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Test 2: Questions 1 - 10

The passage summarizes the dangers posed by tsunamis. It describes a 1998 tsunami in Papua New Guinea that killed over 2,500 people and left thousands homeless. Tsunamis are enormous waves caused by sudden seismic events that displace large amounts of water. While tsunami waves travel vast distances with barely noticeable heights, they can grow to 30-meter high walls of water as they enter shallow coastal waters, causing devastating damage by destroying structures, eroding beaches, and flooding inland areas. The extent of damage depends on coastal geography and the size of the tsunami wave.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views21 pages

Test 2: Questions 1 - 10

The passage summarizes the dangers posed by tsunamis. It describes a 1998 tsunami in Papua New Guinea that killed over 2,500 people and left thousands homeless. Tsunamis are enormous waves caused by sudden seismic events that displace large amounts of water. While tsunami waves travel vast distances with barely noticeable heights, they can grow to 30-meter high walls of water as they enter shallow coastal waters, causing devastating damage by destroying structures, eroding beaches, and flooding inland areas. The extent of damage depends on coastal geography and the size of the tsunami wave.

Uploaded by

Lan Anh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
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com
TEST 2
Listen to Audio 2 and answer the questions below.

Section 1

Questions 1 - 10

Questions 1 - 3

Complete the form below.


Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER in each gap.

Children's Librarian - Volunteer

Name: Tessa Bridges


Address: 51 (1)_____________ Drive
Area: Northwood
Postcode: (2)_____________
Place of study: studying at Northwood Polytechnic
Major: (3)______________
Career choice: children's author

Question 4 - 6

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS in each gap.

Work History

Length of service Employer/Place Position

2 years (4).................... babysitter

1 year Senior high school (5)...................

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3 months Ace sports Academy (6)....................

ongoing Northwood Hospital Official visitor

Question 7 - 10

Is Tessa available for work at the times listed below?

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to Questions 7 - 10

Descriptions
A. She is definitely available for work at these times
B. She might be available for work at these times
C. She is not available for work at these times

Times:

Weekdays: (7)................................
Evenings: (8)...............................
Weekends: (9)..............................
School Holidays: (10)............................

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Section 2
Questions 11 - 20

Questions 11 - 17

Complete the notes below.


Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS in each gap.

BeWell Online Program

(interactive website with resources to help reach health - (11)________________)


Wellness register:
+ easy online health check
+ keep a record of progress
+ get (12)______________ on present health condition
- Active Health Agenda (8-week plans taking into account age & lifestyle):
+ diet and workout
+ weight loss
+ (13)____________ management
+ healthy acing
+ time-saver workouts
- Membership:
+ allow us of various tools and (14)___________ online
+ give access to articles recipes, exercises
- Active Sport (individual programs in accordance with personal objective
and (15)_____________):
+ warm-up, workout, weekly training e.g. marathon, swimming, etc.
- Active Care (for specific health requirements):
+(16)_____________
+ Glucose Management
+ Heart Health

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+(17)____________ care

Question 18 - 20

Complete the sentences below


Write ONE WORD ONLY in each gap.

BeWell Coaching Course


- Health professionals will help people make long-lasting (18)______________.
- Coaching is for people with (19)__________ diseases.
- Coaches help people make a/an (20)____________ and keep to it.

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Section 3

Questions 21 - 30

Questions 21-27

Choose the correct letter A , B or C.

(21) Clare and Grant must arrange a competition which will especially interest
A School students
B Open day committee members.
C Open day visitors.

(22) What will the prize be ?


A an iPod.
B an iPad.
C an iPhone

(23) Who will be responsible for buying the prize ?


A a university department.
B Clare and Grant.
C Rick Smith.

(24) What is the important aspect for entrants in the competition ?


A fun.
B guesswork.
C ability.

(25) In the science fiction series on television, what is on the other side of the gateway ?
A a portal.
B a new world of education.
C a different time period.

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(26) Who will judge the competition ?


A the Committee
B the public
C the Open Day visitors

(27) who will build the portal ?


A college graduates from the school
B college students from the school of Engineering
C graduate students from the Engineering Department

Questions 28-30

The flow chart below has three gaps.Complete the chart of the Open Day Competition
Write ONE WORDS ONLY in each gap.

Open Day Competition

Step 1 Find ‘Portal photos (28)…………’ on campus on Open Day



Step 2 Be photographed stepping through the Portal

Step 3 Give contact (29)………… (name & email address)

Step 4 Visit the University Facebook page and (30)....................

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Section 4

Questions 31 - 40

Complete the notes below.


Write ONE WORD ONLY in each gap.
Agriculture and Environment
• (31)____________ production - biggest problem in today's world
• agriculture is important for jobs. exports and foreign exchange
• Agriculture' means:
+ growing crops
+ raising animals
+ (32)_______________
+ (33)_______________
- agriculture must be sustainable: old methods. and new. chemical methods are all unsustainable
the (34)____________ of biodiversity
- biotechnology GM or GE bio-prospecting (bio-piracy) i.e., large companies steal samples of
native plants to us the (35)__________ material for their own crop
- (36)_______________ change is responsible for less goods and higher prices
- farmers need to be educated but governments also need to pay attention to (37)___________
development in order to protect the environment and re-nourish the soil
- experts from around the world could come together to form an international (38) ___________ to
observe farm systems aiming to prevent pollution and erosion and encourage safe procedures that are
also (39)_________________
- creating the project’s (40)_____________ would be very expensive and more money would be
needed for the monitoring system but it could solve the problem.

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Reading Test 2
SECTION 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions, which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.

COASTLINE DANGER

A.
On July 1, 1998, an unexpected tsunami pounded the northern coastline of Papua New
Guinea. In three massive waves, as high as 15 meters, it washed away entire villages,
drowned over 2500 people and left thousands homeless. Survivors of the Papua New
Guinea disaster described the tsunami as a wall of water hurling toward shore, averaging
10 meters high and extending about 5 kilometres from front to back. The largest wave
swept over the shore at speeds of up to 20 kilometres per hour for more than a minute,
before draining away in preparation for the next.

B.
What are tsunamis? Tsunamis are enormous waves initiated by sudden seismic events. A
tsunami is generated when a large mass of water is displaced suddenly, creating a swell
that moves away from its origin. The effect is similar to the ripples that form when a pebble
is
dropped into a pond-but a thousand times larger. A tsunami wave can be 100 to 200
kilometres wide and long. It can reach speeds of 725 to 800 km/hour. It can travel
thousands of kilometres across the ocean and maintain a barely not likeable height of less
than a half meter. However, as the tsunami enters the shallow waters of a coastline, it
bunches up into a monstrous wall of seawater that can reach heights of 30 meters and still
be many kilometres in length.

C.
The impact of such large waves on a shoreline can be devastating. Buildings, bridges, and
can be devastating. Buildings, bridges, and other structures may be destroyed. Extensive
beach erosion commonly occurs. In addition, water may flood areas hundreds of meters

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inland. The amount of damage depends on the geometry of the coastline as well as the
size of the tsunami. Because variations in the shapes of coastal areas can focus or diffuse
the energy in a wave, different parts of a coastline may experience very different degrees
of damage from a given tsunami. The largest waves, hence the greatest amount of
damage, are generally observed in embayment that funnel the waves into a narrow bay.

D.
Tsunamis are frequently caused by underwater earthquakes with a magnitude greater than
7 on the Richter scale. The most dangerous tsunamis are triggered by quakes with a
shallow focus that produce extended vibrations and shift the seafloor vertically. Tsunamis
are sometimes generated by other catastrophic events, such as underwater volcanic
explosions. For example, the disastrous eruption of Krakatau that killed more than 30,000
people in 1883 produced waves that were 35 meters high and that travelled thousands of
kilometres. Although scientists are not certain exactly how this eruption led to a tsunami, a
recent study of sea-floor deposits suggests that water displaced by immense ash flows was
the cause. Underwater landslides have also been known to create tsunamis. For instance,
the Hawaiian Islands have all experienced enormous landslides in the past, and coastal
sediments record evidence of tsunamis that were generated from them.

E.
The exact trigger of the Papua New Guinea tsunami is not yet known, although an
earthquake was certainly involved. Because the earthquake was relatively small, scientists
were somewhat surprised by the disastrous results. One study of seismic data indicated
that the earthquake was centred offshore and produced a 2-meter vertical displacement of
the seafloor; the conclusion was that this abrupt motion triggered the tsunami. Other
evidence indicates that the tsunami was produced by a huge offshore landslide, itself
triggered by the earthquake. Eyewitness accounts indicate that the first wave struck shore
about 20 minutes after the mainshock of the earthquake, too long for the tsunami to have
originated from sub-sea faulting during the quake. A slump or landslide typically lags
several minutes behind an earthquake and could explain the delay. Further support comes
from a 70-seconds long rumble recorded in the middle of the Pacific soon after the

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earthquake. This sound lasted too long to have come from a small aftershock and may
have represented a seafloor slide.

F.
Unfortunately, tsunamis cannot be stopped or prevented. However, effective warning
systems might save hundreds of lives. In the United States, the National Tsunami Hazard
Mitigation Program has been developed to reduce the impacts of tsunamis along the U.S.
Pacific Coast. One goal of this program is to improve the tsunami warning systems.
Components of such systems include seismic sensors that warn of large earthquakes and
oceanic sensors that detect tsunamis crossing the ocean. Destructive tsunamis need to be
detected quickly so that warnings can be issued to allow the orderly evacuation of coastal
communities in the path of the waves. Of course, evacuation can only save lives if the
tsunami is triggered far enough away to give advanced warning.

Questions 1-4

Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, labelled A-F.

Answer questions and write the appropriate letter; A-F, in boxes on your answer sheet.

1. Which paragraph explains the measures that have been taken to reduce the impact of
tsunamis along the U.S. Pacific coast?

2. Which paragraph discusses the probable cause of the Papua New Guinea tsunami?

Write the name and the year in the box on your answer sheet.

3. On what island and in what year was a tsunami triggered by a volcanic eruption that
killed 30,000 people?

Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS, write your answer in the box on your answer
sheet.

4. Tsunamis are frequently caused by underwater earthquakes with a magnitude greater


than 7, as indicated on what scale?

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Questions 5-6

Complete the summary below about the tsunami that hit Papua New Guinea. Choose NO
MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer:

On July 1, 1998, an unexpected tsunami ___5___ the northern coast of Papua New
Guinea. In three massive waves, as high as 15 meters, it ___6___ entire villages, drowned
over 2500 and left thousands homeless. Survivors of the Papua New Guinea disaster
described the tsunami as a wall of water ___7___ shore, averaging 10 meters high and
extending about 5 kilometres from front to back. The largest wave ___8___ the shore at
speeds of up to 20 kilometres per hour for more than a minute, before draining away in
preparation for the next.

Questions 9-10

Complete the table below which describes the power of a tsunami. Using NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS.

Question 11

Choose the appropriate letter, A-D, and write it on your answer sheet.

11. According to the text, tsunamis generally cause the greatest amount of observable
damage ___
A) in unpaved areas.
B) in wide and flat areas.
C) in embayments.
D) in sandy beach areas.

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SECTION 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 12-25 which are based on Reading
Passage 2.

MEASURING HUMAN BEHAVIOR

A. Psychological Testing is the measurement of some aspect of human behavior by


procedures consisting of carefully prescribed content, methods of administration, and
interpretation. The test may address any aspect of intellectual or emotional functioning,
including personality traits, attitudes, intelligence, or emotional concerns. Interpretation is
based on a comparison of the individual's responses with those previously obtained to
establish appropriate standards for the test scores. The usefulness of psychological tests
depends on their accuracy in predicting behavior. By providing information about the
probability person's responses or performance, tests aid making a variety of decisions.

B. The primary drive behind the development of the major tests used today was the need
for practical guidelines for solving social problems. The first useful intelligence test was
prepared in 1905 by the French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. The two
developed a 30- item scale to ensure that no child could be denied instruction in the Paris
school system without formal examination. In 1916, the American psychologist Lewis
Terman produced the first Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon scale to provide
comparison standards for Americans from age three to adulthood. The test was further
revised in 1937 and 1960, and today the Stanford Binet remains one of the most widely
used intelligence tests.

C. The need to classify soldiers during World War I resulted in the development of two
group intelligence tests - Army Alpha and Army Beta. To help detect soldiers who might
break down in combat, the American psychologist Robert Woodworth designed the
Personal Data Sheet, a forerunner of the modern personality inventory. During the 1930s
controversies over the nature of intelligence led to the development of the Wechsler-
Bellevue Intelligence Scale, which not only provided an index of general mental ability but
also revealed patterns of intellectual strengths and weaknesses. The Wechsler tests now

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extend from the preschool through the adult age range and are at least as prominent as the
Stanford-Binet.

D. As interest in the newly emerging field of psychoanalysis grew in the 1930s, two
important projective techniques introduced systematic ways to study unconscious
motivation: the Rorschach or Inkblot test developed by the Swiss psychiatrist Hermann
Rorschach-using a series of inkblots on cards, and a story-telling procedure called the
Thematic Apperception Test developed by the American psychologists Henry A. Murray
and C. D. Morgan. Both of these tests are frequently included in contemporary personality
assessment.

E. In educational settings, intelligence and achievement tests are administered routinely to


assess individual accomplishment and to improve instruction and curriculum planning.
Elementary schools use kindergarten and first grade screening procedures to determine
readiness for reading and writing programs. Screening tests also identify developmental,
visual, and auditory problems for which the child may need special assistance. If the child's
progress in school is unusually slow, or if he or she shows signs of a learning disability or
behavior disorder, testing may clarify whether the difficulty is neurologically or emotionally
based. Many high schools administer interest inventories and aptitude tests to assist in the
students' educational or vocational planning.

F. In clinics or hospitals, psychological tests may be administered for purposes of diagnosis


and treatment planning. Clinical tests can provide information about overall personality
functioning and the need for psychotherapy; testing also may focus on some specific
question, such as the presence or absence of organically based brain disorder. Clinical
testing usually involves a battery of tests, interpreted as a whole, to describe intellectual
and emotional states. Decisions about treatment do not depend exclusively on
psychological test results but are exclusively on psychological test results but are based on
the judgment of relevant staff members with whom the psychologist collaborates.

G. Tests are also used in industrial and organizational settings, primarily for selection and
classification. Selection procedures provide guidelines for accepting or rejecting candidates
for jobs. Classification procedures, which are more complex, aim to specify the types of

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positions for which an individual seems best suited. Intelligence testing is usually
supplemented by methods devised expressly to meet the needs of the organization.

H. The major psychological testing controversies stem from two interrelated issues:
technical shortcomings in test design and ethical problems in interpretation and application
of results. Some technical weaknesses exist in all tests. Because of this, it is crucial that
results be viewed as only one kind of information about any individual.

Questions 12-16

Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Choose the most suitable headings for

paragraphs B, D and F-H from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate number

i-x, in boxes on your answer sheet.

NB: There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.

List of Headings

i) Present Criticisms of Testing

ii) What is Psychological Testing?

iii) Obtaining Information for Clinical Purposes

iv) Inkblots and Story-telling

v) The First Intelligence Test

vi) Employment Testing

vii) Expansion during WWII

viii) Current Accord on the Validity of Testing

ix) Utilization in Academic Settings

x) Progress Sparked by WWI

Example Answer

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Paragraph C x

12. Paragraph B

13. Paragraph D

14. Paragraph F

15. Paragraph G

16. Paragraph H

Questions 17-22

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 17-22 on your answer sheet, write

YES, if the statement agrees with the writer

NO, if the statement does not agree with the writer

NOT GIVEN, if there is no information about this in the passage

17. The first useful intelligence test was prepared in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Theodore

Simon.

18. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test is comprised of multiple-choice questions

19. During WW I, psychologist Robert Woodworth designed the Personal Data Sheet to
help detect soldiers who had an especially high level of intelligence.

20. The Wechsler tests are not nearly as prominent as the Stanford-Binet tests

21. Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach invented a story-telling procedure called the
Thematic Apperception Test.

22. Most criticisms of testing arise from the over-valuation of and inappropriate reliance on
test results in making major life decisions, especially in the case of intelligence testing.

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Questions 23-25

Complete the notes below with words taken from Reading Passage 2.

Use NO MORE THAN ONE OR TWO WORDS for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet.

Present-day uses of Psychological Testing

i. Educational settings

A) to assess individual accomplishment

B) to improve instruction and ___23___

C) to identify individual learning problems and their causes

D) to assist students with educational or vocational planning

ii. Clinics or hospitals

A) to assist with ___24___ and treatment planning

B) to assess overall personality functioning

C) to detect organic brain disorders

iii. Industrial and organizational settings

A) to determine the acceptance or rejection of job candidates

B) to specify the positions for which an individual seems ___25___.

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SECTION 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-38, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.

UNDERWATER BOATS

A. Efforts to build underwater boats began in Europe over 500 years ago. Although the
technology was not advanced enough to create a successful submarine, several attempts
were made with varying degrees of success. In 1578, English scientist William Bourne
wrote of the possible use of ballast tanks (hollow tanks that possible use of ballast tanks
(hollow tanks that can be filled with seawater) to enable a submersible boat to descend and
rise to the surface, though he never built one himself. In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel, a Dutch
inventor, created several prototype submersibles resembling two wooden rowboats, one
atop the other and bound with leather for a watertight skin. These were propelled by oars
that emerged from the hull through watertight openings. Drebbel tested his crafts several
times below the Thames River in London, England. Historians consider Drebbel's tests the
first practical use of a manoeuvrable submarine.

B. For the next two centuries, scientists and inventors in America, England, France,
Germany, and Italy attempted to create a true submersible warship with little success. In
1776, American inventor David Bushnell designed the Turtle for use against the British
ships that were blockading New York. The Turtle was an egg-shaped craft, slightly larger
than an adult man, constructed of wood and designed to briefly submerged under an
anchored enemy ship. Its one-man crew could propel the craft by vigorously cranking a
hand-turned propeller. The boat's weapon was an explosive charge that could be screwed
into the underside of the target ship's wooden hull. However, the one and only attempt to
use Bushnell's craft failed when its pilot discovered that the British ships had copper-plated
hulls.

C. In 1800, American inventor Robert Fulton built a 6.4-meter submarine named the
Nautilus, which was similar in shape to the modem submarine. Fulton introduced two
important innovations: rudders for vertical and horizontal control and compressed air as an
underwater supply of oxygen. When submerged, the Nautilus was powered by a hand-

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operated, four-blade propeller. On the surface, the boat was propelled by means of sails
attached to a folding mast.

D. During the latter half of the 19th century, many attempts were made to develop an
adequate means of submarine propulsion. Inventors experimented with compressed air,
steam, and electricity as power sources. In 1898, American inventor John Philip Holland
used a dual propulsion system to develop the first practical submarine with an efficient
source of power. His submarine was equipped with a gasoline engine for surface cruising
and an electric motor for underwater power. In 1900, the U.S. government purchased the
16.2-meter submarine and named it the USS Holland.

E. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, submarine technology had evolved to the point
that the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Russia had all developed diesel-
powered submarines that could operate on electrical batteries underwater. The German
Uboat was the most advanced. With an average of only 30 submarines at sea at any one
time, the German U-boat service put a stranglehold on wartime shipping and merchant
supply lines and nearly brought the United Kingdom to its knees in four years of conflict.

F. During World War Il, Germany continued to develop superior U-boats. The Germans
invented the snorkel, a retractable tube that could be extended above the surface of the
water to capture air and to release exhaust while the submarine continues to operate
unseen 18 meters below the surface. They also created streamlined hull designs and larger
electric batteries to enable their submarines to travel at much higher speeds and for longer
distances. After Germany surrendered in 1945, both the U.S. and Soviet navies benefited
from Germany's advanced submarine technology. Postwar diesel-electric submarines
made the Go to Questions 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Postwar diesel-electric
submarines made the most of these innovations, and underwater manoeuvrability and
speed increased.

G. The nuclear age began in the 1950s and it led to the development of nuclear reactor
power in submarines to increase range and capability. The first nuclear-powered
submarine, the USS Nautilus, was developed by the Americans and launched in 1954. In a
trial run conducted in 1955, the Nautilus sailed totally submerged for an incredible distance

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of 2170 km in 84 hours. Its underwater cruising speed was more than 20 knots, and since
the sub was nuclear-powered, it no longer needed to periodically surface for air or for
refuelling.

H. During the 1990s, the U .S. Navy began allowing some of its submarines to be used for
scientific missions. In 1995, for example, the U.S. Navy allowed civilian scientists to
conduct missions below the polar ice caps aboard Sturgeon-class attack submarines. The
agreement provided for one mission a year for five years. Access to this underwater region
had been restricted for years due to the harshness of the environment.

Questions 26-29

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In
boxes 26-29 on your answer sheet, write;

YES, if the statement agrees with the writer

NO, if the statement does not agree with the writer

NOT GIVEN, if there is no information about this in the passage

26. William Bourne built the first practical and manoeuvrable submarine.

27. Robert Fulton pioneered two important submarine innovations: rudders and submarine
innovations: rudders and compressed air.

28. John Philip Holland developed the first submarine with an efficient source of power.

29. Germany 's U-boats destroyed more ships than any other submarine during World War
II.

Questions 30-34

Choose the appropriate letter, A-D, and write them in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet.

30. In 1995, the U.S. Navy allowed some of its Sturgeon-class attack submarines

A) to be put on display in Germany as part of an international U-boat show.

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B) to be sold to the general public as research vessels.

C) to be used by civilian scientists to conduct missions below the polar ice caps.

D) to be fitted with an advanced prototype hydrogen-based engine.

31. During World War II, Germany invented the snorkel, a retractable tube that ___

A) launched torpedoes with greater accuracy.

B) was extended above the water to capture air and to release the exhaust.

C) was used to receive fuel from surface ships while still hidden underwater.

D) was used to plant explosives on the hulls of enemy ships.

32. In 1898, American inventor John Philip Holland developed a submarine with ___

A) a hand-operated propeller for underwater power and sails for surface cruising.

B) a diesel engine capable of cruising at a speed of 20 kilometres per hour.

C) an electric motor for surface cruising and a gasoline engine for underwater power.

D) a gasoline engine for surface cruising and an electric motor for underwater power.

33. In 1620, Dutchman Cornelis Drebbel created several submersibles ___

A) that resembled two wooden rowboats, one atop the other and bound with leather.

B) that were used against the British ships that were blockading New York.

C) that were used to conduct scientific missions below the polar ice caps.

D) that were equipped with rudders for control and compressed air for oxygen.

34. During World War I, which country's submarines put a stranglehold on wartime shipping
and merchant supply lines, nearly bringing the United Kingdom to its knees?

A) United States.

B) Italy.

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C) Germany.

D) Russia.

Questions 35-38

Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for
each answer. Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet.

Year Development Name of Person or People

1578 35______ William Bourne

1776 The Turtle 36______

37_______ First Nuclear-powered Submarine launch The Americans

World War II The Snorkel 38_______

Reading Test 3
SECTION 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.

HOT SPRINGS ON THE OCEAN FLOOR

A. In many areas of the ocean floor, wherever magma nears the sea floor, or where lava
erupts directly at the sea floor surface, hot springs on the sea floor called hydrothermal
vents commonly are found. Vent fields are generally associated with submarine volcanoes
where lava is erupting or preparing to erupt. Hydrothermal vents also are found in areas of
the ocean floor that are spreading, such as at mid-ocean ridges, where tectonic plates are
being pulled apart . This movement allows the molten magma to rise from deep inside the
Earth, super heating the cold ocean water around it. The average temperature of deep-
ocean water is only 2 °C (36 °F) . The water coming directly from a hydrothermal vent can
reach up to 350 °C (662 °F) and is rich in dissolved chemicals . The hot spring water forms
a plume above the vent, somewhat like smoke rising from a chimney into the air.

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