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    Photosynthesis in C4 Plants

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    Ervin Ade Prasetyo
    C4 plants have a more efficient photosynthesis pathway than C3 plants that allows them to thrive in hot and dry environments. In C4 plants, CO2 is initially fixed into a 4-carbon compound by PEP carboxylase in mesophyll cells. This 4-carbon compound is then transported to bundle sheath cells where the CO2 is concentrated and released to be used by RuBisCO for the Calvin cycle. This concentration of CO2 in the bundle sheath cells minimizes photorespiration and allows for more efficient photosynthesis compared to C3 plants. While more complex, C4 photosynthesis is advantageous in hot climates as it allows the plants to keep their stomata closed longer to reduce water

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    Photosynthesis in C4 Plants

    Uploaded by

    Ervin Ade Prasetyo
    72 views5 pages
    C4 plants have a more efficient photosynthesis pathway than C3 plants that allows them to thrive in hot and dry environments. In C4 plants, CO2 is initially fixed into a 4-carbon compound by PEP carboxylase in mesophyll cells. This 4-carbon compound is then transported to bundle sheath cells where the CO2 is concentrated and released to be used by RuBisCO for the Calvin cycle. This concentration of CO2 in the bundle sheath cells minimizes photorespiration and allows for more efficient photosynthesis compared to C3 plants. While more complex, C4 photosynthesis is advantageous in hot climates as it allows the plants to keep their stomata closed longer to reduce water

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    C4 plants have a more efficient photosynthesis pathway than C3 plants that allows them to thrive in hot and dry environments. In C4 plants, CO2 is initially fixed into a 4-carbon compound by PEP carboxylase in mesophyll cells. This 4-carbon compound is then transported to bundle sheath cells where the CO2 is concentrated and released to be used by RuBisCO for the Calvin cycle. This concentration of CO2 in the bundle sheath cells minimizes photorespiration and allows for more efficient photosynthesis compared to C3 plants. While more complex, C4 photosynthesis is advantageous in hot climates as it allows the plants to keep their stomata closed longer to reduce water

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    72 views5 pages

    Photosynthesis in C4 Plants

    Uploaded by

    Ervin Ade Prasetyo
    C4 plants have a more efficient photosynthesis pathway than C3 plants that allows them to thrive in hot and dry environments. In C4 plants, CO2 is initially fixed into a 4-carbon compound by PEP carboxylase in mesophyll cells. This 4-carbon compound is then transported to bundle sheath cells where the CO2 is concentrated and released to be used by RuBisCO for the Calvin cycle. This concentration of CO2 in the bundle sheath cells minimizes photorespiration and allows for more efficient photosynthesis compared to C3 plants. While more complex, C4 photosynthesis is advantageous in hot climates as it allows the plants to keep their stomata closed longer to reduce water

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Photosynthesis in C4 Plants

    Ervin Ade Prasetyo


    Abstract
    Based on the type of photosynthesis, plants are divided into
    three major groups, namely C3, C4, and CAM (Crassulacean Acid
    Metabolism). C4 and CAM plants are more adaptive in the area hot
    and dry when compared with C3 plants. However, more C3 plants
    adaptive to high atmospheric CO2 content conditions. Most
    agricultural plants, such as, potatoes, soybeans, and cotton are plants
    of the C3 group. Plant C3 and C4 is distinguished by the way COz
    binding of the atmosphere and the starting product is produced from
    forosintesis process.
    The C + plant is so named because the result of the Calvin cycle
    is carbonic acid 4. The C4 plant is more adaptive in hot tropical
    regions. In plant C4, CO2 bound by PEP carboxylase (CO 2 binding
    enzyme in plant C4). PEP carboxylase does not can bind O2 so there
    is no competition between COz and Oz. The location of COz binding
    is in the mesophyll cell. CO2] that has been bound by PEP
    carboxylase then formed OAA and converted to malic acid. Malic
    acid is transferred from the mesophyll to the sheaths of the carrier
    files (a group of cells outside the xylem and phloem are numerous
    containing chloroplasts). The malic acid is decarboxylated to CO 2
    and pyruvic acid. COz is bound by RuBP. Due to the high
    concentration of COz and the location of the sheaths of the carrier
    files on the inside, Oz has no chance to bind with RuBP,
    photorespiration is very small.
    PEP has a binding power m-t s-t the rate of photosynthesis is
    very high. against CO2, with CO2 below 100 m mol photosynthesis in
    C4 plantsonlyincreases slightly with the increase of Co2 in the
    environment. By increasing CO 2 in the atmosphere, C3 plants will be
    more fortunate than C4 plants in terms of excessive coz utilization.
    PEP carboxylase has a higher binding power to coz than RuBp
    carboxylase. therefore, in C4 plants with very low Co2 content, even
    lower than normal air concentrations, it can still be fixed to pEp
    carboxylase.

    1. Introduction
    basically there are only two divisions of C3 and plant C4 but,
    plant C4 there is another unique way that is CAM, where there is
    separation of C3 and C4 cycle process based on time. C4 plants
    generally have a unique leaf anatomy so that C4 and C3 processes
    occur on separate leaf parts and RUBISCO is in the leaf part which
    has high CO2 and low O2. Plant C4, has a characteristic leaf
    anatomical shape called Anatomy Kranz. Vascular circles in plants
    C4 are surrounded by two cell-cell layers such as rings. The deepest
    cell layer is called the "bundle sheath" cell, and is rich in chloroplasts
    containing amylum (amyloplasts) but lacks the grane. This is different
    from the outer cell ring on the mesophyll. Because there are two types
    of chloroplasts or. The main function of kranz anatomy is to provide a
    place for CO2 to concentrate on RuBisCO, thus, photorespiration can
    be avoided. To maintain high CO2 concentrations in the bundle
    sheath compared to the mesophyll, the limiting layer on the crane
    section has a small conductance of CO2, this is reinforced by suberin
    Although there is a cranz anatomy in every C4 plant, there are also
    some plant species that use the C4 mechanism in the absence of a
    layer of Kranz tissue. Suaeda araloscapica, Bienertia cycloptera,
    Bienertia sinuspersici and Bienertia kavirense (all chenopods) are
    terrestrial plants located in dry areas, salty depressions in the desert
    region of Central Asia. The plant turned out to use the CO2
    concentration mechanism of a single cell C4 (Hamim, 2005)
    C 4 plants in hot conditions in the tropics more efficiently use
    CO2 than C3 plants, because C4 plants can minimize photorespiration
    while increasing photosynthesis. This can be seen in the production of
    cane sugar, and the maize increases during the dry season.
    (Rahmawati, 2009)
    2. photosynthetic activity
    1. Plant C4 is a plant group that prepares the dark reaction of
    photosynthesis through the 4 carbon / 4C line (Hatch - Slack
    Line) before entering the Calvin cycle, to minimize
    photorespiratory requirements.
    2. At first CO2 is fixed by Phospho Enol Pyruvate (PEP) to
    produce Oxalo Acetic Acid / OAA (4C). Furthermore, OAA
    is converted into Malic Acid (takes place inside the leaf
    mesophyll).
    3. The malic acid then diffuses from the mesophyll cells to the
    sheath cells of the carrier carrying a lot of chloroplasts
    surrounding the bundle sheat cells.
    4. In the cytoplasm of these cells malic acid is converted to
    pyruvic acid and CO2. Eventually CO2 is brought into
    chloroplast and bound by RDP, continuing into the Calvin
    cycle.
    5. carbon dioxide, which then enters the Calvin cycle to form
    sugar and starch. Pyruvic acid (C3), is transported back to the
    mesophyll cell portion which is then converted back to PEP.
    (Hesti, 2015)
    3. conclusion
    1. In this type of photosynthesis CO2 from the environment was
    first introduced into 4-carbon acid in a cell known as mesophyll.
    This acid is transported to another cell known as a cell casing
    bundle. In this cell, the reaction is reversed, CO2 is released and
    then used in normal photosynthetic pathway (C3). The
    incorporation of CO2 into a 3-carbon compound is catalyzed by
    an enzyme known as Rubisc
    2. In hot and dry environments photosynthesis of C4 is more
    efficient than C3 photosynthesis. This is due to two reasons. The
    first is that the system does not undergo photorespiration, a
    process that conflicts with photosynthesis (see below). The
    second is the plant can keep their pores closed for a long time,
    thus avoiding water loss.
    3. Although C4 photosynthesis is clearly favorable in hot and dry
    climates, this is not true in a cool and humid environment. This
    is because C4 photosynthesis is more complex: it has more steps
    and requires special anatomy. For this reason, unless
    photorespiration or water loss is a significant problem,
    photosynthesis of C3 is more effective. This is why most plants
    do photosynthesis C3.
    4. Plants that do photosynthesis C4 can keep their stomata closed
    more than their C3 equivalents because they are more efficient
    in combining CO2. This minimizes water loss.
    5. Rubisco added oxygen. In situations where photosynthesis is
    rapid (at high temperatures, high light levels or both), there are
    so many O2 available that this reaction becomes a significant
    problem. Plant C4 solves this problem by maintaining a high
    CO2 concentration in the corresponding leaf portion (cell casing
    bundle).

    4. References
    Hamim. 2005. Respon pertumbuhan spesies C3 dan C4 terhadap
    kekeringann dan konsentrasi CO2 tinggi.Biosfera.22(3): I05-I
    12.cekaman
    Hastilestari, B.R. 2015. Plastisitas sistem fotosintesis pada
    tanaman CAM. Pros. Sem. Nas. Masy. Biodiv. Indon. l(4) :864-
    867.
    Rahmawati, D., Nasir, M., Sudjino, Dewi, K.2009. Fisiologi
    Tumbuhan. Fakultas Biologi UGM, Yogyakarta.

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