Scribd
Upload
136 views

Diabetic Nephropathy: Regional Morbidity: Ten (10) Leading Causes

The document discusses diabetic nephropathy, which is a progressive kidney disease associated with diabetes that can lead to end-stage renal disease. It notes that diabetes accounts for 30-50% of end-stage kidney disease cases in developed countries. The document also provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system, including the structures of the kidney, nephron, and processes of urine formation through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion.

Uploaded by

Marielle Chua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
136 views

Diabetic Nephropathy: Regional Morbidity: Ten (10) Leading Causes

The document discusses diabetic nephropathy, which is a progressive kidney disease associated with diabetes that can lead to end-stage renal disease. It notes that diabetes accounts for 30-50% of end-stage kidney disease cases in developed countries. The document also provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system, including the structures of the kidney, nephron, and processes of urine formation through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion.

Uploaded by

Marielle Chua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN FLUID AND dialysis, or transplantation.

Data combined
ELECTROLYTES, ACUTE AND CHRONIC
from different sources show that more than 1.5
DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY million people worldwide are on RRT, 80% of
whom live in Japan, Europe, and North
 is a progressive kidney disease associated America.
with diabetes mellitus – type 1 and type 2 –  Kidney diseases, especially End Stage Renal
affecting kidney glomeruli, arterioles, tubules Diseases (ESRD), are already the 7th leading
and the interstitium. cause of death among the Filipinos. One Filipino
develops chronic renal failure every hour or
about 120 Filipinos per million population per
year. More than 5,000 Filipino patients are
presently undergoing dialysis and
approximately 1.1 million people worldwide
are on renal replacement therapy.
 In the past, Chronic Glomerulonephritis (CGN)
was the most common cause of chronic renal
failure.
 Today, diabetes mellitus and hypertension
have taken center stage in the causation of ESRD
which together account for almost 60% of dialysis
patient.

REGIONAL MORBIDITY: TEN (10)


 Clinical features include macroalbuminuria LEADING CAUSES
and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate that
may lead to end-stage renal disease, requiring Number & Rate/100,000 Population*
dialysis or kidney transplantation. Philippines, 2016 – SOCCSKSARGEN
 Estimates of the global burden of disease
indicate that diseases of the kidney and urinary 1. Acute Respiratory Infection
tract account for approximately 830,000 2. Hypertension
deaths and 18,467,000 disability-adjusted life 3. Pneumonia
years annually, ranking them 12th among 4. Acute Watery Diarrhea
causes of death (1.4% of all deaths) and 17th 5. Influenza
among causes of disability (1.0% of all 6. Acute Hemorrhagic Fever
disability-adjusted life years). This ranking is 7. Urinary Tract Infection
similar across world bank regions. 8. Dengue Fever
 According to the National Kidney Foundation 9. Typhoid Fever
in an American journal published last 2018, 10. Diseases of the heart
diabetic kidney disease and diabetic nephropathy
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
are the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease
(ESKD) in the United States and most developed URINARY SYSTEM
countries. Diabetes accounts for 30% to 50 % of
the incident cases of ESKD in United States. Organs of the Urinary System:
 Generally, renal diseases progress to a final 1. Kidneys
stage as End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and 2. Ureters
function is substituted by Renal Replacement 3. Urinary Bladder
Therapy (RRT), hemodialysis, peritoneal 4. Urethra
NEPHRON URINE FORMATION
 the functional unit of the kidney The three steps of formation of urine by the kidneys
 each kidney has approx. 1.3 million nephrons are:
 is composed of glomerulus and renal tubules 1. Glomerular Filtration
 primary function is formation of urine 2. Tubular Reabsorption
3. Tubular Secretion

GLOMERULUS
 Is a tuft of semi-permeable capillaries,
surrounded by the Browman’s capsule.
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
RENAL TUBULES
 Movement of
THREE REGIONS OF THE RENAL water and solutes
TUBULES from the blood to
the glomerular
1. PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES capsule.
2. LOOP OF HENLE  The fluid that
enters the capsule
3. DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES is glomerular
filtrate.

TUBULAR REABSORPTION
 It is the
movement of
substances from
 About 1,200 ml of blood flows to the kidneys the filtrate in
per minute, which is 20-25% of the cardiac the kidney
output. tubules into the
 The normal Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) blood in the
is 125 ml/min. peritubular
 From this, the kidneys form 0.5 to 1 ml of capillaries.
urine per minute, thereby 30 to 60 ml per hour or  Only 1% of the filtrate remains in the tubules
approximately 1,500 ml per day. and become urine.
 250 – 450 ml of urine in the bladder triggers  Water and other substances that are useful to
micturition reflex. the body are reabsorbed.
 Water is reabsorbed by osmosis, while most
solutes are reabsorbed by active transport.
TUBULAR SECRETION
 It is the transport of
substances from the
blood into the renal
tubules.

MICTURITION
 It is the act of expelling urine from the bladder
(also urination or voiding).

FUNCTIONS OF URINARY SYSTEM


1. Urine formation
2. Excretion of waste products
3. Regulation of electrolytes
4. Regulation of acid-base balance
5. Control of water balance
6. Control of blood pressure (Renin)
7. Regulation of red blood cell production
(Erythropoietin)
8. Synthesis of vitamin D to active form

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)
 is a hormone produced by the kidney that
promotes the formation of red blood cells by the
bone marrow.

You might also like