· 

        Lead appears not to react with dilute HCl and

ACIDS and BASES Notes & Worksheet H2SO4. A layer of insoluble lead (II) chloride or sulfate
is formed between the lead and the dilute acid from the
Acids initial reaction. It quickly forms a coating around the
metal, preventing further reaction.
   
1) Acids are compounds which produce hydrogen ions, H +, when
dissolved in water. All acids contain hydrogen, but not all carbonate + acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide
  hydrogen-containing compounds are acids (e.g. NH3, CH4). b.
    e.g. CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2
(g)
2) Physical properties of acids
Note: Hydrogencarbonates (HCO3) also react the same way.
a. Acids have a sour taste
Testing for CO2
b. Acids can dissolve in water to form solutions which conduct
electricity. Test: Bubble the gas through limewater (calcium
hydroxide).
c. Acids turn blue litmus paper red.
    Observation: CO2 reacts with limewater to form a white
precipitate.
3) Chemical properties of acids    
a. reactive metal + acid → salt + hydrogen gas c. base + acid → salt + water [Neutralisation]
e.g. ZnO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
e.g. Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
 Note: All bases, metal oxides or hydroxides, react with
 Testing for H2 acids in the same way.
   
Test: Place a lighted splint at mouth of test tube.
4) Role of water in acidity
Observation: Lighted splint extinguishes with a ‘pop’. 
Acids are covalent compounds which show the properties of acids
Exceptions: only in aqueous state. This is because acids dissociate in water to
·         Unreactive metals metals like copper and silver produce H+ ions which are responsible for acidic properties.
will not react with dilute acids.
·         When concentrated nitric acid is reacted with  Example of HCl:
metals, hydrogen gas is not produced. Instead, a nitrate, ·    Hydrogen chloride in organic solvent (e.g. alcohol):
water and nitrogen dioxide gas are formed. Acids in the absence of water exists as simple covalent

Page 1 of 9 Chemistry Dept/Grade9/First Term/2014 Imaduddin School

 molecules. No dissociation occurs- remain as HCl molecule.
·   Aqueous hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid): HCl
molecules are dissociated/ ionised into H+ and Cl- ions. 5) A base is any metal oxide or hydroxide that reacts with an acid to
HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)  produce salt and water only through neutralisation. Bases that are
Qn: Explain why anhydrous citric acid does not conduct soluble in water are alkalis. Most bases are insoluble in water
electricity but aqueous citric acid does? except alkalis, which include hydroxides of alkali metals (alkalis)
and ammonia. Non-alkali bases like copper (II) oxide are
Ans: Acids only conduct electricity in aqueous state because; free insoluble and will not exist in aqueous state.
moving ions needed for conducting electricity are present only in
aqueous citric acid. No dissociation can occur without water (in
anhydrous citric acid).    
 
6) Chemical properties of bases (and alkalis)
Note: Acids conduct electricity by ions; metals and graphite a.
conduct electricity by electrons.
base + acid → salt + water through a neutralisation
reaction. 
   
  e.g. NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Some common acids are listed below:
 In a neutralisation reaction, H+ ions from the acid and OH-
Name Formula Strong Where is it found? ions from the base react to form a salt and water. The ionic
/Weak eqn for any neutralisation reaction is

Hydrochloric acid HCl Strong The stomach, in the lab. H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l) 
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Strong Acid rain, car batteries, the lab.

Nitric acid HNO3 Strong Acid rain, in the lab.

Ethanoic (acetic) CH3COO Weak Vinegar Note:

acid H ·   If more than a salt and water is formed, it is not a
neutralisation reaction. No gases are produced.
Methanoic HCOOH Weak Ant & nettle stings, descalers ·   Neutralisation reactions are exothermic.
(formic) acid ·   If equal amounts of HCl and NaOH are added, the
resulting mixture is pH 7. Should HCl be in excess, the
Citric Acid C6H8O7 Weak Citrus fruits
resulting mixture is pH 1.
   

Bases, except ammonia, heated with ammonium

Bases b. salts give off ammonia gas.

Page 2 of 9 Chemistry Dept/Grade9/First Term/2014 Imaduddin School

 ammonium salt + base  salt + ammonia gas + water When ammonia gas is dissolved in water, ammonium ions and
hydroxide ions are formed.
e.g. 2NH4Cl (s) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + 2NH3 (g) +
2H2O (l)  Reaction with water: NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH- 
Testing for NH3 The OH- ions produced are responsible for the properties of
alkalis.
Test: Place a moist red litmus paper at the mouth of the test    
tube.
9) Physical properties of alkalis
Observation: The moist red litmus paper turns blue.
a. Alkalis have a bitter taste and soapy feel.

b. Alkalis turn red litmus paper blue.

 

10) Chemical properties of alkalis

a. Alkalis produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in
water.
Alkalis- a small class of bases b. Acid + alkali → salt + water through a neutralisation
reaction.
7) An alkali is a base that is soluble in water, and which dissociates
c. ammonium salt + alkali → salt + ammonia + water
to form hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. All alkalis are
hydroxides of alkali metals (e.g. Lithium hydroxide) except d. salt (metal A) + alkali → salt (of metal B) +
ammonia. 
metal hydroxide [Precipitation]
base + water → alkali
e.g. iron (II) sulfate + sodium hydroxide → iron (II)
hydroxide + sodium sulfate
eg. sodium oxide (s) + water (l) → sodium hydroxide (aq) 
   
Therefore, an alkali is the solution formed when a base Strength and pH
dissolves in water.
   
8) Alkalis will produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. 
Dissociation: NaOH (aq)  Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Page 3 of 9 Chemistry Dept/Grade9/First Term/2014 Imaduddin School

 between 2 different acids.
·         Add a few drops of Universal Indicator into
solutions of equal concentrations of each acid.
·         A strong acid will give red while a weak acid will
give yellow or orange.
 

OR (without using indicators)

11) The strength of an acid/alkali refers to the extent to which it
dissociates into ions when dissolved in water. [state the ion] ·         Add magnesium ribbon into both acids (equal
    concentration) in separate test tubes.

12) Difference between strong and weak acids: ·         The acid which can completely react with the magnesium
·         A strong acid dissociates completely in aqueous state in a shorter time is the stronger acid.
to form H+ ions. Almost all molecules dissociate to result in    
a high concentration of H+ ions in the solution, hence a
strongly acidic pH. (e.g. HCl, pH 1) pH of soils
HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 16)
·         A weak acid dissociates only partially in aqueous
Importance of controlling pH in soils:
solution to form few H+ ions. Few molecules dissociate to
The pH of soil affects the growth and development of plants.
result in a low concentration of H+ ions in the solution,
Most plants grow best at pH 6 to 7, and they will not grow in
hence a less acidic pH. (e.g. CH3COOH, pH 3)
soil that is too acidic.
CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
   
14) The pH of a solution is calculated based on the concentration of
hydrogen or hydroxide ions in the solution. 17) Controlling excess acidity:
High concentration of H+ ions → low pH → strong acid. When the soil becomes too acidic, it can be treated with bases
like quicklime (calcium oxide) and slaked lime (calcium
Equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions → neutral solution hydroxide). These bases react with the acids in the soil and raise
(H2O). the pH for healthy plant growth.
Name Formula Where is it found?
pH can therefore be used to compare the strength of acids and
alkalis of similar concentration. Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) NaOH Oven cleaners, in the lab.
   
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Soil lime, limewater
15) Testing for relative acidity (weak/strong acid):
Magnesium oxide (magnesia) MgO Indigestion tablets
Qn: Describe a simple test to determine the stronger acid

Page 4 of 9 Chemistry Dept/Grade9/First Term/2014 Imaduddin School

Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Limestone, soil lime 9. The amount of H+ ions in a solution is called ………………………..

Sodium hydrogencarbonate NaHCO3 Baking powder 10. The pH of a solution is 3.it is ………………………………………..
(bicarbonate)
11. The pH of a solution is 7 it is an…………………………………..…
Ammonia NH3 Cleaning fluids, in the lab.
12. The pH of ac solution is 14.it is an………………………………..…

13. The pH range of a strong acid is…………………………………….

14. The pH range of a weak acid is …………………………………….

15. The pH of a solution is checked by an instrument is

Cheers
called…………………………………………………………………………

WORKSHEET on ACIDS & BASES 16. The substance which shows different colours in different PH

is called ………………………………………………………….…
FILL IN THE BLANKS
17. The colour of methyl orange in acid solution is ……………………
1. A substance which can produce H+ ions when it is reacting with
18 the colour of methyl orange in an alkaline solution is………………
water is called ……………………….
19. The colour of phenolphthalein in alkaline solution is………………
-
2. A substance which can produce OH ions when it is reacting with
20 The colour of phenolphthalein in acid medium is ……………………
water is called ……………….
21. The colour of Phenolphthalein in neutral solution is………….…….
3.The colour of litmus paper in acidic medium is………………………...
22. The solution which have the pH 7 is …………………………………
4.The colour of litmus in alkaline solution is ……………………………..
MCQ SECTION
5.Vinegar is a weak acid

means……………………………………………………..………………..
1. Which is the strongest acid?
6..……………………………..….…give acidic character to the acid (a) Vinegar. (c) Baking soda
(b) Wine (d) Lime water.
7. In dilute acid the amount of water is ……………………………….…

8. In a concentrated solution the amount of water is ………………..… 2. Complete the word equation:

Page 5 of 9 Chemistry Dept/Grade9/First Term/2014 Imaduddin School

 ammonia + nitric acid →
(a) Ammonium hydrogen nitrate (b) Ammonium nitrite
(b) Ammonium nitrite. (c) Ammonium nitrate 9. Which reaction does not involve neutralisation?
3. Which of these gives an alkaline solution when dissolved in water? (a) H2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)
(b) H2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq)
(a) Copper hydroxide (b) Iron hydroxide. (c) H2SO4(aq) + CuO(s) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
(c) Ammonia (ammonium hydroxide) (d) Aluminium hydroxide. (d) H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

4. Which four numbers a, b, c, and d is required to balance the 10. Which reaction would form carbondioxide?
equation. (a) H2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(aq))
a Al(s) + bHCl(aq) → cAlCl3(aq) + dH2(g) (b) H2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)
(a) 2 6 3 3 (c) 1 3 3 2 (c) H2SO4(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s)
(b) 2 3 2 (d) 1 6 3 2 (d) H2SO4(aq) + NaHCO3(aq

5. Which of the following is a property of Ethanoic acid but it is not a 11. Which two gases each change the colour of damp red litmus
property of sulfuric acid? paper?
(a) It reacts with copper (ii) oxide (b)It reacts with magnesium (a) ammonia and chlorine
(c) reacts with sodium carbonate (d) dissociates partially to form H+ (b) ammonia and hydrogen chloride
(c) carbon dioxide and chlorine
(d) carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide
6. A bee sting is acidic. Which House hold substance will neutralize
a bee sting?
(a) Damp bicarbonate of soda pH 8 (b) Damp common salt pH 7 Work out Questions
(c) Lemmon juice pH 5 (d) Vinegar pH 4
A) Acid + metal → ……………….……… + …………………
7. Which equation represents the neutralization of dil.sulfuric acid by
(a) HCl +Na → ______________________ + _____________________
aqueous sodium hydroxide?
(a) H +(aq) + OH - (aq) → H2O(aq)
(b) HBr + Zn → ______________________ + _____________________
(b) H2SO4(aq) + 2OH-(aq → O2- + 2H2O(l)
(c) 2 Na+(aq) +SO4 2- (aq) →Na2SO4 (aq) (c) H2SO4 + Mg → ____________________ + _____________________
(d) NaOH(aq) +H+ (aq) → Na+(aq) +H2O (l)
(d) H2CO3 + K → _____________________ + _____________________
8. An excess of acid in the stomach causes indigestion that can be
(e) HNO3 + Rb →______________________ + ____________________
cured by Anti –Indigestion tablet. What should the tablet contain to
decrease the acidity?
(f) HNO3 + Fe → _____________________ + ____________________
(a) Acidic substance
(b) A Neutral substance
(c) An alkaline substance
(d) A carbonate

Page 6 of 9 Chemistry Dept/Grade9/First Term/2014 Imaduddin School

 B) Acid + carbonate → ………….……… + ...................... Classify the following oxides as acidic, basic, amphoteric and
neutral.
+ ..............................
MgO………………… CO2…………………….…
(a) HCl + Na2CO3 → __________ + __________ +
CaO……………….… K2O…………………….…
__________ CuO……………….... ZnO…………………….…
NO………………….. MnO2………………….….
(b) H2SO4 + Li2CO3 → __________ + __________ +
FeO………………… PbO ……………………...
__________

(c) HNO3 + Na2CO3 → __________ + __________ +

THEORY SECTION
__________
1. Fertilisers are added to the soil to improve crop yields.
(i) When the soils become acidic the farmer added Calcium Oxide to
C) alkali + ammonium salt →…………….……… + ...................... neutralise the soil.
+ ................... Suggest why calcium oxide is used to neutralise acidic soils.
………………………………………………………………………
Complete the following equations and balance them.
………………………………………………………………………
a) NaOH(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) → ……….. +………… +
………………………………………………………………………
………………
(ii)Write an equation to represent the reaction that takes place
b) KOH + (NH4)2SO4 → ……….. +………… +
………………………………………………………………………
………………

c) KOH + (NH4)2CO3 → ……….. +………… + (iii) A reaction occurs between calcium hydroxide and ammonium
sulphate.
……………… Name the gas produced and explain why the farmer should not have
added these two compounds to the soil at the same time.
d) NaOH + (NH4)2SO4 → ……….. +………… +
………………………………………………………………………
………………
………………………………………………………………………
e) KOH + NH4Br → ……….. +………… +
………………………………………………………………………
………………

Page 7 of 9 Chemistry Dept/Grade9/First Term/2014 Imaduddin School

 ……………………………………………………………………… 3. A student adds aqueous sodium hydroxide from a burette in to 25
cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid. The student measures the pH value of the
mixture during the addition of the sodium hydroxide.
(a)Describe how the pH value changes?
(iv) Write down a balanced equation for the reaction of calcium oxide
with carbonic acid.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
2. Dilute ethanoic acid and dilute hydrochloric acid both react with
iron to form hydrogen. ………………………………………………………………………
(a)Give the formula of one ion found in both of these dilute acids.
(b)Give an ionic equation to represent the neutralization reaction
………………………………………………………………………
between sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid.

(b) Write an equation of Iron reacting with hydrochloric acid. ………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………… (c)Sulfuric acid is a strong acid

(i) What is meant by the term acid?
(c) Write an equation for the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid
………………………………………………………………………
and sodium carbonate.
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………

(ii)What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?

write down the test for the gas produced during this reaction?
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………
(d) A reaction occurs between calcium hydroxide and ammonium
sulfate. ………………………………………………………………………
(i) Complete the equation for this reaction and balance it.

………………………………………………………………………
Ca(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4
………………………………………………………………………

Page 8 of 9 Chemistry Dept/Grade9/First Term/2014 Imaduddin School

4. This question is about oxides. Use only the following oxides as
answers. (b)Has a high density and forms coloured compounds,

Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, Copper (II) oxide ,

silicon dioxide, Sodium oxide, sulfur dioxide (c)Is composed of diatomic molecules,

(a) Which oxide has a macro molecular structure?

(d)is a liquid at room temperature and pressure,

(b)Which oxide is used to bleach wood pulp in the manufacture of

(e)Exist as allotropes.
paper?

(c)Which oxides are basic?

(d)Which oxides are common atmospheric pollutants?

(e)Which oxide is the main constituent of sand?

(f)Which oxide gives a blue solution when heated with dilute sulfuric
acid?

5. Use the list of elements to answer the questions that follow.

Bromine carbon chromium helium

Magnesium sodium phosphorous sulfur

In your answers you may use an element once, more than once, or
not at all.
Choose one element which

(a) forms a basic oxide

Page 9 of 9 Chemistry Dept/Grade9/First Term/2014 Imaduddin School