Post-Colonial Period

to
Contemporary Times

Vernacular Renaissance
History
• 1901 to 1935
INSULAR GOVERNMENT
Governor General William Howard Taft
• 1935
COMMONWEALTH
President Manuel Luis Quezon
• 1941 to 1944
WW2 + JAPANESE OCCUPATION
President Sergio Osmena
• 1946
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
President Manuel Roxas
History
• 04 July 1946
Philippines became an independent Republic in
accordance with the terms of the Tydings-McDduffie Act
with Manuel Roxas as duly elected president
US Senator Millard E. Tydings Philippine Rehabilitaion Act
which appropriated $620 M on war damage
The US War Rehabilitation Fund was instrumental in
resurrecting the Manila City Hall, Post Office Building,
Agriculture and Finance Buildings, the Legislative Building,
and group of buildings of UP Manila
History
• 23 July 1946
Roxas formed a Capitol Site Committee with the
responsibility of choosing a new site for the capitol of the
new Republic
Quezon City was chosen

• 1947
Roxas dispatched a group of Filipino architects and
engineers to study abroad
The mission returned with ideas influenced by modernist
architecture and urban planning
 Capital City Planning
Commission
• Juan Marcos Arellano - chair
• Juan Nakpil
• Cesar Concio
• Manuel Manosa
Juan Marcos Arellano
 Juan Marcos Arellano
• Cebu
Provincial
Capitol
• Center for
West Visayan
Studies and
Museum, UP
Visayas
• Jones Bridge
• Manila Central
Post Office
• Manila
Metropolitan
Theater
• National
Museum of the
Philippines
 Juan Marcos Arellano
• Cebu
Provincial
Capitol
• Center for
West Visayan
Studies and
Museum, UP
Visayas
• Jones Bridge
• Manila Central
Post Office
• Manila
Metropolitan
Theater
• National
Museum of
the
Philippines
Juan Felipe De Jesus
Nakpil
 Juan Felipe De Jesus
Nakpil
Avenue Theatre
Capitol Theater
Carillon Tower
Gonzalez Hall, UP Diliman
Luis-Perez-Samanlilio
Building
Manila Jockey Club
Philippine Trust Co.
Building
Quezon Hall, UP Diliman
Cesar Concio
 Cesar Concio
• Baclaran
Church
• Church of the
Risen Lord
• Insular Life
Building
• Melchor Hall,
University of
the
Philippines,
Diliman
• Palma Hall,
University of
the
Philippines,
Diliman
 Cesar Concio
• Baclaran
Church
• Church of the
Risen Lord
• Insular Life
Building
• Melchor Hall,
University of
the
Philippines,
Diliman
• Palma Hall,
University of
the
Philippines,
Diliman
Manuel Mañosa
Manuel Mañosa
History
• 1948
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
President Elpidio Quirino
• 18 March 1949
Juan Arellano (chairman of Capitol City Planning
Commission) submitted “The Master Plan for the New
Capitol City”
It included a zone called the “Constitution Hill” that would
serve as the imposing centerpiece of the city
Federico Ilustre, consulting architect of the Bureau of
Public Works, prepared the plans and models of the
proposed Legislative Center (a part of Constitution Hill)
History
Ilustre’s design met several criticisms because of his
excessive use of building height for monumental effect that
had no practical value and the expression of style was
purely artificial in nature

In spite controversies, the project began its construction

phase in 1958

But the construction had to stop in August 1960 due to

insufficient funds

The project (the whole Master Plan) was later abandoned

Federico S. Ilustre

Sarcophagus housing the

remains of President Quezon
History
• 1953
President Ramon Magsaysay

• 1957
President Carlos P. Garcia

• 1961
President Diosdado Macapagal
History
• 1950s and 1960s
Architecture in the 50s and the 60s
drew its imagery from science and
technology and the space age
Buildings became sculptures with
the use of advanced building
technologies and materials such as
reinforced concrete, plastics, and
steel
New and exciting architectural
shapes were now possible through
new and advanced building
techniques
History
• 1950s and 1960s

Brutalism also appeared during this period

Brutalism is derived from the French word ‘beton brut’,
meaning rough concrete
Brutalist structures are massive and unrefined with
coarsely formed surfaces, usually of raw and exposed
concrete
Pre-cast construction and pre-fabrication was introduced
to industrialize building methods
 Modernism
• Leading movement of 20th century
• movement grounded in the rejection of
classical precedent and style
• said to coincide with “modern history” (a
period including the present but excluding
the Greek and Roman epochs)
• characterized by the deliberate divergence
from tradition and the use of innovative
forms of expressions
 Modernism
• Positivistic
knowledge and truth systems could be
verified by way of scientific inquiry

• Technocentric
progress in knowledge is achieved through
advances in technology
 Modernism
• Rationalistic
knowledge is achieved by the application of
reason

• marked by strongly held beliefs in

universal progress, the possibility of
absolute truth, rational planning of ideal
social orders
 Modernism
• use of reinforced concrete, steel, and
glass
• primacy of cubic forms, geometric shapes,
and cartesian grids
• absence of decoration, stylistic motifs,
traditional roofs, and ornamental details
TROPICAL MODERNISM
 Tropical Modernism
• Brise soleil
• Glass walls
• Pierced screens
• Thin concrete shells
• “form follows function”
 Tropical Modernism
• simple
• clean lines
• smooth finished
• cylinders and unusually shaped buildings
• slanted or curved roofs
• unadorned façade
• minimal surface modeling
Veterans Memorial
Medical Center
 Bonifacio Monument

Juan Nakpil

Guillermo
Tolentino
Ruperto Gaite
SPACE AGE
Cresenciano De Castro
Dominador Lugtu
Mañosa Brothers
FOLDED PLATE
Victor Tiotuyco
Juan Felipe De Jesus
Nakpil
Jose Zaragoza
Jose Zaragoza
Leandro Locsin
Carlos Santos-Viola
Angel Nakpil
Angel Nakpil
Julio Victor Rocha
Alfredo Luz
Alfredo Luz
Carlos Arguelles
1950s and 60s
 1950s and 60s
• Juan Nakpil introduced the use of
folded plate as a structural shell
• Most of the structures of the 60s
were derived from science fiction
with their domes and other playful
shapes and patterns

CHURCH OF THE RISEN LORD, 1955

Cesar Concio
1950s and 60s
PHILIPPINE PAVILIONS
History

• 30 December 1965
President Ferdinand E.
Marcos

• 21 September 1972
MARTIAL LAW

• “conjugal dictatorship”
 Bagong Lipunan

• Imelda Marcos instilled the role of architecture

in building the New Society (Bagong Lipunan
• 1970 Architecture: The Social Art
1975 Architecture for the Common Man
1975 Imelda initiated unification of the three (3)
architectural organizations
1. Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA)
2. League of Philippine Architects (LPA)
3. Association of Philippine Government Architects (APGA)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United Architects of the Philippines (UAP)

November 1975
Metropolitan Manila
Commission created
with Imelda Marcos
as governor

1979
Imelda Marcos as
First Honorary
Member of the UAP
Ar. NORBERTO MANDANAS
NUKE fuap, aa, apec arch., Likha
Awardee

13 October 1930 to 07 February 2017

 Bagong Lipunan
PALINGENESIS
Revival of the alibata.
• “Great Malayan culture”
• Utopian idea of rebirth or
spiritual regeneration
• Recreation of national identity

“Kulay Anyo ng Lahi” public murals

Osaka World Exposition
Folk Architecture

Batasang
Pambansa
Complex
Felipe Mendoza
Folk Architecture
Bagong Lipunan
Improvement of Sites
and Services (BLISS)

• A model community of
self-reliant and self-
sufficient settlement
designed for fifty to a
hundred families
Folk Architecture

Kapitbahayan Housing
Project
Tondo, Manila
Felipe Mendoza
Folk Architecture

Lungsod Silangan, Infanta, Quezon

 Folk Architecture
• Bagong Lipunan Modernity
• Invention of National
Architecture
CCP

Folk Arts Theater

Leandro Locsin PHILCITE

Folk Architecture

Philippine International Convention Center Leandro Locsin

Folk Architecture

National Arts Center Leandro Locsin

 Folk Architecture

Manila Film Center Froilan L. Hong

Folk Architecture

Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)

Jorge Ramos and the Architects Collaborative
Folk Architecture

Lung Center of the Philippines Philippine Heart Center for Asia

National
Kidney and
Transplant
Institute
Folk Architecture

Baguio Convention Center

Jorge Ramos

Zamboanga International
Airport
 Folk Architecture
Coconut Utilization Program
• Project funded by UNIDO
(United Nations Industrial
Development Organization)
• Imelda Madera coconut-
based lumber used for
construction

Coconut Palace Francisco Mañosa

Folk Architecture

PHILTRADE Planning Resources Operations System (PROS)

Folk Architecture

Passively Cooled Urban House Geronimo V. Manahan

Geronimo Manahan
Mañosa Brothers
Francisco Fajardo
Felipe Mendoza
Folk Architecture

San Juanico Bridge

Leandro Locsin
1928 to 1994
• “poet of space”
Works include:
• 75 residences
• 88 buildings
• A sultanate’s palace

Major Works:
• Theater of Performing Arts
• Manila International Airport
• Ayala Tower One
• Makati Stock Exchange
• Istana Nurul Iman
Leandro Locsin

Istana Nurul Iman

Benguet Corporation Building

 Jorge Ramos

GSIS Building
Felipe Mendoza
1917 to 2000

• Advocate of tropicalism

Major Works:
• Ministry of Education and Culture
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• Development Academy of the Philippines
• Church of Jesus of Latter Day Saints
• Bicol University
• Central Mindanao University
• UP Los Baños
• College of the Holy Spirit
Felipe Mendoza

Development Academy
of the Philippines

International Rice
Research Institute
Gabriel Formoso
1915 to 1996

Major Works:
• Pacific Star Building
• Central Bank of the
Philippines
• Valley Golf and Country
Club
• MWSS Headquarters
• Asian Institute of
Management
• Club Filipino
 Gabriel Formoso

Central Bank of the Philippines

Asian Institute of Management Valley Golf and Country Club

Jose Maria V. Zaragoza
1912 to 1994

• Studied at the Institute of Liturgical

Art (ILA) in Rome

Major Works:
• Santo Domingo Church
• Our Lady of the Rosary
• Don Bosco Church
• Convent of the Pink Sisters
• San Beda Convent
• Pius XII Center
• Union Church
• Quiapo Church Restoration
 Jose Maria V. Zaragoza

Commercial Bank and Trust

Company Building

Virra Mall Meralco Building

Francisco Mañosa
1931
• Advocate of the Neo-vernacular
architecture

Major Works:
• Tahanang Filipino (Coconut Palace)
• Shrine of Our Lady of Queen of
Peace
• Pearl Farm Resort
• Mary Immaculate Parish
• Ateneo Professional Schools
• Bamboo Mansion
• Aquino Center
• Lanao Provincial Capitol
 Francisco Mañosa

San Miguel Headquarters Building

Pearl Farm Ateneo Professional School

Francisco “Bobby”
Mañosa
 Francisco “Bobby”
Mañosa

Ateneo Professional School

 Francisco “Bobby”
Mañosa

Pearl Farm Resort

Francisco “Bobby”
Mañosa
Francisco “Bobby” Mañosa
Francisco “Bobby”
Mañosa
Francisco “Bobby”
Mañosa
Post-colonial Period to
Contemporary Times
Postmodern Era
 History
• 1986
“People Power”
Revolution in EDSA
President Corazon C.
Aquino
 Background

• Democracy Restored

– Post-EDSA euphoria gave rise to a myriad of artistic

expressions

– Philippine Architecture also underwent change (mid

1980s)
Robert Venturi
LESS IS A BORE
Post-modernism
Aesthetic Language

• heavily influenced by classical architecture

• “decorative packaging” to façades by juxtaposing
symbolic elements and enveloping them with irony
and metaphor
• garish application of color
• return to ornament and traditional design elements
Skidmore, Owings & Merill

Asian Development Bank Building in Ortigas

Rogelio Villarosa

King’s Court Building II

 Rogelio Villarosa

AIC Gold Tower

Tektite Towers Renaissance Tower

Gabriel Formoso

Pacific Star Building

Felino Palafox Jr.

Nueva Ecija Capitol Building

Palafox Associates
Dewey Santos & Felix Ngo

Metrobank Branches
Jose Siao Ling &
Associates
Antonio Sindiong
William Coscolluela
 Sanctuarium

Classmate Digital KTV

West Burnham Place in Baguio

 Post-modern Skyscrapers
• “Tower-on-the-podium”
formula of corporate and
commercial towers

3 Vertical Segments:
– Podium
– Shaft
– Crown

Rufino Pacific Tower

Post-modern Skyscrapers

Enterprise Center
William Tung Sunview Palace BSA Twin Towers
Post-modern Skyscrapers

Shang Grand Tower

Palmer & Turner and
Recio+Casas

Orient Square
William V. Cosculluella
 Disney-fication
• Invention of fantasy environments
• Urban fiction originating from the marketing
strategy of Disney World
Folly
Microcities

Rockwell Center
Microcities Eastwood City
Gated Communities Tagaytay Highlands
Gated Communities Victorianne
New Millennium
• elevate the nation to a status of a “newly
industrialized country” (NIC)
• foreign investments came in bulk
– resulted in high rise euphoria, as well as “intelligent”
buildings
– started production of “global architecture” in the
Philippines

Global Village
• community connected by new technologies making
it possible for instant communication anywhere
around the globe
Globalism
Architecture of Global Multinationalism
• typified in buildings that serve as Corporate HQ

Essensa Towers World Trade Exchange Pacific Plaza Towers

By I.M. Pei By Michael Graves By Arquitectonica
Globalism

Yuchengco Tower SOM LKG Tower Kohn Pedersen Fox

 Globalism

SM Mall of Asia Arquitectonica

Globalism
 High-Tech
– light and strong
– heavily insulated wall panels
– use of steel and aluminum and mirror glass

NAIA Terminal 3 by SOM

 High-Tech

Ayala One GT Tower One San Miguel One Roxas Triangle

 Deconstructivism

CSB School of
Design and Arts
Eduardo Calma
Deconstructivism

Residence of
Alexius Medalla
Deconstructivism

Ampoanan sa Kalinaw Ug Kinaadman

Retro-modernism
• Sometimes called Minimalism
• Lucid lines, transparent volumes, clean-cut massing,
uncluttered presence.

Ciudad de Calamba
Retro-modernism

Alabang Town Center

Retro-modernism

McDonald’s in Vigan
 Neo-vernacularism

New Medical City Aquino Center

Ateneo Science Education Complex

Neo-modern
Neo-modern

City of Dreams Albert S. Yu ASYA

Neo-modern

SOLAIRE RESORT Carmelo Casas

 Green Architecture
• Green Architecture
– Economical, energy-saving, environment-
friendly, and sustainable development

F-shelters
-designed by Dr.
Florence Soriano
-fast-to-build and
foldaway
emergency shelter
--uses wood-wool
cement board
(WWCB)
Green Architecture

Earthbag shelter in Escalante, Negros Occidental

• Rio Dome
- use of “earthbag construction systems” developed by
Nader Kahlili
- made of rice sacks packed with waterproof earth mixture
and cement
Green Architecture
Green Architecture

®
2013 LEED EBOM GOLD Batangas

®
2006 LEED NC SILVER
Baguio

® ®
2011 LEED CI SILVER 2011 LEED NC GOLD
Makati Parañaque City

®
2011 LEED CS SILVER
Laguna

Pre Certified

®
2010 LEED NC GOLD
Pampanga
® ®
LEED CI PLATINUM+LEED CS GOLD
Taguig ®
2011 LEED EBOM GOLD Mandaluyong
Green Architecture

4-STOREY OFFICE BLDG , LIBIS, QC (2012)

RESORT RESIDENTIAL CONDOMINIUM
BORACAY (2012)
LHK SQUARE
SAN JUAN CITY (2012)

GREEN HOME
HYUNDAI LOGISTICS CENTER, LAGUNA (2013) NATIONAL MUSEUM, OF NATURAL HISTORY, MANILA, (2013) ANGELES CITY (2014)
References
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Press

Alarcon, NI. (2008). The Imperial Tapestry : the American Colonial Architecture in the Philippines. University of Santo
Tomas Publishing House
Cabalfin, EG. (2015). What Kids Should Know About Philippine Architecture. Adarna House Inc.
Fernandez, RDA. (2015). Diksiyonaryong Biswal ng Arkitekturang Filipino. University of Santo Tomas Publishing House
Galende PG & Javellana RB. (1993). Great Churches of the Philippines. Bookmark Publication.
Laya JC & Turalba, MCV & Tinio Jr. MI. (2013). Philippine Heritage Homes: A Guildebook. Anvil Publishing Inc.
Lico G. (2008). Arkitekturang Filipino: A History of Architecture and Urbanism in the Philippines. UP Press.
References
Lico, G. (2009). Audio Visual Textbook of Philippine Architecture. National Commission for Culture and the Arts.
Lico, G. (2013) Istilo: Pocket Guide to Architecture Styles in the Philippines. National Commission for Culture and the
Arts
Lico, G. (2014) Masjid / Mosque Architecture: Jewels of Philippine Islamic Faith. National Commission for Culture and
the Arts
Luca, T. & Reyes, EV. (2013) Philippine Style: Design and Architecture. Anvil Publishing Inc.
Noche, MML. (2011). Puentes de España en las Filipinas: The Colonial Bridges In the Philippines. University of Santo
Tomas Publishing House.
Nolasco B. (2013). National Treasures: A Journey Through History. National Commission for Culture and the Arts.
Morales MV. (2012) Balay Ukit: Tropical Architecture in Pre-WWII Filipino Houses. Anvil Publishing
Zialcita, FN. & Martin Jr. IT. (1980) Philippine Ancestral Houses 1810 -1930. GCF Books.