Tewksbury Athletic Association members, warrant prompt action pending consideration of the matter
by the Hearing Committee, the Tewksbury Athletic Association President, may, by giving written notice
of such action, temporarily suspend any person from participating in any manner in the affairs of the
Tewksbury Athletic Association or participating in or attending all authorized programs until the Hearing
Committee is able to hear the protest or charge and take such further temporary or other disciplinary
action as it deems appropriate under these rules.
                The Hearing Committee shall consist of a chairman, assistant chairman and three additional
committee members.  The chairman shall preside at each hearing and if unavailable, shall delegate his or
her authority to the assistant chairman.  The Hearing Committee shall be made up of available members
of the Tewksbury Athletic Association Board of Trustees.
                Any member of the Hearing Committee or any presiding or participating person may at any
time disqualify himself or herself.  Upon the request of the accused or the maker of a charge or protest,
based upon a sufficient affidavit that personal bias exists or other sufficient grounds for disqualification,
the Hearing Committee will decide the request to determine if the person should be disqualified from
participating.
                The Hearing Committee shall receive evidence and hear testimony presented by the maker and
the accused.  At the conclusion of the hearing, the Hearing Committee shall prepare a written record of
the proceeding which shall include the evidence considered in the proceeding, each finding of fact based
upon the evidence, the conclusions and decisions regarding the alleged rule violation and a statement of
penalties, if any imposed and any other relief granted or denied.  This written record constitutes the
official record and decision of the Hearing Committee. 

                Whether or not the same are specifically provided for elsewhere in the Tewksbury Athletic
Association rules or policies, in all hearings conducted, the parties shall be accorded:
                a. Notice of the specific charges or alleged violations in writing and possible consequences if
the charges are found to be true.
                b. Reasonable time between receipt of the notice of charges and the hearing within which to
prepare a defense.
                c. The right to have the hearing conducted at such a time and place so as to make it practical
for the person charged to attend.
                d. A hearing before a disinterested and impartial body of fact finders wherein the proponent of
the charge must substantiate the charge by a preponderance of the evidence.
                e. The right to be assisted in the presentation of one’s case at the hearing, including the
assistance of legal counsel, if desired.
                f. The right to call witnesses and present oral and written evidence and arguments.
                g. The right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses including the right to be provided
the identity of witnesses in advance of the hearing.
                h. The right to have a record made of the hearing, if desired.
                i. A written decision with reasons thereof based solely on the evidence of record, handed down
in a timely fashion. 
                j. Written notice of appeal or review where applicable if the decision is adverse to the person
charged and prompt and fair adjudication of the appeal or review.

POST-HEARING PROCEDURES
                The decision of the Hearing Committee becomes final without further proceedings unless there
is a written appeal to the Hearing Committee for review by a party to the proceeding within fifteen (15)
days from the date of the initial decision or receipt of the written decision, whichever is later.  On appeal
from the initial decision, the Hearing Committee will not review the findings and recommendations, but
will determine only whether the rules were properly interpreted and applied.
                The Hearing Committee, in its sole discretion and on its own motion, may, after an initial
decision, review the entire record of an initial hearing, or any issue or finding and recommendation
contained therein, or hold a new hearing, as well as determine whether the rules were properly
interpreted and applied.  An accused, protestor or charging party who wishes to request such a review,
must make such request in writing, setting forth the reasons why a review is sought.  Said request must
be accompanied by a fee of $250.00 which fee is not refundable except in the discretion of the Hearing
Committee.
                Upon discovery of new facts not discoverable by due diligence prior to a hearing, a party may
request a hearing before the Hearing Committee.  Such requests must be in writing, and must contain a
statement of the new facts upon which it is based and must be accompanied by a fee of $250.00, which
fee is not refundable except in the discretion of the Hearing Committee.  Rehearings will not be granted
as a matter of right, but they are at the discretion of the Hearing Committee.

ORGANIZATION OF TEACHING BASKETBALL GAME

The first fundamental to instill in young players is that basketball is a team game. If there’s one lesson
you want to leave with them, it is this — no team is going to win unless each player contributes.
Everybody has to learn how to dribble, pass, defend, rebound, and hustle if the team is to play well and
succeed. Make it clear that unless everybody does their part, the team has very little chance of winning
consistently.

This is the first step in building a team mentality. Let your players know the team always comes ahead of
the individual. Stress the idea every player is important, and that everyone must contribute to the
team’s effort. Most importantly, you have to mean those words. Don’t fall into the trap of playing the
same five players and then pushing the others off to the side. Let every player know that he or she is
going to be called upon to play and perform during every game.

And remember, if you show confidence in your team, they will rise to the challenge. Praise not only
makes a player feel good, but it also results in bringing their game to a higher level.

DRIBBLING

As with all basketball skills, the only way to get better at dribbling is by practicing. Practice dribbling so
players become equally adept with either hand. With younger players the earlier you encourage them to
use both hands, the better off they'll be.

Let the kids know that practicing dribbling only during practice is not enough. If they really want to
become proficient at this basic basketball skill, they will have to practice on their own. They can learn to
dribble while standing around with their friends at home, in the backyard, at the playground, or even
while watching television.

The more they become accustomed to the feel of the ball the better they will become dribbling without
looking down at the ball. Remind players that this takes time — and not to be discouraged with the
initial frustrations of dribbling a basketball.

COACHING TIP

Set up four or five chairs or cones down the middle of the court. One player at a time attempts to
dribble as fast as possible up court while weaving around the chairs. This drill forces players to use both
hands while keeping their head up and eyes off the ball.
REBOUNDING

Rebounding is all about positioning. The defensive player’s job is to immediately turn around and “box
out” the opposing player as soon as a shot goes up. After all, if the defensive player is positioned
between the basket and the opponent, logic suggests that player will have a better chance of collecting
the rebound.

As soon as a shot goes up, the defensive player turns his or her entire body around facing the basket. At
the same time, the player should “feel” where the shooter is so the defender can keep the offensive
player away from the ball. Rebounding position should be reinforced in every scrimmage. After all, the
top coaches will tell you defense and rebounding win games.

PRACTICE TIP

Three players — one on the left corner of the free-throw line, one in the middle of the free-throw line
and the other at the right corner — assume a defensive position. Three other players take a position
opposite the defenders. The coach shoots the ball and the defensive players practice boxing out the
offensive players while all six go for the rebound.

SHOOTING

Like dribbling, shooting a basketball takes practice, practice, and more practice. For young players, trying
to hoist a standard size basketball into a 10-foot high hoop can be daunting.

You might want to consider having your younger players learn the proper shooting techniques by using a
smaller-sized ball. Also, consider letting them practice shooting at an adjustable hoop that is only 7 or 8
feet high.

In terms of technique, emphasize resting the ball on the fingers, and not in the palm. The ball should roll
off the fingertips when released. The ball should be loaded into the shooting position by the dominant
hand. The other hand should be used to balance the ball.

there, the shooter should focus on the basket, and aim at the back of the rim. The ball should be hoisted
in a soft trajectory at the basket, not in a straight line. The shooter should follow through by flicking the
fingers and wrist toward the basket. If the ball doesn’t go in, remind players to break for the basket for
the rebound. Players should always “follow the shot” in case the ball does not go in. This way they can
be in a position to contend for a rebound.
PRACTICE TIP

Divide the team into two groups at either end of the court. Similar to H-O-R-S-E, in this drill one player
takes a shot from anywhere on the court. If he makes the shot, then every other player must take the
same shot. A free-throw counts as one point, all other baskets count as two. The idea is to get to 21
points as fast as possible. As players reach 21, they leave the game. The drill is over when one player
remains.

PASSING

There are two kinds of passes — the chest pass and the bounce pass — that every player has to
master. But before players can advance to that stage, they have to master the basics.

The chest pass should be a practice staple. Teach players to hold the ball in both hands, and to direct the
ball towards their teammate by pushing the ball from the chest with both hands. The teammate should
catch the ball in the air with both hands.

The bounce pass is fundamentally similar to the chest pass. The ball is still thrown with both hands, and
it is directed at a teammate. This time, however, the ball is bounced once before being received. What
makes this pass a little tricky is that the bounce pass usually is thrown to a player who is on the move.
Hence, the player making the pass has to accurately anticipate how quickly his or her teammate is
moving.

COACHING TIP (NELL’s FAVORITE)

Have two lines of players set up at one end of the court. On your whistle, they both start running down
the court, parallel to each other, while passing the ball back and forth. It’s important that they mix up
their passes (chest and bounce) and they move quickly. As they get close to the other end of the court,
the last one with the ball should put up a lay-up. The key is quick passing.

DEFENSE

There are two basic defensive strategies in basketball: man-to-man, and zone. Each has a different
advantage that is easily explained to young players. For example, in the man-to-man defense each of
player is assigned to guard a player on the other team. This assignment usually occurs spontaneously at
the start of the game where each player matches up with the player closest to him or her. If a mismatch
is obvious, change up the assignments at your first opportunity.

The best way to teach younger players to keep track of who they are guarding is by memorizing the
opposing player’s jersey number. When substitutions begin, the player leaving the floor should tell the
incoming teammate “I’m guarding number 20” so there is no confusion as to who’s guarding whom on
the ensuing play.

In man-to-man defense, the defensive player simply roams wherever his or her offensive player goes.
That means a lot of movement. The real key for the defender is to stay between the offensive player and
the basket. Otherwise, the offensive player will have a relatively easy time shooting, rebounding and
passing.

COACHING TIP

Denying the Ball

Form a single line at the top of the key (the circle above the free-throw line). The first player in line is the
defensive player. The next player becomes the offensive player. The coach holds the ball as the offensive
player tries to break free and get open. The defensive player is practicing proper defensive positioning
while keeping one hand up to deny a pass from the coach.

Teach your players that man-to-man defense demands maximum effort. In addition to staying with the
offensive player, the defender needs to be in the proper defensive position — knees slightly bent, hands
in the air, ready to swipe at, or steal the ball. To move properly, the defender must learn how to slide
from side to side as well as backwards and forwards.

For younger players, this slide step maneuver could take a little time to learn. Make working on the slide
step a regular part of practice sessions. Players should take the ready defensive position with their
hands and arms up, and then move right, left, backward and forward. Take a moment to demonstrate
the drill properly, and remind them to stay in the ready position. After awhile, it will become a regular
habit.

Coaches usually employ a zone defense when they want to force the opposing team to shoot the ball
from the outside, or away from the basket. In effect, the coach is saying, “Here, try shooting the ball
over our defending players. Because if you miss your shot, we’ll be in an excellent position to grab the
rebound.”
In a zone, each defender is assigned to defend a certain portion, or zone as opposed to following an
individual player. Against a zone defense, the offensive players are forced to pass the ball around the
perimeter of the defense. Teach your players to have their hands up at all times, so they can block and
intercept passes thrown by the offensive team.

When the ball comes into a defender’s particular zone, the defender immediately steps up and tries to
make it difficult for the offensive player to shoot or pass the ball. Sometimes, depending on the kind of
zone being used, two defensive players can actually surround, or trap, the opposing player with the ball.
With two sets of arms and hands swirling in the offensive player’s face, making a good pass, or to taking
a shot can become virtually impossible.

Zones emphasize solid rebounding skills, and force the opposing team to take lower percentage shots
from the perimeter.

Keep in mind that in many youth leagues zone defenses are not allowed because so few players have
developed an outside shot. They do, however, become very popular by the time kids reach middle
school age. (By the way, sometimes coaches will have their team alternate between playing a man-to-
man with a zone defense during the course of a game. This is done in an attempt to momentarily
confuse and stall the opposing team.)

Zones

1-3-1 One player, usually the team’s quickest player, is at the top of the key. Three others are across the
foul line extended with a quick, but taller player in the lane. The player out front tries to force the ball
handler to the right or left where another defensive player comes over to create a trap.
2-1-2 Two players — usually guards — are above the free-throw line, one in the middle of the lane,
usually the center, and two players are down low on either side of the lane, these players are usually the
forwards. The goal, as with all zones, is to double team the player with the ball by driving him into a
zone where two defensive players converge.
2-3 Two players — usually guards — are out front above the free-throw line with the other three players
spread out across the middle of the lane.
OFFENSE

With younger players, you are better off teaching the two basic approaches: the fast break and the
patterned, half-court offense. Each system has its advantages as well as its drawbacks.
The Fast Break Offense

To put an effective fast break offense in place, you need a team that has great foot speed, is in
tremendous shape, and is very good at gathering defensive rebounds and throwing outlet passes to your
guards. In this traditional “run-and-gun” offense, the idea is to be so quick off the boards that your team
literally out races the opponent down the floor for easy baskets.

Of course, all this is predicated on your team’s ability to run, pass, and get rebounds. In practice, you
must work on these fundamentals as well as outlet passing and stamina. Unfortunately, a fast break
offense falls apart very quickly if the other team hustles back on defense, and forces your team into a
half-court offense. Teams that train exclusively for the fast-break game often have a hard time setting up
a patterned, slow down offense, and that can cause problems.

The Patterned Half-Court Offense If you decide to work on set plays, then you can devote a good chunk
of practice to explaining how each play works. Let them walk through the plays at first, and then practice
those plays over and over again until they become automatic. Your point guard controls the offense. He
or she should call out a play designed to get one of your players an open shot or keep the ball moving
from player to player until a high percentage shot is available.

Of course, smart coaches teach their kids the fast break and the half-court offenses. They’ll let their kids
run a fast break offense if they get the chance, but they’ll also be schooled in setting up a play if the fast
break doesn’t materialize.

Knowing When To Call a Time-Out Here’s a little tip. The best time to call a time-out is before the
opposing team has gained momentum and scored a bunch of points to either tie the score or move
ahead. Too many coaches wait until the damage has already been done and then they call time-out.
If your coaching instincts tell you the other team is beginning to catch fire, don’t wait! That’s the
precise moment to call a time-out — to let your kids rest, to slow down the other team, and to let your
team regain its poise. Remember that a time-out is a coaching device designed to allow your team to
catch its breath, maintain its own momentum, and give you a chance to keep them pumped up.

If you’re in a situation where the game is coming down to a last shot and a time-out must be called,
explain what kind of play you want to run, and let them execute. Be sure your instructions are clear, to
the point, and well understood by the players. Hopefully, you’ve had a chance to practice some last-
second plays in practice.

Creating Your Line-Up

If you are going to coach basketball, you must position your players appropriately. Here’s a quick
overview of the five positions on the court:

1 The Point Guard: This player handles the ball as the team moves up the court and into its offensive
plays. The point guard is much like the quarterback of a football team. Point guards must be excellent
ball handlers who are able to see the whole court — that means being able to dribble without looking at
the ball. A talented point guard who can also make a jump shot and drive to the basket is essential to a
team’s success.
2 The Shooting Guard: While this player has solid ball handling skills, he or she is usually the team’s best
shooter and top scorer. This player is also referred to at times as the “off guard.” The shooting guard is
normally the team’s most athletic player on the floor.
3 The Small Forward: The small forward is usually the most versatile player on the court. This person
plays both an “inside” and “outside” game. He or she must have the skills to shoot and dribble the ball
well, while using his or her size and strength to battle near the basket for rebounds. Don’t be fooled by
the name, small forwards need to be big.
4 The Power Forward: This player is known as the team’s primary rebounder at both ends of the court.
On defense, power forwards can start a fast break by grabbing a rebound and making a quick outlet pass
to one of the guards. Big and strong, the power forward may not be the most graceful player on the
team, but his or her presence is always felt.
5 The Center: To be successful at any level, a team usually needs a talented big man in the middle.
Traditionally, the center is the tallest player on the team. The center’s job is to anchor the team’s
defense and rebound the ball at both ends of the court. Additionally, the center is the team’s primary
low post scorer on offense.
In addition to working on basketball fundamentals always try to teach a few basic plays during
practice. Bring the players around the clipboard and diagram specific offensive plays. For example, the
traditional “give-and-go” play can be explained with a diagram and then with you and your assistant
coaches demonstrating. Then let the kids practice the play.

Show them how a screen works. First, with a diagram, then with your assistants demonstrating. Once
the kids have mastered these basic plays, you can introduce a play or two in succeeding practice
sessions. Block out time in each practice so players can walk through the play before executing the play
at full speed. Make sure every player learns how to run the plays. You can even have some fun by letting
your players decide what they want to call the plays.

The BACK DOOR

The Back Door is particularly effective against aggressive man-to-man defenses. It is specifically designed
to exploit the aggressive tactics of defenders guarding players without the ball.

The Back Door can be executed by any two offensive players just about anywhere on the court and is
even effective against a full-court press.

1. As the point guard 1 crosses the center line and attempts to set up the offense, a teammate 2 takes
two quick steps to the left. (Diagram 1)

2. The teammate 2 takes these two quick steps knowing the aggressive defender trying to deny the ball
will go with him. (Diagram 1)

3. As soon as the defender catches up, the offensive player 2 breaks for the basket. (Diagram 2)
4. A split second after the offensive player 2 breaks, the point guard 1 fires a pass to him. Since the play
can unfold quickly, use a bounce or a chest pass, whichever gets the ball to the breaking man 2 quicker.
(Diagram 2)

The PICK AND ROLL

John Stockton and Karl Malone, teammates on the Utah Jazz, are famous for executing the pick-and-roll
to near perfection. The play can be so effective that even when defenders know it’s coming, the pick-
and-roll can still be difficult to stop.

Keep in mind that the pick-and-roll is used almost exclusively against aggressive man-to-man defenses.
The play can be executed by any two offensive players. There are three options off the pick-and-roll and
each are designed to create a high percentage shot for the offense by “picking” one of the two defensive
players.

Pick and Roll to Jump Shot

1. The point guard 1 dribbles the ball to the side of the court where another offensive player 4 is
isolated, or alone with his or her defender. In each of these options the player isolated on the left side of
the court is the power forward 4 .

2. The guard 1 drives his man to the left. As he does so, his teammate 4 heads in the same direction to
set the pick.

3. As the pick is set, the guard 1 dribbles close to and around his teammate 4 in an attempt to drive the
defensive player into the pick.

4. As soon as the offensive player 4 feels the guard’s defender run into him, the offensive player 4 rolls
to the corner. The guard 1 , who appears headed to have either a clear lane to the basket or an open
jump shot, attracts the attention of both defenders x1 x4and quickly passes to his teammate 4 for an
open jump shot.

Pick and Roll to Man

Steps 1 + 2+ 3 (Same as above)

4. Instead of rolling into the corner for a jump shot, the offensive player 4 setting the pick rolls to the
basket. Defenders are usually caught watching the player with the ball, in this case the point guard 1 .
5. The point guard passes through the defenders — usually a bounce pass — to his teammate 4 for an
easy basket.

Pick and Roll to Drive

1. The guard 1 and his teammate 4 head to the same spot on the floor.

2. The guard 1 waits for the pick to be set, then drives his defender into the pick. The guard 1 simply
needs his defender x1 slowed down by the pick. Even the briefest hesitation by the defender can open a
lane to the basket for the guard 1 .

3. The guard keeps his dribble and moves as close as possible to his teammate 4 setting the pick. If the
guard’s defender x1 gets caught by the pick, the guard 1 heads straight to the basket.
BASKETBALL
Basketball, game played between two teams of five players each on a rectangular court, usually indoors.
Each team tries to score by tossing the ball through the opponent’s goal, an elevated horizontal hoop
and net called a basket.
The only major sport strictly of U.S. origin, basketball was invented by James Naismith (1861–1939) on
or about December 1, 1891, at the International Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) Training
School (now Springfield College), Springfield, Massachusetts, where Naismith was an instructor
in physical education.

For that first game of basketball in 1891, Naismith used as goals two half-bushel peach baskets, which
gave the sport its name. The students were enthusiastic. After much running and shooting, William R.
Chase made a midcourt shot—the only score in that historic contest. Word spread about the newly
invented game, and numerous associations wrote Naismith for a copy of the rules, which were
published in the January 15, 1892, issue of the Triangle, the YMCA Training School’s campus paper.

While basketball is competitively a winter sport, it is played on a 12-month basis—on summer

playgrounds, in municipal, industrial, and church halls, in school yards and family driveways, and in
summer camps—often on an informal basis between two or more contestants. Many grammar schools,
youth groups, municipal recreation centres, churches, and other organizations conduct basketball
programs for youngsters of less than high school age. Jay Archer, of Scranton, Pennsylvania, introduced
“biddy” basketball in 1950 for boys and girls under 12 years of age, the court and equipment being
adjusted for size.
 History

The early years

In the early years the number of players on a team varied according to the number in the class and the
size of the playing area. In 1894 teams began to play with five on a side when the playing area was less
than 1,800 square feet (167.2 square metres); the number rose to seven when
the gymnasium measured from 1,800 to 3,600 square feet (334.5 square metres) and up to nine when
the playing area exceeded that. In 1895 the number was occasionally set at five by mutual consent; the
rules stipulated five players two years later, and this number has remained ever since.

Players shooting into a closed-bottom peach basket in an outdoor game of basketball, 1892.
Courtesy of the Basketball Hall of Fame, Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.
Since Naismith and five of his original players were Canadians, it is not surprising that Canada was the
first country outside the United States to play the game. Basketball was introduced in France in 1893,
in England in 1894, in Australia, China, and India soon thereafter, and in Japan in 1900.

While basketball helped swell the membership of YMCAs because of the availability of their  gyms, within
five years the game was outlawed by various associations because gyms that had been occupied by
classes of 50 or 60 members were now monopolized by only 10 to 18 players. The banishment of the
game induced many members to terminate their YMCA membership and to hire halls to play the game,
thus paving the way to the professionalization of the sport.

Originally, players wore one of three styles of uniforms: knee-length football trousers; jersey tights, as
commonly worn by wrestlers; or short padded pants, forerunners of today’s uniforms, plus knee guards.
The courts often were of irregular shape with occasional obstructions such as pillars, stairways, or offices
that interfered with play. In 1903 it was ruled that all boundary lines must be straight. In 1893
the Narragansett Machinery Co. of Providence, Rhode Island, marketed a hoop of iron with a hammock
style of basket. Originally a ladder, then a pole, and finally a chain fastened to the bottom of the net was
used to retrieve a ball after a goal had been scored. Nets open at the bottom were adopted in 1912–13.
In 1895–96 the points for making a basket (goal, or field goal) were reduced from three to two, and the
points for making a free throw (shot uncontested from a line in front of the basket after a foul had been
committed) were reduced from three to one.

Baskets were frequently attached to balconies, making it easy for spectators behind a basket to lean
over the railings and deflect the ball to favour one side and hinder the other; in 1895 teams were urged
to provide a 4-by-6-foot (1.2-by-1.8-metre) screen for the purpose of eliminating interference. Soon
after, wooden backboards proved more suitable. Glass backboards were legalized by the professionals in
1908–09 and by colleges in 1909–10. In 1920–21 the backboards were moved 2 feet (0.6 metre), and in
1939–40 4 feet, in from the end lines to reduce frequent stepping out-of-bounds. Fan-shaped
backboards were made legal in 1940–41.

A soccer ball (football) was used for the first two years. In 1894 the first basketball was marketed. It was
laced, measured close to 32 inches (81 cm), or about 4 inches (10 cm) larger than the soccer ball, in
circumference, and weighed less than 20 ounces (567 grams). By 1948–49, when the laceless molded
ball was made official, the size had been set at 30 inches (76 cm).

The first college to play the game was either Geneva College (Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania) or
the University of Iowa. C.O. Bemis heard about the new sport at Springfield and tried it out with his
students at Geneva in 1892. At Iowa, H.F. Kallenberg, who had attended Springfield in 1890, wrote
Naismith for a copy of the rules and also presented the game to his students. At Springfield, Kallenberg
met Amos Alonzo Stagg, who became athletic director at the new University of Chicago in 1892. The first
college basketball game with five on a side was played between the University of Chicago and the
University of Iowa in Iowa City on January 18, 1896. The University of Chicago won, 15–12, with neither
team using a substitute. Kallenberg refereed that game—a common practice in that era—and some of
the spectators took exception to some of his decisions.

The colleges formed their own rules committee in 1905, and by 1913 there were at least five sets of
rules: collegiate, YMCA–Amateur Athletic Union, those used by state militia groups, and two varieties of
professional rules. Teams often agreed to play under a different set for each half of a game. To establish
some measure of uniformity, the colleges, Amateur Athletic Union, and YMCA formed the Joint Rules
Committee in 1915. This group was renamed the National Basketball Committee (NBC) of the United
States and Canada in 1936 and until 1979 served as the game’s sole amateur rule-making body. In that
year, however, the colleges broke away to form their own rules committee, and during the same year
the National Federation of State High School Associations likewise assumed the task of establishing
separate playing rules for the high schools. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Rules
Committee for men is a 12-member board representing all three NCAA divisions. It has six members
from Division I schools and three each from Divisions II and III. It has jurisdiction over colleges, junior
colleges, the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), and Armed Forces basketball. There
is a similar body for women’s play.

Growth of the game

Basketball grew steadily but slowly in popularity and importance in the United States and internationally
in the first three decades after World War II. Interest in the game deepened as a result of television
exposure, but with the advent of cable television, especially during the 1980s, the game’s popularity
exploded at all levels. Given a timely mix of spectacular players—such as Earvin (“Magic”)
Johnson, Julius Erving (“Dr. J”), Larry Bird, and Michael Jordan—and the greatly increased exposure,
basketball moved quickly to the forefront of the American sporting scene, alongside such traditional
leaders as baseball and football. Four areas of the game developed during this period: U.S. high school
and college basketball, professional basketball, women’s basketball, and international basketball.

International competition

The success of international basketball was greatly advanced by Forrest C. (“Phog”) Allen, a
Naismith disciple and a former coach at the University of Kansas, who led the movement for the
inclusion of basketball in the Olympic Games in 1936 and thereafter. Basketball has also been played in
the Pan-American Games since their inauguration in 1951. The international game is governed by
the Fédération Internationale de Basketball Amateur (FIBA). World championships began in 1950 for
men and in 1953 for women. (The men’s tournament was renamed the FIBA Basketball World Cup in
2014.) Under international rules the court differs in that there is no frontcourt or backcourt, and the free
throw lanes form a modified wedge shape. There are some differences in rules, including those
governing substitutions, technical and personal fouls, free throws, intermissions, and time-outs. Outside
the United States there are few places that strictly separate amateur from professional athletes.
Anne Donovan (centre) of the United States attempts to shoot over Polona Dornik (left) and Sladjana
Golic (right) of Yugoslavia during the 1988 World Amateur Basketball Championship
Focus on Sports
Basketball has caught on particularly well in Italy. The Italian professional basketball league (Lega
Basket) is highly regarded and popular in that country. Spain also has several basketball leagues, the
main one being the ACB (Asociación de Clubes de Baloncesto). The other major centre of European
basketball is eastern Europe, particularly the Balkans. Although the European leagues are not formally
aligned with the American NBA, there are links between European and American basketball. It is not
uncommon for European players to be drafted by the NBA, nor is it uncommon for American players to
play in Europe. American players in the European leagues tend to be older players who have finished
successful NBA careers in the United States or younger players who have not yet been drafted into the
NBA.

Play Of The Game

Court and equipment

The standard American basketball court is in the shape of a rectangle 50 feet (15.2 metres) by 94 feet
(28.7 metres); high school courts may be slightly smaller. There are various markings on the court,
including a centre circle, free throw lanes, and a three-point line, that help regulate play. A goal,
or basket, 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter is suspended from a backboard at each end of the court. The
metal rim of the basket is 10 feet (3 metres) above the floor. In the professional game the backboard is a
rectangle, 6 feet (1.8 metres) wide and 3.5 feet (1.1 metres) high, made of a transparent material,
usually glass; it may be 4 feet (1.2 metres) high in college. The international court varies somewhat in
size and markings. The spherical inflated ball measures 29.5 to 30 inches (74.9 to 76 cm) in
circumference and weighs 20 to 22 ounces (567 to 624 grams). Its covering is leather or composition.
 Rules

The rules governing play of the game are based on Naismith’s five principles requiring a large, light  ball,
handled with the hands; no running with the ball; no player being restricted from getting the ball when
it is in play; no personal contact; and a horizontal, elevated goal. The rules are spelled out in specific
detail by the governing bodies of the several branches of the sport and cover the playing court and
equipment, officials, players, scoring and timing, fouls, violations, and other matters. The officials include
a referee and two umpires in college play (two referees and a crew chief in NBA play), two timers, and
two scorekeepers. One player on each team acts as captain and speaks for the team on all matters
involving the officials, such as interpretation of rules. Professional, international, and high school games
are divided into four periods, college games into two.

Since the 1895–96 season, a field goal has scored two points and a free throw one point. When
the ABA was founded in 1967, it allowed three points for shots made from outside a boundary line set
25 feet (7.6 metres) from the basket. With varying distances, the change was adopted officially by the
NBA in 1979 and, in 1985, by colleges.

Basketball is a rough sport, although it is officially a noncontact game. A player may pass or bounce
(dribble) the ball to a position whereby he or a teammate may try for a basket. A foul is committed
whenever a player makes such contact with an opponent as to put him at a disadvantage; for the 2001–
02 season the NBA approved a rule change that eliminated touch fouls, meaning brief contact initiated
by a defensive player is allowable if it does not impede the progress of the offensive player. If a player is
fouled while shooting and the shot is good, the basket counts and he is awarded one free throw (an
unhindered throw for a goal from behind the free throw, or foul, line, which is 15 feet [4.6 metres] from
the backboard); if the shot misses, he gets a second free throw.

If a foul is committed against a player who is not shooting, then his team is awarded either the
possession of the ball or a free throw if the other team is in a penalty situation. A team is in a penalty
situation when it has been called for a set number of fouls in one period (five in one quarter in
professional and international play and seven in one half in the college game). In college basketball,
penalty free throws are “one-and-one” in nature (consisting of one free throw that, if made, is followed
by a second) until the opposing team commits a 10th foul in a half, creating a “double bonus” situation
where all fouls automatically result in two free throws. A pair of penalty free throws are immediately
earned when teams enter the penalty situation in both the NBA and international play.

Infractions such as unsportsmanlike conduct or grasping the rim are technical fouls, which award to the
opposition a free throw and possession of the ball. Overly violent fouls are called flagrant fouls and also
result in free throws and possession for the opposition. Players are allowed a set number of personal
fouls per game (six in the NBA, five in most other competitions) and are removed from the game when
the foul limit is reached.

Other common infractions occur when a player (with the ball) takes an excessive number of steps or
slides; fails to advance the ball within five seconds while being “closely guarded”; causes the ball to go
out-of-bounds; steps over the foul line while shooting a free throw; steps over the end line or sideline
while tossing the ball in to a teammate, or fails to pass the ball in within five seconds; runs with, kicks, or
strikes the ball with his fist; dribbles a second time after having once concluded his dribble (double
dribble); remains more than three seconds in his free throw lane while he or his team has the ball;
causes the ball to go into the backcourt; retains the ball in the backcourt more than 10 seconds,
changed in the NBA to 8 seconds for 2001–02; or fails to shoot within the time allotted by the  shot
clock (24 seconds in the NBA, the WNBA, and international play; 30 in women’s college basketball; and
35 in men’s college basketball). The penalty is loss of the ball—opponents throw the ball in from the
side.

Common terms used in basketball include the following:

Blocking

Any illegal personal contact that impedes the progress of an opponent who does not have the ball.

Dribble

Ball movement by bouncing the ball. A dribble ends when a player touches the ball with both hands
simultaneously or does not continue his dribble.

Held ball

Called when two opponents have one or two hands so firmly upon the ball that neither can gain
possession without undue roughness. It also is called when a player in the frontcourt is so closely
guarded that he cannot pass or try for a goal or is obviously withholding the ball from play.

Jump ball

A method of putting the ball into play. The referee tosses the ball up between two opponents who try to
tap it to a teammate. The jump ball is used to begin games and, in the professional game, when the ball
is possessed by two opposing players at the same time.

Pass
Throwing, batting, or rolling the ball to another player. The main types are (1) the chest pass, in which
the ball is released from a position in front of the chest, (2) the bounce pass, in which the ball is bounced
on the floor to get it past a defensive opponent, (3) the roll pass on the floor, (4) the hook pass (side or
overhead), and (5) the baseball pass, in which the ball is thrown a longer distance with one hand in a
manner similar to a baseball throw.

Pivot

A movement in which a player with the ball steps once or more in any direction with the same foot
while the other foot (pivot foot) is kept at its point of contact with the floor.

Pivot player

Another term for centre; also called a post player. He may begin the offensive set from a position just
above the free throw line.

Rebounding

Both teams attempting to gain possession of the ball after any try for a basket that is unsuccessful, but
the ball does not go out-of-bounds and remains in play.

Screen, or pick

Legal action of a player who, without causing more than incidental contact, delays or prevents an
opponent from reaching his desired position.

Shots from the field

One of the main field shots is the layup, in which the shooter, while close to the basket, jumps and lays
the ball against the backboard so it will rebound into the basket or just lays it over the rim. Away from
the basket, players use a one-hand push shot from a stride, jump, or standing position and a hook shot,
which is overhead. Some players can dunk or slam-dunk the ball, jamming the ball down into the basket.

Traveling (walking with the ball)

Progressing in any direction in excess of the prescribed limits, normally two steps, while holding the ball.

Turnover
Loss of possession of the ball by a team through error or a rule violation.

Principles of play

Each team of five players consists of two forwards, two guards, and a centre, usually the tallest man on
the team. At the beginning of the first period of a game, the ball is put into play by a  jump ball at centre
court; i.e., the referee tosses the ball up between the opposing centres, higher than either can jump,
and when it descends each tries to tap it to one of his teammates, who must remain outside the centre
circle until the ball is tapped. Subsequent periods of professional and college games begin with a throw
in from out-of-bounds. Jump balls are also signaled by the officials when opposing players share
possession of the ball (held ball) or simultaneously cause it to go out-of-bounds. In U.S. college games
the alternate-possession rule is invoked in jump ball situations, with teams taking turns getting
possession.

After each successful basket (field goal) the ball is put back in play by the team that is scored on, by one
player passing the ball in from behind the end line where the score was made. The ball is put in play in
the same manner after a successful free throw or, if two have been awarded, after the second if it is
successful. After nonshooting violations the ball is awarded to the opposing team to be passed inbounds
from a point designated by an official.

A player who takes possession of the ball must pass or shoot before taking two steps or must start
dribbling before taking his second step. When the dribble stops, the player must stop his movement and
pass or shoot the ball. The ball may be tapped or batted with the hands, passed, bounced, or rolled in
any direction.

As basketball has progressed, various coaches and players have devised intricate plays and offensive
maneuvers. Some systems emphasize speed, deft ball handling, and high scoring; others stress ball
control, slower patterned movement, and lower scoring. A strategy based on speed is called the  fast
break. When fast-break players recover possession of the ball in their backcourt, as by getting the
rebound from an opponent’s missed shot, they race upcourt using a combination of speed and passing
and try to make a field goal before the opponents have time to set up a defense.

Some teams, either following an overall game plan or as an alternative when they do not have the
opportunity for a fast break, employ a more deliberate style of offense. The guards carefully bring the
ball down the court toward the basket and maintain possession of the ball in the frontcourt by passing
and dribbling and by screening opponents in an effort to set up a play that will free a player for an open
shot. Set patterns of offense generally use one or two pivot, or post, players who play near the free
throw area at the low post positions (within a few feet of the basket) or at high post positions (near the
free throw line). The pivot players are usually the taller players on the team and are in position to
receive passes, pass to teammates, shoot, screen for teammates, and tip in or rebound (recover) missed
shots. All the players on the team are constantly on the move, executing the patterns designed to give
one player a favourable shot—and at the same time place one or more teammates in a good position to
tip in or rebound if that player misses.

Systems of defense also have developed over the years. One of the major strategies is known as man-to-
man. In this system each player guards a specific opponent, except when “switching” with a teammate
when he is screened or in order to guard another player in a more threatening scoring position. Another
major strategy is the zone, or five-man, defense. In this system each player has a specific area to guard
irrespective of which opponent plays in that area. The zone is designed to keep the offense from driving
in to the basket and to force the offense into taking long shots.

A great many variations and combinations have been devised to employ the several aspects of both
man-to-man and zone defensive strategies. The press, which can be either man-to-man or zone, is used
by a team to guard its opponent so thoroughly that the opposition is forced to hurry its movements and
especially to commit errors that result in turnovers. A full-court press applies this pressure defense from
the moment the opposition takes possession of the ball at one end of the court. Well-coached teams are
able to modify both their offensive and defensive strategies according to the shifting circumstances of
the game and in response to their opponents’ particular strengths and weaknesses and styles of play.

ASPECTS OF THE GAME THINGS TO CONSIDER

TEAM COMPOSITION 10 Players per team 5 Players to play per quarter
START OF PLAY JUMP PLAY
DURATION OF GAMES 8-minute quarter (32 minutes per game)
TIME-OUTS 2 time-outs per quarter except for the last
quarter which is 3
SUBSTITUTIONS 5 maximum substitutions per quarter
REGULAR FOULS Blocking foul Charging/Offensive foul Illegal use
of hands Holding
REGULAR VIOLATIONS Goal-tending Travelling violation Backing violation
Stepping on the line Loose ball
TIME VIOLATIONS 3-second violation 5-second violation 8-second
violation Shot Clock violation (24-second
violation)
SERIOUS OFFENSES/MISCONDUCTS Assault to an opposing player Disrespect to
officials
OVERTIME In case of tie, 5-minute overtime is given
OFFICIALS OF THE GAME Referee
Umpire
Time keeper
Scorer
 BASKETBALL SKILLS ASSESSMENT

Stated learning outcomes: Students will dribble the ball with both hands, shoot the ball, perform layups,
and show competency during a game.

NEEDS IMPROVEMENT FAIR GOOD

1 POINT 3 POINTS 5 POINTS
DRIBBLING  Student cannot • Does not have good • Student dribbles with
dribble the control head up
basketball with • Cannot dribble with • Student dribbles with
control while head up finger pads, knees bent
moving • Sometimes dribbles • Able to pivot while
 Dribbles with with finger pads dribbling
palm of hand • Student can dribble the
 Rigid stance, basketball with good
knees not bent control and proper
positioning
SHOOTING • Student cannot shoot • Student can sometimes • Student shoots the ball
the ball successfully shoot the ball correctly
• Student does not successfully • Student follows
 follow through • Student sometimes through • Student is
• Student uses two hands follows through usually successful in
to shoot • Student uses two hands shooting
instead of one to shoot
PASSING • Student cannot pass the • Student can sometimes • Student passes the ball
ball successfully pass the ball successfully correctly
• Student does not • Student sometimes • Student follows
follow through on pass follows through on pass through on pass
• Student cannot get the • Student sometimes • Student usually
pass to teammates make sure the pass completes the pass to a
• Student does not make recipient is ready for the teammate
sure the pass recipient is ball • Student usually makes
ready for the ball sure their teammate is
ready for the pass
LAY UPS • Student cannot • Student can sometimes • Student demonstrates
demonstrate a proper demonstrate proper proper layups
layup layups • Student uses correct 2-
• Has difficulty • Can occasionally step approach
performing the proper 2- perform proper 2-step • Student usually finds
step approach after many approach success in scoring layups
attempts • Scoring layups is
• Loses control of the inconsistent
ball
GAME PLAY • Student does not • Student sometimes • Student consistently
follow the rules of follows the rules of follows the rules of
basketball basketball basketball
• Student argues with • Student does not • Student is a team
other players always show proper player • Student has
• Student has little defensive or offensive good understanding of
understanding of skills offensive and defensive
positioning and game • Student is sometimes play
play not involved in the play • Student is always
• Student often is not involved in the game
involved in the play
SOFTBALL
Softball is a variation of the sport baseball. It’s more commonly played at a recreational level and played
on a pitch smaller than that of baseball. Whilst the rules are very similar there are some that differ. The
sport is widely played throughout North America but there are also professional leagues played in Asia,
Europe and South America.
Object of the Game

The object of softball is to hit the ball with a bat before the player tries to run around an infield with four
bases. Once a player manages to get right round without being given out a run is scored. The team with
the most runs at the end of the game is deemed the winner.

Players & Equipment

Each softball team has 9 players. The game takes place over 7 innings and within each innings the team
will bat then field. An innings is split into two sections called the top and the bottom of the innings. The
away team bats first at the top of the innings whilst the home team field, then teams switch so the
home team bats at the bottom of the innings.

Pitch sizes vary in softball and are often just whatever size can be found or used at the time. The in- filed
has four bases in a diamond shape. The bases are home base (where the batter stands), first base,
second base and third base. Home plate can be found in the centre of the field where the pitcher must
stand to throw the ball. The pitcher must throw the ball underarm and must have at least one foot on
the plate at the point of delivery.

Once a batting order is set at the start of the game it cannot be changed throughout. A batsman can be
given out by being caught by a fielder without the ball bouncing, missing the ball three times in which a
strike is called or by being tagged by a fielder holding the ball whilst running between bases. A batsman
can be walked to first base if the pitcher fails to get the ball within the strike zone 4 times without a
stroke being made. The strike zone in softball is larger than that of baseball.

Teams can be mixed with men and women or with just a single sex on each team. Once a team have
completed their innings then the teams switch to do the opposite role. An innings is complete when the
fielding team manage to get three players out from the bating team.
Scoring

To score a run the batsman must successfully first hit the ball and make it around the bases without
being given out. One run is scored for every batsmen they manage to get round. A run can be scored
even if the batsmen who hit the ball doesn’t make it round to home plate but manages to get a player
that’s already on one of the bases home.

Winning the Game

The winners of the game will be decided after the 7 innings have all been completed. The team with
most runs after 7 innings will be declared the winner. If after 7 innings the game is tied, then an extra
innings will be played until a winner is found.

Rules of Softball

 Each team consists of 9 players and teams can be of mixed gender

 A game lasts for 7 innings and is split into two sections; the top and bottom of the innings.
 Each team bats once in each innings before the sides switch.
 The fielding team has a pitcher, catcher, a player on first base, second base, third base, three
deep fielders and short stop.
 A batter must successfully strike the ball and run around as many bases as possible. Once they
get all the way around and back to home plate without being given out a run is scored.
 The fielding team can prevent the batsmen by making them miss the ball, catching the ball,
tagging one of the bases before they reach it or tagging the batsmen whilst they are running
with the ball in hand.
 Down the first and third base line is a foul area. Once the ball crosses this line before it bounces
the ball is deemed ‘dead’ and play restarts with a new pitch.
 A home run can be scored by hitting the ball over the outfield and into a dead ball area. The
batsmen can then stroll around the bases to score along with any additional batsmen on base.

 
SOFT BALL FIELD
 FOOTBALL

Football (Soccer) is one of the oldest sports in the world and with that; it’s also one of the most
recognised. The pinnacle of the international game comes in the form the Football World Cup. There
are also tournament such as the Euro Championships, Copa America and the African Cup of
Nations. Domestically the strongest leagues come from England (English Premier League), Spain
(La Liga), Italy (Serie A) and Germany (Bundesliga). In parts of the world the sport is also known as
Soccer.

Object of the Game

The aim of football is to score more goals then your opponent in a 90 minute playing time frame. The
match is split up into two halves of 45 minutes. After the first 45 minutes players will take a 15 minute
rest period called half time. The second 45 minutes will resume and any time deemed fit to be added on
by the referee (injury time) will be accordingly.

Players & Equipment

Each team consists of 11 players. These are made up of one goalkeeper and ten outfield players. The
pitch dimensions vary from each ground but are roughly 120 yards long and 75 yards wide. On each
pitch you will have a 6 yard box next to the goal mouth, an 18 yard box surrounding the 6 yard box and a
centre circle. Each half of the pitch must be a mirror image of the other in terms of dimensions.

Essentially the equipment that is needed for a soccer match is pitch and a football. Additionally players
can be found wearing studded football boots, shin pads and matching strips. The goalkeepers will
additionally wear padded gloves as they are the only players allowed to handle the ball. Each team will
have a designated captain.

Scoring
To score the ball must go into your opponent’s goal. The whole ball needs to be over the line for it to be
a legitimate goal. A goal can be scored with any part of the body apart from the hand or arm up to the
shoulder. The goal itself consists of a frame measuring 8 feet high and 8 yards wide.

Winning the Game

To win you have to score more goals than that of your opponents. If the scores are level after 90
minutes then the game will end as a draw apart from in cup games where the game can go to extra time
and even a penalty shootout to decide the winner. Players must use their feet to kick the ball and are
prohibited to use their hands apart from goalkeepers who can use any part of their body within the 18
yard box (of which more can be found out in the next section).

Rules of Football (Soccer)

 A match consists of two 45 minutes halves with a 15 minute rest period in between.
 Each team can have a minimum off 11 players (including 1 goalkeeper who is the only player
allowed to handle the ball within the 18 yard box) and a minimum of 7 players are needed to
constitute a match.
 The field must be made of either artificial or natural grass. The size of pitches is allowed to vary
but must be within 100-130 yards long and 50-100 yards wide. The pitch must also be marked
with a rectangular shape around the outside showing out of bounds, two six yard boxes, two 18
yard boxes and a centre circle. A spot for a penalty placed 12 yards out of both goals and centre
circle must also be visible.
 The ball must have a circumference of 58-61cm and be of a circular shape.
 Each team can name up to 7 substitute players. Substitutions can be made at any time of the
match with each team being able to make a maximum of 3 substitutions per side. In the event of
all three substitutes being made and a player having to leave the field for injury the team will be
forced to play without a replacement for that player.
 Each game must include one referee and two assistant referee’s (linesmen). It’s the job of the
referee to act as time keeper and make any decisions which may need to be made such as fouls,
free kicks, throw ins, penalties and added on time at the end of each half. The referee may
consult the assistant referees at any time in the match regarding a decision. It’s the assistant
referee’s job to spot offside’s in the match (see below), throw ins for either team and also assist
the referee in all decision making processes where appropriate.
 If the game needs to head to extra time as a result of both teams being level in a match then 30
minutes will be added in the form of two 15 minute halves after the allotted 90 minutes.
 If teams are still level after extra time then a penalty shootout must take place.
 The whole ball must cross the goal line for it to constitute as a goal.
 For fouls committed a player could receive either a yellow or red card depending on the severity
of the foul; this comes down to the referee’s discretion. The yellow is a warning and a red card is
a dismissal of that player. Two yellow cards will equal one red. Once a player is sent off then they
cannot be replaced.
 If a ball goes out of play off an opponent in either of the side lines then it is given as a throw in. If
it goes out of play off an attacking player on the base line then it is a goal kick. If it comes off a
defending player it is a corner kick.
The Offside Rule in Football

Offside can be called when an attacking player is in front of the last defender when the pass is played
through to them. The offside area is designed to discourage players from simply hanging around the
opponent’s goal waiting for a pass. To be onside they must be placed behind the last defender when the
ball is played to them. If the player is in front of that last defender then he is deemed to be offside and
free kick to the defending team will be called.

A player cannot be caught offside in their own half. The goalkeeper does not count as a defender. If the
ball is played backwards and the player is in front of the last defender then he is deemed to be not
offside.

REFEREE HAND SIGNAL IN FOOTBALL

SOCCER
Soccer (Football) The sport of soccer (called football in most of the world) is considered to be the world's
most popular sport. In soccer there are two teams of eleven players. Soccer is played on a large grass
field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to get the soccer ball into the opposing team's
goal. The key to soccer is that, with the exception of the goalie, players cannot touch the ball with their
hands, they can only kick, knee, or head the ball to advance it or score a goal .

Soccer is played at all levels throughout the world from small kids leagues to professional and
international teams. Perhaps the most famous soccer tournament is the World Cup. Held every four
years, the World Cup is a soccer competition among countries and is one of the most watched events in
the world. One of the reasons soccer is so popular is that it really only takes a ball and a flat open area to
play. Kids throughout the world will make up fields and goals just about anywhere and start playing the
game. The game is also fun and competitive. Soccer is a great form of exercise as there is lots of running
for good distances. The sport is also a good test of dexterity and a great way to learn balance. Many
people consider soccer at its highest level to be so beautiful as to be practically an art form. The skill at
which great players and great soccer teams work the ball, strategize, and flow as one can be an awesome
thing to watch.

When the ball is in play the rules of soccer are fairly simple. You cannot touch the ball with your hands or
arms intentionally unless you are the goalie. You cannot foul another player or be offside (these soccer
rules are described below). Other than that, the main rules of soccer are around the starting and
stopping of play. The Starting and Stopping of Soccer Play At the start of a soccer period or after a goal,
there is a kick-off from the center circle. At the kick-off all of the soccer players must be on their side of
the field (the side they are defending). Only the player kicking the kick-off is allowed inside the center
circle. After the kick-off the ball will be in play until the ball goes out of bounds or the referee calls a
penalty. Other ways of restarting soccer include:

Throw-in: When the soccer ball has gone out of bounds, the team that last touched the ball loses
possession and the opposing team gets to throw-in the ball from the point where the ball crossed out of
bounds.

Corner kick: When the defending team last touches the ball and it crosses the goal line (and not scoring a
goal), the opposing team gets to kick the ball from the corner of the field.
Goal kick: When the offensive team last touches the ball before it crosses the goal line, the goalie gets to
kick the ball from the goal box.

Penalty kick: When a foul occurs in the penalty area, the fouled team is awarded a penalty kick. Soccer
Fouls Soccer fouls can be any number of unfair advantages taken by a player that are called by the
referee. These can include tripping, pushing, and touching the ball with the hands. Free kicks or penalty
kicks may be awarded to the opposing soccer team. Very unsportsmanlike behavior may result in a
yellow card or a red card. Players that get red cards are ejected from the game. Offside Rule The
offensive player is offside if they are nearer to the opponent's goal line than both the second and last
opponent and the soccer ball. Out of Bounds Out of bounds occurs when the ball completely crosses
over the boundary line.

Throw-in: When throwing the ball in at throw-in, the ball must be thrown from behind and over the head
using both hands. When the ball leaves the thrower's hands, both of his/her feet must be touching the
ground.

The Soccer Ball

The soccer ball is spherical (round) and made of leather. For FIFA soccer, the ball must have a
circumference of 27 to 28 inches and weigh between 14 and 16 ounces. However, there are other sizes
that are used for different ages of kid's competition.
Size 3 - this is generally the smallest ball and is used for players under 8 years old. Its circumference is 23-
24 inches.
Size 4 - Used for players 8 to 12 years old. It has a 25 to 26 inch circumference. Size 5 - This is the
standard sized ball (27 - 28 inches) and is usually used for players older than 12.

Uniforms and Kit

The uniforms for soccer players consist of a jersey and shorts. Players on the same team wear the same
colored uniforms generally with a number and name on the back of the jersey. The goalkeepers wear a
uniquely colored jersey so they will stand out to referees during play. When you take everything that
soccer players wear together, it's called the "kit". The kit includes the jersey, shorts, socks, cleats and
shoes, and shin guards. Goalkeepers often wear gloves as well.

Shin Guards
Shin guards, or shin pads, are required. They help protect the front of the leg, or shin, from getting
injured and bruised. Shin guards must fit under the socks. Goalies and forwards generally have the
lightest weight shin guards while midfielders and, especially, defensemen wear heavier, more sturdy shin
guards. Try to get shin guards that are comfortable and don't hinder your running too much, but at the
same time offer good protection. Even if they seem really uncomfortable at first, you will get used to
them after a while, and when you get kicked in the shin really hard, you will be glad you have them!
Other Equipment Rules Players are responsible for wearing equipment that will not endanger
themselves or other players. This includes wearing jewelry or sharp spikes on the shoes. Advertisement |
Report Ad Fun Facts Adidas has supplied the World Cup ball since 1970. Each ball has a unique design
and name. The 2010 World Cup ball was the Jabulani. Shin guards were invented in 1874 by Samuel
Widdowson, a player for Nottingham Forest. Professional soccer jerseys often have the logo of team
sponsors right on the jersey. This advertising makes lots of money for the team. The exact specifications
for the ball are defined in Law 2 of the Laws of the Game.

How big is the soccer field? The soccer field, or football pitch, is flexible in size. It is 100 to 130 yards (90-
120m) long and 50 to 100 yards (45-90m) wide. In international play the field dimensions are a bit
stricter in that the length must be 110 to 120 yards (100 - 110m) long and 70 to 80 yards (64 - 75m)
wide. An additional rule is that the length has to be longer than the width, so you couldn't have a square
field of 100 yards by 100 yards. Even though these are the official rules, many kid's soccer games are
played on even smaller fields than the minimum. Although the length and width are flexible, other areas
of the field are generally fixed in size. The Goal At each end of the field is the goal. The goal is 8 yards
wide and 8 feet high and is placed at the center of the goal line. They have nets to catch the ball so you
don't have to chase it, plus it helps the referee to determine if a goal was scored. The Boundary The
boundary of the field is drawn with lines. The lines on sides, or the long side of the field, are called the
touch lines or side lines. The lines at the end of the field are called the goal lines or end lines. The Center
At the middle of the field is the center line which cuts the field in half. At the very center of the field is
the center circle. The center circle is 10 yards in diameter. The Goal Area Areas around the goal Goal
Area - The goal area is a box that extends 6 yards out from the goal posts. Free kicks are taken from this
area. Penalty Area - The penalty area is a box that extends 18 yards out from the goal posts. In this area
the goalkeeper may use their hands. Also, any penalty by the defense in this area will result in a penalty
kick from the penalty mark. Penalty Mark - This is the spot where the ball is placed for penalty kicks. It is
at the center of the goal and 12 yards away from the goal line. Penalty Arc - This is a small arc at the top
of the penalty box. Players other than the goalkeeper and kicker may not enter this area during a penalty
kick. The Corners At each corner is a flag post and a corner arc. The corner arc is 1 yard in diameter. The
ball must be placed within this arc for corner kicks. Flag posts must be at least 5 feet tall to prevent
injury. A soccer field during world cup play.
HAND SIGNAL IN SOCCER
 FIELD
HOCKEY
Hockey is a game that is played around the world by many countries. Some of the top hockey
playing nations includes India, Pakistan, New Zealand, Netherlands and Great Britain. The pinnacle
of the sport comes in the form of the Olympics where it has been one of the top attended sports
since its reinstating in 1928.

Object of the Game

The object of hockey is to hit a ball with a stick into a goal. Every time the ball goes into the goal then a
point is awarded to that team. The team with the most goals at the end of the game is awarded the
winner. In the event of both teams scoring the same amount of goals then a draw is called.

Players & Equipment

Each team consist of 11 players. It’s split up into 1 goalkeeper and 10 outfield players. The outfield
players will consist of defenders, midfielders and attackers. The amount of each position will vary
deepening on the formation that the team adopts. It’s not massively uncommon for a team to have no
goalkeeper at the end of game if they are trying to push for a win or a losing the match.

The pitch is 100 yards long and 60 yards wide. It has three lines running across the width of the pitch
which are two 25 yard lines and a half way line to signify to players the certain sections of the pitch. At
each end the pitch will include a goal which is 4 yards wide. Around the goal is a 16 yard line which is the
only sections on the pitch that players are permitted to shoot from. A goal scored outside the 16 yard
line will not be awarded and the ball turned over.
A hard ball is used in hockey along with each player having a wooden stick. Only the flat side of the stick
can be sued and a foul will be called for any player using the back. The stick can be turned around in the
players to hit the ball both ways. For protection players wear shin pads and gum shields. Goal keepers
wear a lot more padding due to ball flying in their direction more often. A face mask, helmet, padded
gloves, chest pad and leg guards are all part of the attire for a goalkeeper. Some players do wear eye and
face masks as well.

Scoring

A goal is scored when a player hits the ball in between the goal posts and over the line from within the
16 yard area. The ball must be struck with the players stick and any use of the body will be called as an
infringement.

Goals can be scored from penalty corners which are awarded when a foul is committed in the 16 yard
area. From a penalty corner the defending team all line up on their goal line. The attacking team must all
be outside the 16 yard area when one player hits the ball to them from 10 yards either side of the goal
line. As the ball is played back a team mate stops the ball before another strikes at goal.

Winning the Game

The game is decided by the team with the most goals at the end of the game. Each game lasts for two 35
minute halves with a 5 minute rest in between. In the event of the scores being the same at the end of
the 70 minutes then the game will end in a draw.

Rules of Field Hockey

 Each team is made up of 11 players and 6 substitutes.

 Every player has a hockey stick of which they can only use one side of the stick to hit the ball.
 A goal is scored when the ball is successfully hit into the opponent’s goal from within the 16 yard
area.
 The ball must be passed or dribbled using the stick and no other body part is allowed to
intentionally come into contact with the ball.
 A foul or infringement is called when a player:
o Purposely tries to hit the ball off another player with the intent of causing harm to that
player.
o Intentionally uses a body part to assist in moving or stopping the ball.
o Hits the ball with the rounded side of their hockey stick.
o Raise their stick above waist height.
o Hit their stick off their opponents to interfere with play.
FIELD HOCKEY FIELD

FIELD HOCKEY REFEREE HAND SIGNALS

LACROSSE
Lacrosse is a team game in which a ball is passed between teammates using a stick with a mesh or net at
one end. It originates in Native American communities where it was used as a training ground for tribal
warriors and dates back almost a thousand years. You might remember a friendly game of lacrosse
taking place in the film ‘The Last of the Mohicans’ in which Daniel Day Lewis stars, and in its early form
there were sometimes thousands of players on either side battling for victory.

Since early versions of the game were witnessed and documented by French Jesuit missionaries it
gained popularity and was first codified in Canada in 1867. The modern game is a fast, frenetic contact
sport that requires players to wear padding and helmets – a sight at which no doubt the Mohicans
would have laughed heartily. Here we will focus on field lacrosse (as opposed to the less common
variations of box lacrosse and intercrosse).

Object of the Game

The object of the game is similar to many team sports involving a ball, namely to shoot said ball into the
opponent’s goal more times than they do to yours. The lacrosse stick (or “crosse”) can be used to catch,
carry and pass the ball with the intention of stopping your opponents gaining possession.

When the opposing side have the ball the defending team can attempt to dispossess them using their
sticks (against opponents’ sticks) or bodies.

Players & Equipment

Each team consists of ten players: one goalkeeper, three defenders, three midfielders and three
attackers.

The lacrosse sticks are split between “short” and “long” sticks. The former must measure between 40
and 42 inches and the latter between 52 and 72 inches in length, the head of which must be no less than
six inches and no more than 10 inches at its widest point. The goalkeeper’s stick may be anything
between 40 and 72 inches in length and up to 15 inches in width. No more than four players are
permitted to carry a long stick (excluding the goalkeeper).

The ball is made of solid rubber and measures around eight inches in diameter. Hence helmets are
required to be worn, while mouthpieces, shoulder pads, arm pads and gloves are recommended.

Scoring

To score a goal a team must propel the ball from their lacrosse stick into the goal such that it fully
crosses the goal line. Infringements – such as a player entering the “crease” before the ball has crossed
the goal line – will result in the goal being disallowed.

Winning the Game

The winning team is simply the one that has scored the most goals within the timeframe of the game. If
scores are level after the game time is up, an additional period of Sudden Victory Overtime may ensue in
which the first team to score a goal becomes the overall winner.

Rules of Lacrosse

 Lacrosse is played on a field measuring 110 yards in length by 60 yards in width, with goals at
either end measuring six feet by six feet. The goal is surrounded by a circular “crease” with a
diameter of 18 feet. A player may not score from within said crease. The pitch is dissected by the
midfield line.
 The game duration is split into four quarters, each of 20 minutes. Team time-outs may be called
by either side, during which the game time will be paused.
 Each player carries a stick or “crosse”, with up to four carrying a long stick (52-72 inches) and the
rest carrying a short stick (40-42 inches).
 Players who make infringements – such as being offside or holding an opponent – are punished
by being sent to the penalty box for a period of time, usually 30 seconds or one minute.
 Games are started (and restarted after stoppages for goals and at the start of each quarter) with
a face-off. During a face-off a player from each side lays their stick horizontally next to the ball
until the official blows their whistle, at which point the players battle for possession of the ball.
 Once a team gains possession of the ball they must ensure the ball is progressed beyond the
midfield line within 20 seconds to encourage a fast-flowing game.

 
LACROSSE FIELD
VOLLEYBALL

Variations of the game volleyball have been in circulation since around 1895. The game has evolved since
then and it was in 1964 where the sport entered its first Olympic games. The sport now has a global
following with nations from around the world professionally competing. The pinnacle of the sport comes
in the Olympic Games were the best players are often on show.

Object of the Game

The object of volleyball is to hit the volleyball over the net (by only using your hands) running through
the centre of the court whilst trying to get it to bounce in your opponents half. The opposing team have
to try and prevent the ball from bouncing before returning the ball. Games are played out in best of 3 or
5 sets and the team with most sets at the end of the game wins.

Players & Equipment

Each team has 6 players on a court at any one time. Substitutes can be used throughout the game.
There are no professional mixed sex teams. Each player takes up a position in either the attacking zone
(next to the net) or the defensive zone (at the back of the court). Three players are in each zone and
rotate in a clockwise position after every point.

The court is of a rectangular shape and measures 18m x 9m. Running across the court is a 2.43m high
net with the ball measuring 8 inches in diameter and weighing between 9 and 10 ounces. Around the
outlines of the court is an out of bounds area and if the ball were to bounce in these sections then a
point would be awarded to the opposing team.

Each team gets up to two timeouts per set of 30 seconds each. After each set the amount of timeouts
resets back to two regardless of how many have been used previously.

Scoring
To score a point the ball must hit the ground within the outlined section in your opponents half. You can
also score a point by your opponent failing to hit the outlined section within your half or your opponent
hitting the ball into the net. A point can be scored off either teams serve.

A player serving must do so from behind the base line and can use either an over or underarm action
and hit with only the hand. Once the serve has been made the sever can join their team in-play and
battle out the point.

Each team is allowed to hit the ball three times before the ball must be returned. A player is not allowed
to hit the ball twice in succession. If the ball hits the boundary line then the ball is deemed to be in-play.
The defensive team can jump and try to block the ball returning to their side of the court. If a block
attempt is made and the ball bounces in their opponents half then a point is awarded. If after the block
the ball bounces out then a point is awarded to the opposing team.

Each game is played to 25 points and must be two points clear. If the scores reach 24-24 then the game
is played until one team leads by two.

Winning the Game

To win the game you must score more points than your opponents. The best of 3 or 5 sets are generally
played and the winners will be the first team to reach the required number of sets.

Rules of Volleyball

 Each team consist of 6 players and 6 substitutes. Players can be substituted at any time but if
they are to return can only be swapped for the player that replaced them.
 Each team can hit the ball up to three times before the ball must be returned. The defensive
team can then try and block or return the ball again hitting it a maximum of three times.
 Games are played up to 25 points and must be won by 2 clear points.
 Violations will be called for the following:
o Stepping over the base line when serving the ball.
o Ball hits the net and fails to get over the net (If the ball hits the net and still goes over
the net then this is perfectly legal).
o Players are not allowed to carry, palm or run with the ball.
o Players must not touch the net with any part of the body. If the net is said to have hit
them rather than vice-versa, then this is ok.
o The ball cannot travel under the net.
o Players cannot reach over the net and hit the ball.