A STUDY ON IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON FAMILY

RELATIONSHIP

A review dissertation submitted to Bharathiar University

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY

Submitted By
NIMISHA K
NANDAN
(19SOCA17)

Under the Guidance and Supervision of

Dr.VANDANA M V

(Guest Faculty)
(Professor)DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND POPULATION

STUDIES BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY

COIMBATORE – 641046
APRIL-2021
Dr.VANDANA M V
Professor
Department of Sociology and Population Studies,
BharathiarUniversity,
Coimbatore – 641046

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the review dissertation entitled “A STUDY ON IMPACT OF COVID19
PANDEMIC ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIP” is a bonafide record done by Ms. NIMISHA K
NANDAN (Reg. No. 19SOCA17), Department of Sociology and Population Studies,
Bharathiar University, under my guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY. This report
or any part has not been submitted elsewhere for any degree, diploma, fellowship or other similar
titles.

Date:

Place: Coimbatore

Head oftheDepartment Signature of the Supervisor

(Dr. S.SAMPATHKUMAR) (Dr.VANDANA M V)
NIMISHA K NANDAN
Reg. No. 19SOCA17
II M.A. Sociology
Department of Sociology and Population Studies,
BharathiarUniversity,
Coimbatore – 641046

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the review dissertation work report entitled “A STUDY ON IMPACT
OF COVID19 PANDEMIC ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIP” has
been originally carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr.VANDANA M
V(Guest Faculty)Professor, Department of Sociology and Population Studies,
Bharathiar
University,Coimbatore,inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementfortheawardofthedegree of
MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY. It is my original work and no part of this report
has been submitted for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Fellowship or other similartitles.

Date:

Place: CoimbatoreSignature of the Candidate

(NIMISHA K NANDAN)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My grateful thank to Dr. S. SAMPATH KUMAR, Professor and Head, Department of

Sociology and Population Studies, Bharathiar University, my inspiration and well-wisher for his
keen interest, valuable guidance and constant encouragement, without whom this would have not
taken shape.

I extent my gratitude to Dr.VANDANA M V(Guest Faculty), Professor, Department of

Sociology and Population Studies, Bharathiar University for his valuable support during my
study.

I also render my special thanks to Dr. PRABHAKARAN, Dr. VANDANA M V,

Dr. PHAMILA JESINTHA RAJEE Guest Faculties, and Mrs. VIJAYARANI (Non-
teaching Staff), Department of Sociology and Population Studies, Bharathiar University, for
her cooperation during the dissertation work.

I would like to extend my profound thanks to DILNA O.P, Ph.D Research Scholar,
Department of Sociology and Population studies, Bharathiar University, my well-wisher and for
their valuable support during my study period.

My grateful and hearty thanks to Research Scholars, Juniors for their appreciation and
cooperation at all times.

My truthful thanks goes to my parents Mr. NANDAKUMAE K B& Mrs.

SHARMILA NANDANand my sister Mr. NIDISH NANDANfor their encouragement and
moral support.

Finally, I extend my sincere thanks to all who have given their cooperation during this
dissertation work. It is my duty to acknowledge the helps extended by all my classmates for their
support during my dissertation time, for their encouragement and moral support, without their
cooperation it would have been impossible to complete.

NIMISHA K NANDAN
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1-5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 6-15

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 16-17

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 18-19

CHAPTER V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
20-22
23-25
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
The great leveler , Walter scheidel(2020), the Austrian economic historian comments that
throughout human history , there have been four types of catastrophic events that have led to
greater economic equality : pandemic ,war , revolution and state collapse the world is going
through one of them , a massive covid 19 pandemic .
The COVID-19 pandemic in India is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute syndrome. The first case of COVID-19 in India,
which originated from China, was reported on 30 January 2020.The Corona virus disease
(COVID-19) has impacted every segment of life like commercial establishment, education,
economy, religion, transport, tourism, employment, entertainment, food security, sports,
etc. Tourism is one of the most affected sectors due to travel bans, closing public places,
including travel attractions and monuments, and government advice against travel. Hundreds
of millions of jobs could be lost globally.Coronavirus has affected family in a wide range

1.1 DEFINITION OF FAMILY

A family is a group of individuals in which there is a generational connection present (i.e., a
parent-child relationship is found). Additionally, family members provide close intimate
contact (usually characterized by deeply held commitment, trust, respect, and a sense of
longer term obligation. It is assumed that sexual intimacy is an element of the relationship
between the parents and that this family group seeks to achieve goals by acquiring, allocating
and distributing resources (i.e., time, money, space, and close personal contact)
According to G. P Murdock family is a social group characterized by a common residence,
economic cooperation and reproduction.

1.2 FAMILY IN INDIA

The institution of family is deep-rooted social system in India. Indians are very much
attached to their families. Basically two types of families are found in India. Joint family and
Nuclear family.

1
Joint family is a system in which several generations of kinsmen live together in common
residence and share property.According to K.M. KAPADIA Joint family is a group which
consists of a couple, their children and other relations from father’s side or mother’s side (in
case of matriarchal families).Joint family is common among the Hindus.

The trend in the urban societies is towards nuclear family, wherein only Husband, wife and
their unmarried children reside together.There are typical problems associated with nuclear
families which may be as follows:

i. Lack of emotional security.

ii. Egoistic nature of children and problem of adjustment.

iii. Lack of social control.

iv. Lack of parental attention which may lead to social problems like alcoholism. drug abuse,
Juvenile delinquency etc.

A lot of changes are taking place in the institution of family which

quite often poses a threat to the very survival of family system in India. The following trends
may be observed in the institution of family.

i. Unwed mothers.

ii. Live in relationship between a couple without the ceremony of marriage.

iii. Extra marital relations.

iv. Increased rate of divorce.

v. Boarding school education for children from a very young age which makes them looses
their attachment with the family.

vi. Decision of young couples not to procreate. Eg.: This tendency is particularly observed
among the highly educated couples who feel that they have no time to bring up children.

vii. Decision of youngsters to remain unmarried on account of high degree of dedication to

profession.
2
1.3 TYPES OF FAMILY

The Family is the most important primary group in a society. Itis the simplest and the most
elementary form of society . On the basis of size or structure and generations of family can be
classified in to two types

 NUCLEAR FAMILY
 JOINT FAMILY

On the basis of nature of relations among the family members can ve classified in to two
main types

 CONJUGAL FAMILY
 CONSANGUINE FAMILY

On the basis of authority of family can be classified in to two main types

 MATRIARCHAL
 PATRILINEAL

The relation we experience with the people around us have a great

influence our wellbeing, strong positive relationship help us to build trust and feel supported.
Having people around us who can share positive and difficult time can also help us to manage
stress. When this become tough children first learn about relationship from their family
strong and positive famiky relationships are enjoyable for their own purpose.

1.4 IMPACT OF COVID19 PANDEMIC ON FAMILY

coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is impacting everyone, some more drastically

than others. For a number of families, it could mean making big changes in
everyday routines due to financial hardships. For other families, it could mean raised
anxiety in children, tension in parenting relationships or general fear.  Specifically, the
COVID-19 pandemic has posed new threats to families through social isolation due to
physical distancing measures, school/child care closures, financial and employment
insecurity, housing instability and changes to health and social care access. These shifts have
profoundly interrupted the systems and structures that previously operated to both support the

3
mental health and well-being of families and mitigate the risks that contribute to health and
social inequities.During the pandemic, many parents have experienced increased pressures
and erosions to social supports, with implications for their mental healthDuring the pandemic,
many parents have experienced increased pressures and erosions to social supports, with
implications for their mental health,majority of parents expressed that during the pandemic,
concerns about finances, social isolation, criticism from others, as well as emotional
experiences of sadness and loneliness were affecting their parenting.Families, generally, are
affected by the disruptions of the pandemic. However, these pressures disproportionately
affect families who experience health and social inequities, including fewer financial and
social resources, crowded homes and limited technology and Internet access. The collision of
these stressors has contributed to increases in domestic violence.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers and service

providers globally have been faced with the challenge of having to make rapid decisions that
will have immediate and long-term effects on the mental health and well-being of families
and children.Schools/child care, communities and government systems play an essential role
in protecting and supporting parents and children, particularly for families without reliable
access to the Internet or virtual technologies. While pressure is put on parents, it is important
to remember that families exist within a social ecosystem with opportunities to promote child
and youth mental health. Supports such as affordable child care, low barrier Internet access,
publicly-funded stepped care and psychotherapy and easily available financial supports are
interventions that can directly benefit families. Continuations of financial interventions
beyond the pandemic have also been suggested, including the idea of a universal basic
income. The effectiveness of these systems further depends on intersectoral communication,
collaboration and action, and therefore seeking feedback and advice from community
stakeholders will be critical for monitoring whether these systems are working for families
and children during the remainder of the pandemic and beyond.

COVID-19 has effected every sphere of life by affecting the strength that bonds the system,
may it be be body's immunity system, family system, social system, educational system,
professional systems etc. Effect is relative to, as who has more strength; COVID-19 or
the System's Bonding Strength.Therefore, impact of COVID - 19 on family relationships
depends upon the Strength of the Family to Bond, which of-course depends upon the
individuals' strength. Some families have improved their functioning sharing lunch and

4
dinner, spending time together and sharing their times as a family. The lockdown or
quarantine measures instituted in many countries have also invited

vulnerability and risk within families . Schools are being closed which leads to distress in
many families not accustomed to being closely for a long time period . More over , as a result
of covid 19 crisis ,much If not all support given to families who provide a long term care for
an ill parent , partner ,or child is lost . But there also brings a positivity in the family
relationships ,more families are eating dinner together , which definitely promotes free
flowing communication between parents and children .with the pandemic leading to most
couples now working from home ,many couple are using this period to break down walls
,forge stronger relationships and communicate with one another .clearly this served as a boon
for couple time .According to research by Gartner by 2030 ,the demand for remote work will
increase by 30 percentage due to generation Z fully entering into the work force . The
research also states add that 64 percentage of today’s professionals say they could work
anywhere . The covid 19 situation had further stressed the remote work . Both positives and
negatives is surrounding family and family relationships during the covid 19 period .families
that are already living in poverty before the pandemic may now be struggling even more . As
we prepare to face the unprecedented challenges ,it is important to acknowledge the
emotional weight and multiple realities faced by many communities ,as a result of this
pandemic . Covid 19 has effected every sphere of life ,by affecting the strength that bonds the
system ,may it be body’s immunity system ,family system ,social system , educational system
, professionals.

CHAPTER II
2.1 INTRODUCTION

5
Review of literature is a key step in the research process. A literature review is a systematic
and comprehensive analysis of books, scholarly articles and other sources relevant to a
specific topic providing a base of knowledge on a topic. Literature reviews are designed to
identify and critique the existing literature on topic to justify the research by exposing gaps in
current research. A literature review should offer critical analysis of the current research on a
topic and that analysis should direct the research objective. Review of literature is to identify
need for additional research and justify the research. A literature review is to find main ideas,
conclusions and theories establish similarities& differences and to notice main methodologies
and research techniques.

2.2 REVIEWS OF LITERATURE

a) Impact of COVID-19 on family relationship

1. Article on the title ‘Effects of covid 19 on families’(2020); This article studies about
the effects of covid19 among the families which describes that for a number of
families it coyld mean making by changes in every day routine due to the financial
hardship. This article touches the main areas like family and the financial hardship,
explaining the importance of social distancing of teenagers
2. Heather prime, mark wade and Dillon T Browne, and resilience in family well being
during the covid 19 pandemic (2020);This article explains that the covid 19
pandemic poses an acute threat to the wellbeing of children and families dueto
challenges related to social disruption such as financial insecurity, caregiving burden
and confinement related stress

3. The psychological consequences of covid 19 fear and the moderator effects of

individuals underlying illness and witnessing infected friends and family (2020);The
journal highlight due to the rapid spread and substantial impact of the covid 19 virus.
Different psychological effects were observed among different segments of society,
such as among young people, elderly people, and active workers. In this journal they
have been conducted a cross sectional study with 3287 participants above 16 years
old and they measured covid 19 fear, along with anxiety, stress and depression level
and demographic

6
4. Paolo Gritti“Family system in the era of covid 19 from openness to quarantine”
(2020);This Journal discusses that the covid 19 pandemic imposes lockdown
policies all over the world. Hence, family system members face the traumatic
experience of living together all the time. This evidence also evokes the hidden
family’sfrailty and operates as a litmus test of family life.
5. Cristina Mazza and lilybeth Fontanesi “The effect of the Covid 19 lockdown on
parents A call to adopt urgent measures ”(2020);This article explains that the covid
19 health crisis is strongly affecting the mental health of the general population. In
particular, the pandemic may be producing psychological distress ane collateral
concerns for parents in lockdown due to unstable financial circumstances school
closures and suspended educational services for children. A call for measures to
increase family based interventions during the emerging is urgently needed to
forestall psychopathological trajectories and prevent the exacerbation of vulnerable
condition.
6. Victoria Behar-zusman, Karina gatlamorta and Jennifer V Chavez, article on
“Developing a measure of the impact of covid 19 social distancing on household
conflict and cohesion “(2020);This article introduces the covid 19 family
environment scale (CHES), which aims to measure the impact of social distancing
due to covid 19 on household conflict and cohesion. Therefore, the existing measure
do not capture household experiences relevant are largely confined to their homes
while sharing a life threatening situation
7. Sara Mazzycchelli and Letizia Medina“The impact of covid 19 on family
relationship :A withdrawal on the nuclear family “(2020);The study aimed at
assessing how families are facing the current situation in dealing with work and care
responsibilities during lockdown, as well as their coping strategies. The study makes
a research on 78% of respondent to work mostly from hone while Simultaneously
taking care of children.
8. Sandeep Groner and Swapnajeet sahoo “Psychological impact of covid 19
lockdown “(2020);This article aimed to evaluate the psychological impact of
lockdown due to covid 19 pandemic on general public with an objective to assess
the pandemic of depression anxiety perceived stress, wellbeing and other
psychological issues.
9. Zhiling feng and Lizhi xu “The psychological impact of covid 19 on the first line
rescuers ”(2020);This article studies that this is a cross sectional to get know the

7
 fluctuations of the psychological distress level of the family members at the different
time points during the epidemic.
10. Souvik Dubey and payel Biswas“Psychosocial impact of covid 19”(2020);This
article highlights that the covid 19 has caused universal psychosocial impact by
causing mass hysteria, economic burden and financial losses. Mass fear of covid
19,termed as corona phobia has generated a plethora of psychiatric manifestation
across th different strata of the society.
11. Dr. Sarah cattan“The effects of covid 19 on families time use of child development
(2020);This article aims to measure and analyse how families adjust to the covid 19
pandemic in order to understand the impacts, recent isolation measures have on
children’s outcomes and the outcome gaps that may form between children of
different economic strata.

12. Kate power study on the “The covid 19 pandemic has increased the cave burden of
women and families “(2020);This study found that while women were already doing
most of the worlds unpaid care work prior to the onset of the covid 19 pandemic and
it also suggests that the crisis and its subsequent shutdown have resulted in a
dramatic increase in thus burden.
13. Article on the title “Trust and covid 19 implications for interpersonal and work
place”(2020);This articke makes us an understanding that how trust is formed and
for formulating effective strategies to ensure trust and it can be formed innthe
interaction between people and important and reliable health information.
14. Dr. Harshada Vaidya Kannur and Dr. Prachee Javadekar, “The social impacts of
covid 19 on india”(2020);This article studies the impact of covid 19 on india, which
describes the spread was so colossal that the WHO declare it as a pandemic. And
also explains the way to control and defeat this mammoth pandemic by making
people to follow social distancing and also to restrain them from moving out to
avoid social connect.
15. P. K Sujathqn and P. Azad, “A social impacts of lockdown in kerala “A case study
(2020);This study seeks to examine the social impact of lockdown based on the
information collected through convenience sampling in the district of palaghat in
Kerala. The sample evidence shows that the entire society barring the government
servants has burne the burntin terns of reduction in wellbeing.

8
 16. Victoria Behar Zusman and jennifer V Chavez Karinw Gatlamorta “Developing a
measure of the impact of covid 19 social distancing on household conflict and
cohesion” (2020);This article introduces the covid19 family environment scale,
which aims to measure the impact of social distancing due to covid 19 on household
and cohesion. This article also explains that the existing measures do not capture
household experiences relevant to the pandemic.
17. Tina montreuil“Parenting in a pandemic:How to develop stronger family
relationships during covid 19”(2020);A recent report by the Human Rights
Commission investigated COVID-19-related concerns experienced by children aged
five and older and emerging adults from January to April 2020. The report suggested
that “mental health concerns resulting from COVID-19” and “impacts on family
life” were among the top five concerns endorsed by youth.The arising parenting
challenges surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic may represent an opportune time
to improve the resilience and model more adaptive strategies and skills. In turn, such
skills can promote the development of resilient behaviours of children.

b) Changes happened in the family

1. Meejungehim mxai sung(2020)conducted a study on ‘Changes in the family life and
relationship during the covid 19 pandemic and thus association with perceived stress'
the study explores how the covid 19 pandemic has changed the family relationship
and lif as well as how these changes affected the perceived stress among married men
and women. Thus study investigates the changes in the family time, use household
works, child care, leisure activities, income and expenditure along the relationship
between the spouses and children using sample of 627 married person surveyed online
2. Dr. Vinod kumar ‘positive impact of lockdown on family relationship and self
‘(2020); This journal explains the positive impact of Coronavirus lockdown among
family relationship and self. The finding suggests that the covid 19 pandemic period
gave us a forced opportunity to take a pause, refresh and reconnect with our loved
ones
3. Sanitina musoline, Article on “Families, Relational scenarios and emotions in the time
of the covid 19 pandemic” (2020); This article focus on the impact that covid
emergency and policies and decision taken to deal with it have had on interpersonal
relationship. In particular, it also explores the changes and relational scenarios which

9
 have emerged with in the patterns of daily family life in the context of a temporary in
the social deprivation caused by the pandemic.
4. Journal on “The covid 19 pandemic :A family affair(2020);This journal highlights
that the covid 19 pandemic has brought a number of changes in the family. And also
this pandemic make us more deeply aware of the important role of family in the lives
of patients, clients and residents. It also gives us an anticipation that this increased
awareness will help us to advocate even more strongly for the importance of family
relationship during and after this Coronavirus crisis
5. Monica Lawson and Michaela Simon “Child maltreatment during the covid 19
pandemic :consequences of parental job less on psychological and physical abuse
towards children (2020);This article investigated the factors associated with child
maltreatment during the covid 19 pandemic, including parental job loss and whether
the cognitive reframing moderated association between job loss and child
maltreatment. They also gives ys an understanding that job loss during the covid 19
pandemic is a significant risk factor for child maltreatment
6. Journal on the title “Individual differences, personality, social, family and work
variables on mental health during the outbreak of covid 19(2020);Thus journal noted
that thr influence of impact of job status and conflict between work and family
relationship as mental health as performance might depend on individual differences.
People wuth poorer psychological health are showed more conflict between work and
family relationships
7. Renske verweij and Reinske keizer study on “Work to family conflict and their
relation to perceived parenting and parent child relationship before and during the
covid 19 lockdown “(2020);The study found that family to work conflict or work to
family conflict increased. Most strongly among highly educated mother’s, followed
by lower or medium educated mothers and highly educated fathers, while jo increases
or even a decrease was observed among lower or median educated fathers.
8. Parul kumar and Neha kumar article on “Working in lockdown :the relationship
between covid 19 induced work stressors, job performance, distress and life
satisfaction “(2020);This current article founds that the covid 19 induced stressors that
is the role overloaded, life choices and occupational discomfort were significant
predictors of distress during the lockdown. It has been found that role overload and
change in life style did not significantly affect job performance. During covid 19

10
 pandemic, life satisfaction has reduced due to a significant increase in distress levels
and lowered job performance.

9. Robin Goodwin and Urai Kai Hou “Quarantine, distress and interpersonal relationship
during covid 19”(2020);Thus study highlights that the spread of this severe acute
respiratory syndrome (covid 19) led to the quarantine of above 60million if citizens.
Such isolation measures hsve been associated with increased depression, stress and
emotional disturbances. However major traumatic events can amplify both positive
and negative aspects of interpersonal relations, leading to competing narratives of
both harm and enhancement. Quarantine can create family dependencies and threaten
livelihoods.
10. Journal on the title “Families and covid 19 an interactive relationship “(2020);This
journal explains the comparison of other aspects of the covid 19 pandemic as it spread
across the world, relatively few studies examined the differential impact of the
pandemic in famiky relationships with in and across societies, other than from an
economic household perspective and in a limited number of countries.
11. Shelley M Vanderhout, Jonathan L Maguire and Catherine S Birken “Family
perspective of covid 19 research”(2020);Thus article makes us an understanding that
the physical mental and emotional impacts of the covid 19 pandemic for children and
families will help to guide approaches to support families and children during the
pandemic and after.
12. Journal on the title “Is Indias Coronavirus lockdown leading to stress in families or
strengthening relationships”(2020);This journal explains the situations of family
during the covid 19 pandemic, which describes that the nationwide lockdown to curb
thr spread of Coronavirus has strengthened relationship.

13. Jenny fisher, jean-charles and lanquilaire “Work and Family in times of covid
19”(2020);In large parts of the world, including but certainly not limited to the Global
South, seemingly simple measures to keep the spread of COVID-19 at bay, like
keeping distance from other people and even washing hands with water and soap, are
mere luxuries to many. Many people, such as healthcare workers (and other essential
occupations) who give their all to save lives, people who are otherwise forced to go to
work,those who live in slums, may simply not have the option to be safe.For
communities, workers, and families who are safe in times of COVID-19, and have

11
 more resources, this is the time to show solidarity. Although the COVID-19 pandemic
may likely exacerbate inequality, this is also an opportunity for all to come together as
a global community to understand, respect, and help each other. 
14. Kim ushaer Joqnne Durkin and Debra Jackson “Family violence and covid 19
increased vulnerability and reduced options for support “(2020);This journal
highlights that the family violence refers to threatening or other violent behaviour
within families that may ve physical, sexual, psychological or economic and can
include child abuse and intimate partner violence.

c)Changes happened in the parent child relationship

1. Kriaten Arianne chu, Nadine kasparian Article on the title ‘parenting under
pressure :A mixed methoda investigation of impact of covid 19 on family
life’(2020)This article highlights that the development and implementation of
effective family based psycho social intervention and treatment strategies durung
covid 19 will require a detailed understanding of how the virus has impacted the lives
of parents, children and families. Amonh this they had finded that parents and
children reported both positive and negative psycho social impacts of the virus,
though parents expressed a greater density of positive themes than children
2. Anne Bulour and jaap devissen article on the title ‘parenting children in times of
pandemic, Changes in relationship quality, autonomy support, and parental
control(2020);This article examined the effects of covid 19 on parent child
relationship in the spring of 2020,they had made research on this and children’s and
parents reported on parental support, parent child conflict, psychological control and
behavioural control. Additionally they reported how their daily routines had changed
during the lockdown. Parents and children’s spent more time together during
lockdown but less time with family
3. Amar laila and valerie Hrushka “The impact of covid 19 on health behaviour, stress,
financial and food security among middle to high income families with young
children ”(2020);This study was to identify how health behavioural level of stress
financial and food security have been impacted by the pandemic among families with
young children
4. Samantha. M. Brown and Jenalee“Stress and parenting during the global covid19
pandemic”(2020);This study examined the impacts of covid 19 pandenic in relation to
parental perceived stress. The results also indicates racial and ethic differences in

12
 covid 19 related stressors, but not in mental health risk, protective factors and
perceived stress.
5. Monica Lawson and Michaela Simon “Child maltreatment during the covid 19
pandemic :consequences of parental job less on psychological and physical abuse
towards children (2020);This article investigated the factors associated with child
maltreatment during the covid 19 pandemic, including parental job loss and whether
the cognitive reframing moderated association between job loss and child
maltreatment. They also gives ys an understanding that job loss during the covid 19
pandemic is a significant risk factor for child maltreatment

6. Shelley. M. Vanderhout and Peter wong “Family perspectives of covid 19

research”(2020);The article indicated that the covid 19 pandemic has uniquely
affected children and families by disrupting routines, changing relationship and roles
and altering usual child care, school and recreational activities.
7. Cristina Mazza and lilybeth Fontanesi “The effect of the Covid 19 lockdown on
parents A call to adopt urgent measures ”(2020);This article explains that the covid
19 health crisis is strongly affecting the mental health of the general population. In
particular, the pandemic may be producing psychological distress ane collateral
concerns for parents in lockdown due to unstable financial circumstances school
closures and suspended educational services for children. A call for measures to
increase family based interventions during the emerging is urgently needed to
forestall psychopathological trajectories and prevent the exacerbation of vulnerable
condition.
8.
Article on the “Financial bonding is here to say- Thanks to covid 19”(2020);This
study indicates that the covid 19 pandemic or lockdown brought grandparents,
parents and children, all under one roof, where in they had opportunities to work
together,eat together and talk to each other resulting in bonding between the members
of families. Familial bonding is said to be important factor in determining Caterina
Balenzano, Giuseppe Morro and, Sabrina Girardi review on the topic “families in the
pandemic between challenges and opportunities :An empirical studu of parents with
pre school and school Age Children (2020);The study explored the effects or social
isolation from lockdown of on families in turns of work-family balance, family

13
 functioningandparenting. The also shows that the families have been resilient and not
overwhelmed by family stress, being able to adjust to cope with life style changes.

9. Tanu Gupta and Naresh Nebhinani journal “impact of covid 19 pandemic on child and
adolescent mental health “(2020);This journal explains that the covid 19 pandemic
has brought a number of mental health challenges. They are struggling with fear,
anxiety, depression and constant worries about future. People are spending plenty of
time fir reading updates, listening to news and getting information from different
sources.
10. Renske verweij and Reinske keizer study on “Work to family conflict and their
relation to perceived parenting and parent child relationship before and during the
covid 19 lockdown “(2020);The study found that family to work conflict or work to
family conflict increased. Most strongly among highly educated mother’s, followed
by lower or medium educated mothers and highly educated fathers, while jo increases
or even a decrease was observed among lower or median educated fathers.
11. Stephen w, Patrick and,Laura E Henkhaas “wellbeing of parents and children during
the covid 19 pandemic ”(2020);This article explains that the Coronavirus disease had
a substantial impact on parent and children experienced widespread disruption daily
life, and also studies about how pandemic affected the physical and emotional
wellbeing of parents and children’s.
12. Bakal J Parekh and Samir H Dalwai “Psychosocial impact of covid 19 pandemic on
children in India”(2020);This article explains that the Coronavirus disease (covid
19)has enfolded a tsunami of challenges for mankind over the past 10 month. The
social disruption from the pandemic and changes in gender norms and also it has been
reported that the most Psychosocial behaviour problems among children un the
pandemic
13. Lucie cluver and jamie M lachman “Parenting in a time of covid 19”(2020);This
article highlights that the parents and caregivers are attempting to work remotely or
enablr to work, while caring for children. Article also gives an awareness that we
need to utilise effective strategy to strengthen families to respond, care and protect a
future for the worlds children.
14. Dr. Sarah cattan“The effects of covid 19 on families time use of child development
(2020);This article aims to measure and analyse how families adjust to the covid 19

14
 pandemic in order to understand the impacts, recent isolation measures have on
children’s outcomes and the outcome gaps that may form between children of
different economic strata.
15. B. S Russel, M. Hutchinson and A. C Horton “Initial challenges of caregiver burden
mental health and the parent child relationship”(2020);This article explains that the
millions of families sheltering in place during th covid 19 pandemic far an undefined
period of time, may lead to unprecedented impacts on individuals mental health with
unknown, impact of parent child relationship.
16. Maria Spinelli and Francesca lionetli“Parents stress qnd childrens psychological
problems in families facing the covid 19 outbreak”(2020);This study explains that to
explore the effect of risk factors associated with the covid 19 outbreak experience on
parents and children wellbeing.

2.3 CONCLUSION
COVID-19 has effected every sphere of life by affecting the strength that bonds the
system, may it be be body's immunity system, family system, social system,
educational system, professional systems etc. Effect is relative to, as who has more
strength; COVID-19 or the System's Bonding Strength. Therefore, impact of
COVID - 19 on family relationships depends upon the Strength of the Family to
Bond, which of-course depends upon the individuals' strength. Some families have
improved their functioning sharing lunch and dinner, spending time together and
sharing their times as a family. The lockdown or quarantine measures instituted in
many countries have also invited vulnerability and risk within families.

15
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 OVERVIEW
This chapter is going to deals with the methods which used in this study and discuss about the
research design, statement of the problem, scope and aim of the study, research area,
sampling criteria. Also deals with the method adopted for the selection of the respondents,
tools of data collection and tool for analysis are as following pages.

3.2 TITLE OF THE STUDY

IMPACT OF COVID 19 PANDEMIC ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

3.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Lockdown is making it harder for family to cope with their loved ones. At the same time
when thinking about relationship with people outside the family, there are also positive
changes. The covid 19 pandemic has once again proved that thefamily is the primary and
most crucial institution at the time of crisis and emergency.
The taglines in the pandemic “STAY HOME, STAY
SAFE “reinforce the nature and character of family towards care, security and protection.
Family is an institution par excellence. It is articulated that the concept of home grew as the
by product of family relationship and considered complementary to each other.
This study describes the consequences of covid19
pandemic on family relationship. The study mainly focused on the areas;changes happened in
the family relationship during covid 19.The crucial areas that the study focused on the
changes happened in the family relationships, changes in family interactions, explain the
bonding of family cohesion among family members, changes that happened on the parent
child relationship
3.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. Too explain the covid 19 pandemic on familial relationship relationship

2. To understand the changes happened to the time spent together by family
3. To describe the changes happened in the parent child relationship

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3.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the changes happened in the interpersonal relationship during covid 19?
2. What are thenchanges happened in the parent child relationship?

3.6 RESEARCH DESIGN

In this study the researcher adopted Descriptive Research Design, to describe the socio
-economic conditions, individual factors, sociological factors and psychological factors and
how these factors are influencing the family during the covid 19 pandemic

3.7TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION

A qualitative content analysis is adopted by the research to analysis the content in online
media. This research method focuses on to describe individual experiences and the impact of
covid 19 on family relationship. In this type of qualitative content analysis make use of the
already existing reliable documents and similar sources of information as the data source
regarding theindividual factors, sociological factors and psychological factors.
3.8CONCLUSION
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem (Kothari,
1985).Research methodology may be understood as a science of studying how research is
done scientifically. It helps to study the various steps that are generally adapted by a
researcher in studying his/her research problem. The objectives are formulated in order to
cover aspects of the researcher study on the topic impact of Covid 19 on family
relationship

17
 CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Parents and child in reviews revealed positive and negative
thematic content, though parents expressed more positive themes than children. The most
common themes identified from parent reports surrounded concerns about the impact of
COVID-19 on their children, health concerns for others, and the stressful balancing act of
parenting, schooling, and working from home. In addition, many parents reported
gratitude for what they had, and reflected on the upsides of the pandemic for family
relations. For children, the most common themes identified surrounded missing school and
social relationships. When children expressed positive themes, they tended to be more
egocentric reflections (e.g. learning to ride a bike). Both parent and child thematic content
mapped onto parent-proxy and parent-self reported quantitative dimensions of parent and
child distress. Finally, we observed that parents who reflected on gratitude in their written
reports exhibited a decrease in negative affect pre- to -post-writing.
Interpretation: Both parents and children are suffering from reduced wellbeing during the
COVID-19 pandemic, particularly with the burdens imposed by the closure of in-person
schooling. The psychosocial impact of the pandemic on families would likely be even
greater in magnitude within less advantaged populations. Future research and policy
should focus on identifying how to fulfill children’s social needs and lessen the caregiving
burdens during this time.
Children and families have been uniquely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. While
children appear to experience milder symptoms from COVID-19 infection than older
individuals sudden changes in routines, resources, and relationships as a result of restrictions
on physical interaction have resulted in major impacts on families with young children. In the
absence of school, child care, extra-curricular activities and family gatherings, children’s
social and support networks have been broadly disrupted. Stress from COVID-19 has been
compounded by additional responsibilities for parents as they adapt to their new roles as
educators and playmates while balancing full-time caregiving with their own stressful
changes to work, financial and social situations. On the contrary, families with greater
parental support and perceived control have had less perceived stress during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly sparked research activity across the globe. Patient and
family voices are increasingly considered essential to research agenda and priority setting .

18
Understanding the physical, mental, and emotional consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic
for families will inform approaches to support parents and children during the pandemic and
after. In this unusual time, patient and family voices can be valuable in informing health
research priorities, study designs, implementation plans and knowledge translation strategies
that directly affect them.To understand the impact of COVID-19 on children and families, we
felt it important to involve families in designing and implementing new research. First-hand
experience that parents have in navigating the COVID-19 pandemic with their children
contributed to co-building between researchers and research participants. Parents were
generous with their time and provided insightful, honest suggestions for how researchers
could create knowledge that would be directly relevant to them. Next steps will include
expanding our dialogue with a more diverse group of parents in terms of gender, as all
parents in our meetings were women, and ethnicity to better represent the diversity of
Toronto. Other researchers conducting COVID-19 research among children and families may
consider engaging parents and caregivers in preliminary stages to identify priorities,
understand lived experiences and help guide all stages of the research process. This presents
value in focusing research on the most important priorities for families and developing data
collection methods which are feasible in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the
nature of the COVID-19 pandemic is dynamic, ongoing communication between researchers
and parents to understand changing perspectives and concerns is important to respond to
family needs. We hope that ongoing partnerships between parents and researchers will
promote leadership among parents as co-investigators in COVID-19 research, and result in
research which addresses the needs of parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Ideally, engaging with families in COVID-19 research will result in findings that will be
valuable to families, assist them in developing collective resilience, and provide a foundation
for family-oriented research throughout the COVD-19 pandemic and beyond.

19
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION
The health emergency related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent restrictive
measures of quarantine have upset our lifestyles and our daily life. In particular, families with
children had to face an unprecedented and completely new situation in which parents
suddenly remained the only reference point for their children. Results of the present study,
indeed, showed that the COVID risk index and the family risk index partially contributed to
the psychological distress of parents, although their impact was modest in terms of accounted
variance. Specifically, parents with higher levels of psychological distress tendentially had a
lower mentality which had seen their working situation worsened during the quarantine, and
were single or divorced parents who had to manage their children at home alone during the
quarantine. Furthermore, regarding the COVID-19 risk index, parents with more
psychological distress more likely had relatives, friends,had hospitalized relatives because of
the SARS-COV-2, lived in northern Italy which was the most at-risk area for the spread of
the pandemic and for the risk of contagion, were health workers, and worked in hospital
departments that treated SARS-COV-2-positive patients.

However, parents’ psychological distress impacted on the emotional regulation and

lability/negativity of their children passing through the mediators’ effect of parenting self-
efficacy and parents’ regulatory efficacy. Parents should be supported to improve their
strengths and to feel able to manage their parental role and their emotions. During the
quarantine, parents were the unique reference point for their children aged between 6 and 13
years who rely much on their parents in this life stage. It is important that parents know that
they can protect their children, preventing their emotional dysregulation, using their strengths
and self-confidence, even if they are experiencing fear and severe stress for the health
emergency. Moreover, even if parents are exposed to high levels of stress, they can still
promote a positive emotional functioning in their children if they feel able to reassure their
children about the health emergency, to organize their children’s daily life during the
quarantine, and to explain them what is happening.Parents should be supported to improve
their strengths and to feel able to manage their parental role and their emotions. During the
quarantine, parents were the unique reference point for their children aged between 6 and 13
years who rely much on their parents in this life stage. It is important that parents know that
they can protect their children, preventing their emotional dysregulation, using their strengths
and self-confidence, even if they are experiencing fear and severe stress for the health

20
emergency. Moreover, even if parents are exposed to high levels of stress, they can still
promote a positive emotional functioning in their children if they feel able to reassure their
children about the health emergency, to organize their children’s daily life during the
quarantine, and to explain them what is happening.

In order to prevent children’s distress, intervention

programs should start from family and parents. This programs should be aimed at increasing
parents’ regulatory emotional self-efficacy and parenting self-efficacy, by activating their
adaptive strategies and resources to deal with daily tasks and reinforcing their strengths.
These parents’ skills could be taught and learned, representing an important resource even in
emergency situations such as a pandemic, in which parents remain the only points of
reference and education for their children. These prevention programs should be primarily
addressed at (but not limited to) parents who are health workers, who lived alone with
children during the quarantine, who have sick relatives, and who have a low SES and a
worsened work situation, in order to prevent the impact of their psychological distress on
their children, reinforcing their belief to be able to face this difficult situation and to manage
both their parents tasks and their unavoidable negative emotions.

CONCLUSION

The outbreak of covid 19 is affecting the whole world in more ways that people can imagine.
It cane in to our lives unexpectedly and create many difficult situation and so many negative
impacts on family relationships. In order to survive it, take control of your life and master
coping methods to face the problems that come with the pandemic The covid 19 quarantine
and lockdown has made peoples lives becomeso much more difficult and challenging.
Employee, employer relationship, friendship, couple and family relationship and parent child
relationship are put to the test and some problems naturally occur. Spending time as a family
us so important during this period. The fact that all family members are together at home all
the day they can be seen as a chance to strengthen family relation and bonds. For instance,
eating together,playing games, chatting, watching movies together can help empower
relationships with in the family. However spending the time together is not recommended.
People need some private time to rest. Even though spending time as a family is a good
activity, people need privacy to make themselves feel good and comfortable in their homes or

21
the stress cause people to fight or have tension with people at home. Therefore they should
have an control on their reactions. Children’s and families have been deprived of their
educational work and sport activities, but also from all their friendship and relational
contacts. Suddenly the parents and to manage their children at home from school 24 hour a
day, at the same time most of them had to start smart working from home. This situation had
relevant consequences on daily life or families, especially of children that have been deprived
and play spaces. Although it is difficult to determine the exact impact the Coronavirus will
have on the worlds economy. It is clear that the impact will be substantial and pervasive. And
it appears the worst is yet to cone. But sure that these days will pass. The pandemic shall ease
with medical interventions, and its psychological impacts could be minimized with the
right psycho -social support

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