Unit – I Questions:

Part – A

1) Mention the basic human values

A Truth, Right Conduct, Peace, Love and Nonviolence.

2) Define truth and righteousness.

A Truth is the property (as of a statement) of being in accord with fact or

reality. Righteousness is the quality of being morally right or justifiable.

3) Define humility and character.

A Humility is the quality of having a modest or low view of one's importance.

Character is the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual.

4) Define ethics and List the core areas of ethics.

A Ethics is the moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the

conducting of an activity. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves
systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong
behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general
subject areas: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics.

5) What is Nationalism?

A Nationalism is the identification with one's own nation and support for its
interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

6) What is Patriotism?

A Patriotism is the quality of being patriotic; devotion to and vigorous support

for one's country.

7) What is Profession? Who is a Professional?

A Profession is a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged

training and a formal qualification. Professional is the one who engaged in a
specified activity as one's main paid occupation rather than as an amateur.
8) What is the criteria to be a Professional Engineer?

A To become licensed, engineers must complete a four-year college degree,

work under a Professional Engineer for at least four years, pass two intensive
competency exams and earn a license from their state's licensure board.

9) What are Social ethics?

A Social responsibility is an ethical framework and suggests that an entity, be

it an organization or individual, has an obligation to act for the benefit of society
at large. Social responsibility is a duty every individual has to perform so as to
maintain a balance between the economy and the ecosystems.

10) What is the role of ethics in love?

A Love can be defined broadly as an immense respect for another person; hate
being the opposite. When ethics goes bad it is a loss of ethics that is the problem;
ethics never gets converted into a different form.

11) What is the impact of humanity in the society?

A Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the

environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems,
biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans,
including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean
acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and
ecological collapse.

12) Distinguish values from ethics and culture.

A Culture

Culture is a set of common values, norms, beliefs, and ideas shared by members
of the same group and not written. Culture is often a social phenomenon.
Because cultural items obtained from individuals living in the same social
environment. Culture is a collective programming of the society thought system
that distinguishes humans from other populations in more general terms the same
time period, is shared by a group of people living in a particular geographic area
and is a relatively permanent system of meanings. These programming vary
according to the nature of social circles appeared. That is a general consensus
that it is an important factor in different cultures has different ways to perceive
the world. This difference also has the effect of in the definition of ethical
problems at the same time.

Ethics

The concepts of ethics refer to classification such as good-bad, beautiful- ugly,

true false which the community members with in the same values to the human
behavior and relations have added. Ethics deals with human behavior. Ethics can
be thought of as also a framework covering philosophy, moral philosophy, moral
problems and moral judgments. In this context ethics is a set of norms and values
which have been improved to praise or criticize the behavior of the individuals
living in the same community. How it affects individuals and society actions in
daily life, defined "good" with particular emphasis on the issue of the concept
are complied with. Laws to regulate social life, even when it comes to the
location of an event may be insufficient to assess the ethical. Especially
increased interactions of nations show a situation, which can be considered as
ethical in a society, contradict can be considered unethical in another.

13) What is the need to study ethics?

A The study of ethics is essential to the stable functioning of civilization.

Moral quandaries are inevitable in certain professions. Studying the origins of
moral standards and the role they play in society helps to understand the lines
separating acceptable from unacceptable types of behavior.

14) What is honesty and loyalty?

A Honesty is a facet of moral character that connotes positive and virtuous

attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness, including
straightforwardness of conduct, along with the absence of lying, cheating, theft,
etc. Loyalty is a strong feeling of support or allegiance.

15) Define confidentiality.

A Confidentiality is the state of keeping or being kept secret or private.

16) What is Trustworthiness?

A Trustworthiness is the ability to be relied on as honest or truthful.

17) Define Integrity.

A Integrity is the state of being whole and undivided.

18) What are Applied Ethics?

A Applied ethics refers to the practical application of moral considerations. ...

For example, the bioethics community is concerned with identifying the correct
approach to moral issues in the life sciences, such as euthanasia, the allocation
of scarce health resources, or the use of human embryos in research.

19) What are Professional ethics?

A Professional ethics encompass the personal and corporate standards of

behavior expected by professionals. The word professionalism originally applied
to vows of a religious order.

20) Bring out the characteristics of any freedom fighter.

A Characteristics of Bhagat Singh are bravery, leadership, sacrifice for freedom

of the country, fearless, courage, co-operative, fighting spirit, patriotic and
loving.
Part – B

Each question carries TWENTY marks.

1) What is the role of non-violence and peace in society? Discuss

A 2nd October is a,” World Nonviolence”, day. A day has been set aside
by the United Nations to think about importance of nonviolence. This would
have been deemed necessary due to the excess violence going around in the
world at all levels. 2nd October is a,” World Nonviolence”, day. A day has been
set aside by the United Nations to think about importance of nonviolence. This
would have been deemed necessary due to the excess violence going around in
the world at all levels. Violence has many disadvantages for individuals,
communities and even nations. So many people are killed or maimed due to
physical violence at a large scale. Children are left homeless and orphaned,
people are displaced and become jobless and refugees. There is outbreak of
diseases when large numbers of displaced people live in refugee camps. All this
suffering happens because of violence perpetuated by a group of people against
fellow human beings. Apart from this, the affected individuals get traumatized
mentally due to the shock of witnessing such violent inhuman acts. Even at
individual level violence committed against anybody harms that person in
multiple ways.

If one considers the advantage if any of violence, it is absolutely no.

Even the person or persons responsible for the violence do not live peacefully
after committing it. They live in constant fear of being caught or punished for
their wrong doing. They also fear retaliation by their victim. Result is the
perpetuator is also constantly unhappy and stressed. Therefore, to make the
world a better place, it is important to shun violence and understand the
importance of nonviolence. If there is peace all around, people can work
fearlessly for long hours. There is no stress of any kind, thus people at large
would be happy and healthy. This would automatically result in increased
productivity in the society and prosperity and happiness for all. This is not a
utopian idea. When individuals understand this and adopt an attitude of
shunning violence, it can be materialized. Violence is basically of 3 kinds. First
is by speech. A person can hurt his fellow human being by using harsh words.
An individual can incite riots by giving a hate filled speech. This kind of violence
is as bad as the act of physical violence, i.e. hitting anybody physically. This
second type of violence by action is the one which people mostly interpret as
violence and understand it. The third type of violence is violence by thought. A
person may not hit anybody directly, not speak any bitter hurtful words, but in
his mind, he may abuse or hurt somebody. Such violent thoughts do not hurt
anybody but are considered to be violence of a kind. The one harboring such
thoughts would not be peacefully mentally and would remain stressed.

True state of absolute nonviolence can be reached only when violence

by words, action and thoughts, all can be removed. Ego, greed and jealousy are
the main basic causes underlying violence. An individual with inflated ego
usually does not like anybody opposing his views and may become violent.
Greed for acquiring power, fame and wealth has been the basic cause for much
violence perpetuated at community as well as global level. Greed to capture
resources or wealth of another person is yet another reason for many actions of
violence committed by criminals. Jealousy on seeing another person with better
things or resources, also leads to violence.

To adopt a policy of absolute nonviolence, it is necessary that people understand

the underlying causes of violence. If every person can overcome his ego and
greed, it will be a big step in curbing violence. Jealousy is yet another negative
trait which needs to be controlled. If a person learns to be happy in the
achievement of others, feels good to see others prosper, he will always remain
happy and carefree. No thoughts of violence will ever enter his head. If all
people practice shunning these negative traits, the violence going around will be
much reduced and the world will become a much better place.

Role of peace:

Gautam Buddha once said and I quote,

We can never obtain peace with the outer world, until we make peace with
ourselves.
Yes. It depends only on you and not the external environment. Peace helps you
achieve composure and patience, on top of joy, compassion, positive thinking
and other positive emotions. It helps you lead life a little more enthusiastically,
allowing you to enjoy the little things that life offers. And peace is an ongoing
activity, nobody ever said I found peace and it was happily ever after.

Some of the ways I think that helps you achieve peace are,

1. Accept yourself. Yes. Just do it. You might be great at somethings. You
might suck at some. That's fine. Don't pretend. You need not impress anyone
here. Just make peace with yourself. Stay humble all the time and be polite.

2. Accept your life. “What if I was...” is something that we think too often. Yes,
you could have been a great tennis player, but right now you're slogging your
ass for a mid-level role in an IT company. You could have started working
out six months ago as you planned, but here you are 8 kilos after. There might
be a list of such things that make you hate yourself. But don't keep lamenting
about it again and again. Just try to make peace with it. Remember, you can
always start over.

3. Sort out your priorities. Oh boy, this one is important. Understand what's
important and what's not. Understand what's urgent and what's not. Make sure
you know what you're doing with respect to your profession and your personal
life.

4. Maintain your fitness. (Both physical and mental). Exercise. Trust me an

hour of workout to start your day helps you immensely to stay energetic and
calm the entire day. And make sure you take rest from your routine
occasionally.

5. Maintain a healthy diet. Yes, the food affects your mood and energy big
time which might stress you out at times. Keep some dry fruits and cereals at
your home for a start. Make sure you don't over eat. Check the fat. But feel
free to have a pizza or beer in the weekends :)

6. Balance your professional and personal life. Not spending enough time
with their families, is the single biggest regret among the biggest achievers
around. So yeah, I need not say more. Practice a hobby. It might be reading
 books, playing an instrument, writing or anything. Creative activities
rejuvenate you from time to time.

7. Don't have an affair outside your relationship. The ones who have
experience here might know how fucked up life gets at times. It may be
marriage or otherwise, stay loyal to your partner. If there are any goof ups,
just confess and face the heat for a while. Switching partners regularly might
be stressful over a longer time.

8. Come out of a toxic relationship. If you're facing abuse (physical and

mental), if you're fighting everyday even after years of efforts to jell, then take
a brave step and come out of it. I'm sure it might get challenging in other
aspects. But it's better to struggle than to punish yourself.

9. Have a plan but take one day at a time. It's important to have short term and
long-term goals. But it's equally important to start over fresh every morning.

10.Enjoy the little things. Celebrate your small milestones. Show love. Develop
compassion. And hey, wear a smile :)

2) From the example life of Mahatma Gandhi, bring out the importance of
human values.

A Human value: Values are beliefs that have an inherent worth in usefulness
or importance to the holder," or "principles, standards, or qualities reflected
worthwhile or desirable.” Values institute an important characteristic of self-
concept and serve as supervisory principles for person. In literature, it is
documented that values are so indissolubly woven into human language, thought
and behavior patterns that they have fascinated philosophers for millennia. Yet
they have proved so "quick-silvery" and complex that, despite their decisive role
in human motivation, we remain desperately ignorant of the laws that govern
them. (Toffler, 1969). Scott and Kluckhohn described value as a conception:
explicit or implicit of desirable which influences the selection from available
modes, means and end of action (1951).Rokeach impacted with this idea and
stated that value is abstract ideals, positive or negative, not tied to any specific
object, or situation, representing a person’s belief about modes of conduct and
ideal terminal goal. It can be represented that values are global beliefs that
transcendentally guide actions and judgements across specific objects and
situation (Rokeach, 1968). According to Rokeach, Rokeach (1969), value is type
of belief that is “centrally located within one’s total belief system, about how
one ought or ought not to behave” (p. 124). On the contrary, Feather (1975)
criticizes Rokeach on equating values. He claimed that values are not “neutral”;
they are held with a slight degree of feeling. Feather (1975) continued to criticize
Rokeach by arguing that values may be classified as prescriptive or proscriptive
beliefs rather than as a descriptive or evaluative belief.

Human values are necessity in today’s society and business world.

Human values are the features that guide people to consider the human element
when one interacts with other human. They have many positive characters that
create bonds of humanity between people and thus have value for all human
beings. They are strong positive feelings for the human essence of the other.
These human values have the effect of bonding, comforting, reassuring and
procuring serenity. Human values are the basis for any practical life within
society. They build space for a drive, a movement towards one another, which
leads to peace. In simple term, human values are described as universal and are
shared by all human beings, whatever their religion, their nationality, their
culture, and their personal history. By nature, they persuade consideration for
others.

Common human values are as under:

Brotherhood, friendship, empathy, compassion, and love. Openness, listening,

welcoming, acceptance, recognition, and appreciation. Honesty, fairness,
loyalty, sharing, and solidarity. Civility, respect, and consideration. The function
of these basic values enables every human to realize or maintain highest or
human value for establishing relations of peace and yet it remains indefinable.
Its understanding varies according to age (child, teen, adult), to one’s education
and surrounding culture. It is better assumed when combined with other values:
a disposition that is deeper than graciousness, very close to consideration, and
approaching appreciation. Truly, to respect someone, one must be able to
appreciate some of his/her human qualities, even if one does not appreciate
his/her opinions or past behavior. Several universal human values such as Truth,
Righteous conduct, Peace, Love and Non- violence are directly associated to
physical, intellectual, emotional psyche and spiritual facets of human
personality. There is need and urgency to reinforce these values for a better and
humane society. These are described below:

Co-operation: It is the procedure to work jointly to attain some goal, but many
scholars visualize co-operation as a luxury and not an important human value. It
is unquestionably one of the most vital assets one can have when working
through a problem. Having the opinions and voice of another person will not
only draw out a discussion of the topic, but also lead person to good solution.
Co-operation has been under-appreciated for years in its importance and should
be held in high regard. Caring: This human value is viewed as exhibiting
kindness and concern for others, the true importance of this value comes from
the work or practice of looking after those unable to care for themselves. Caring
for others both physically and spiritually is an extremely important value to have;
people will always rely on someone else for help at one point or another, but we
often fail to realize how much of a difference caring for another person can make.

Honesty: Honesty is also vital human values. Presently, adopting an honest

approach can often feel intimidating and impossible, but people fail to realize is
that it is not the act of simply telling the truth that makes someone honest rather
the quality of person who is being honest. An honest person is often straight,
upright, sincere and fair and being an honest person brings more reward to the
soul than the damage a lie could do.

Love: The presence of love in human life, the love they have for their families,
friends, our faith and for themselves is important source of energy to lead smooth
life.

Respect: Respect is a feeling of deep esteem for someone or something elicited

by their abilities, qualities, or achievements.

Faith: Faith is complete trust or confidence in someone or something.

Beauty: Beauty is something that has really been spoiled by human society. The
way we think about something that is beautiful is judged on a purely physical
response, but the true meaning of beauty is being in balance and harmony with
nature. Many researchers would argue that beauty is not a human value and,
although beauty is a subjective experience, when they analyze what a subject of
beauty is, it becomes anything that resonates with personal meaning, not just
emotion. The prominence of this Human Value is clear when people think about
the things that bring meaning into their life such as family and friends, these
things become beautiful in a greater sense.

Trust: Trust can be understood in many ways, but finally it comes down to
reliability and truth. Without trust, the world simply would not function.

Integrity: As a human value, integrity is imperative that people stand spiritually

undivided and hold true to our integrity, the importance of which is often
forgotten.

Wisdom: Wisdom is also significant human value in many ways; under-

appreciated in its importance, in its value in our lives and in its true meaning.
Wisdom is also very often confused with words like knowledge or intelligence,
but the word wisdom is defined as the quality of having experience and good
judgment and the resulting soundness of that action or decision. A value system
is a continuing organization of beliefs concerning preferable modes of conduct
along a continuum of importance. Therefore, the importance of different values
co-varies with the importance of others in the value system.

3) What are Personal ethics and Professional ethics? How are they different?

A Personal ethics is a category of philosophy that determines what an individual

believes about morality and right and wrong. This is usually distinguished
from business ethics or legal ethics. These branches of ethics come from outside
organizations or governments, not the individual’s conscience. These branches
of ethics occasionally overlap. Personal ethics can affect all areas of life,
including family, finances and relationships.

‘Personal ethics’ is rarely identified by philosophical institutions as a formal area

for philosophical investigation, but there is little doubt that the history of
philosophy, west and east, includes much work about individual choices, good
and bad ways of living, and articulating what may be considered guides to good
living on a personal level. That is, of course philosophers addressed good and
bad values in terms of politics, culture, religion, and so on, but they also took
seriously individual struggles and values involving such ordinary things as how
to eat and how much to eat? How should you devote your time? When do you
know you have a good friendship or, backing up, what is friendship and its
value? When is solitude good? Can fasting be purifying?

Today, some might think of this as a bit too “self-helpy.” but while the
commercial practice of offering lots of advice to others on how to identify your
goals and achieve them (from getting the “right” person to fall in love with you
to making a fortune), it should not be forgotten that much of philosophy did
address persons’ ordinary practices and life choices. To take a few examples
from the ancients to the present: the following philosophers wrote books on
personal well-being and how to achieve it (including how much, if any alcohol
it is healthy to consume): Cicero, Erasmus, Iris Murdoch, Robert Nozick.

An important point to address in the domain of personal ethics is identifying

when some matter is personal in the sense of “private” as opposed to public. An
important argument has been advanced by Thomas Nagel in the
essay “Concealment and Exposure,” in which he argues that, in a liberal
democracy, it is important for individuals to have a zone or protected area in
which they are unobserved and free to do what they like. This is not a completely
open-ended matter, but some privacy, Nagel insists, is essential.

What do you think? What about cases in which you might think of your action
as personal, but are unsure whether this is the case? Imagine you are an
American in Vietnam and are acting rudely at a market place. Is that an entirely
personal matter, or are you (whether you like it or not) representing America?

Regarding rudeness in general, philosophers have differed on such

matters. Hobbes thought acting politely was a matter of what he called “small
morals.” They concern an independent domain in which we decide (for the sake
of efficiency and getting along) to show a certain amount of cordiality. But other
thinkers, especially those inclined to religious ethics, believe that what we do in
such cases can often reveal truths about our overall virtues and vices. G.K.
Chesterton thought that being nice to one another, at best, “is a shadow or
reflection of great virtue.” What do you think?
What is it that reveals your true, inner values the most? Some propose that your
values are most deeply revealed in terms of what you do economically. Others
disagree: you may have values you cannot afford. They propose that your real
values lie in how you vote. What is your view?

Some persons will put aside their principles for the sake of being good
guests. Thus, the Dalai Lama (who now actually needs to eat some meat for
health reasons) in the past would put aside his vegetarianism if he was a guest
and was served meat. Is that admirable?

Some believe that your personal values are a matter not just of how you live, act,
and feel, but how you would live, act, and feel under different conditions. What
if a person is non-racist and non-sexist because it is simply uncool to be either,
but if in a group of friends telling racist and sexist jokes, they would join in?
Does friendship involve duties? Could you be good friends with someone who
is cruel and self-destructive? How do you know when you are in love?

Professional ethics may be understood as professionally acknowledged measures

of individual and business conduct, values, and guiding principles. Professional
ethics is nothing but a code of conduct applicable to different professions and is
set up by the expert members of such profession or professional organizations.
The underlying philosophy of having professional ethics is to make the persons
performing in such jobs to follow the sound, uniform ethical conduct.
Hippocratic Oath undertaken by medical students is one such example of
professional ethics that is adhered by even today. Some of the important
components of professional ethics that professional organizations necessarily
include in their code of conduct are integrity, honesty, transparency,
respectfulness towards the job, confidentiality, objectivity etc.

Ethics are often confused with morals but there are key differences between the
two. Morality is something that defines the difference between the goodness or
badness of a thing or rightness and wrongness of a particular thing and living
according to that. On the other hand, ethics is a kind of a philosophy of how such
morality guides the individual and group behavior. Morals, when violated, are
not punishable by law whereas ethics once violated are punishable by the
statutory body of such profession. Similarly, morals are not enforced but ethics
are enforced.

In the end, I would like to conclude that professional ethics are fundamental to
any profession or business. Organizations endeavors ceaselessly to be in the
quest for its objectives and goals while profiting the employees in working up
their high abilities. In this course, the adherence to high professional ethics of
the representatives can be particularly contributory to the amazing
accomplishments of business objectives being turned out as arranged and
proposed.

4) From the example life of Abdul Kalam, bring out the importance of human
values.

A Human value: Values are beliefs that have an inherent worth in usefulness
or importance to the holder," or "principles, standards, or qualities reflected
worthwhile or desirable.” Values institute an important characteristic of self-
concept and serve as supervisory principles for person. In literature, it is
documented that values are so indissolubly woven into human language, thought
and behavior patterns that they have fascinated philosophers for millennia. Yet
they have proved so "quick-silvery" and complex that, despite their decisive role
in human motivation, we remain desperately ignorant of the laws that govern
them. (Toffler, 1969). Scott and Kluckhohn described value as a conception:
explicit or implicit of desirable which influences the selection from available
modes, means and end of action (1951).Rokeach impacted with this idea and
stated that value is abstract ideals, positive or negative, not tied to any specific
object, or situation, representing a person’s belief about modes of conduct and
ideal terminal goal. It can be represented that values are global beliefs that
transcendentally guide actions and judgements across specific objects and
situation (Rokeach, 1968). According to Rokeach, Rokeach (1969), value is type
of belief that is “centrally located within one’s total belief system, about how
one ought or ought not to behave” (p. 124). On the contrary, Feather (1975)
criticizes Rokeach on equating values. He claimed that values are not “neutral”;
they are held with a slight degree of feeling. Feather (1975) continued to criticize
Rokeach by arguing that values may be classified as prescriptive or proscriptive
beliefs rather than as a descriptive or evaluative belief.

Human values are necessity in today’s society and business world.

Human values are the features that guide people to consider the human element
when one interacts with other human. They have many positive characters that
create bonds of humanity between people and thus have value for all human
beings. They are strong positive feelings for the human essence of the other.
These human values have the effect of bonding, comforting, reassuring and
procuring serenity. Human values are the basis for any practical life within
society. They build space for a drive, a movement towards one another, which
leads to peace. In simple term, human values are described as universal and are
shared by all human beings, whatever their religion, their nationality, their
culture, and their personal history. By nature, they persuade consideration for
others.

Common human values are as under:

Brotherhood, friendship, empathy, compassion, and love. Openness, listening,

welcoming, acceptance, recognition, and appreciation. Honesty, fairness,
loyalty, sharing, and solidarity. Civility, respect, and consideration. The function
of these basic values enables every human to realize or maintain highest or
human value for establishing relations of peace and yet it remains indefinable.
Its understanding varies according to age (child, teen, adult), to one’s education
and surrounding culture. It is better assumed when combined with other values:
a disposition that is deeper than graciousness, very close to consideration, and
approaching appreciation. Truly, to respect someone, one must be able to
appreciate some of his/her human qualities, even if one does not appreciate
his/her opinions or past behavior. Several universal human values such as Truth,
Righteous conduct, Peace, Love and Non- violence are directly associated to
physical, intellectual, emotional psyche and spiritual facets of human
personality. There is need and urgency to reinforce these values for a better and
humane society. These are described below:
Co-operation: It is the procedure to work jointly to attain some goal, but many
scholars visualize co-operation as a luxury and not an important human value. It
is unquestionably one of the most vital assets one can have when working
through a problem. Having the opinions and voice of another person will not
only draw out a discussion of the topic, but also lead person to good solution.
Co-operation has been under-appreciated for years in its importance and should
be held in high regard. Caring: This human value is viewed as exhibiting
kindness and concern for others, the true importance of this value comes from
the work or practice of looking after those unable to care for themselves. Caring
for others both physically and spiritually is an extremely important value to have;
people will always rely on someone else for help at one point or another, but we
often fail to realize how much of a difference caring for another person can make.

Honesty: Honesty is also vital human values. Presently, adopting an honest

approach can often feel intimidating and impossible, but people fail to realize is
that it is not the act of simply telling the truth that makes someone honest rather
the quality of person who is being honest. An honest person is often straight,
upright, sincere and fair and being an honest person brings more reward to the
soul than the damage a lie could do.

Love: The presence of love in human life, the love they have for their families,
friends, our faith and for themselves is important source of energy to lead smooth
life.

Respect: Respect is a feeling of deep esteem for someone or something elicited

by their abilities, qualities, or achievements.

Faith: Faith is complete trust or confidence in someone or something.

Beauty: Beauty is something that has really been spoiled by human society. The
way we think about something that is beautiful is judged on a purely physical
response, but the true meaning of beauty is being in balance and harmony with
nature. Many researchers would argue that beauty is not a human value and,
although beauty is a subjective experience, when they analyze what a subject of
beauty is, it becomes anything that resonates with personal meaning, not just
emotion. The prominence of this Human Value is clear when people think about
the things that bring meaning into their life such as family and friends, these
things become beautiful in a greater sense.

Trust: Trust can be understood in many ways, but finally it comes down to
reliability and truth. Without trust, the world simply would not function.

Integrity: As a human value, integrity is imperative that people stand spiritually

undivided and hold true to our integrity, the importance of which is often
forgotten.

Wisdom: Wisdom is also significant human value in many ways; under-

appreciated in its importance, in its value in our lives and in its true meaning.
Wisdom is also very often confused with words like knowledge or intelligence,
but the word wisdom is defined as the quality of having experience and good
judgment and the resulting soundness of that action or decision. A value system
is a continuing organization of beliefs concerning preferable modes of conduct
along a continuum of importance. Therefore, the importance of different values
co-varies with the importance of others in the value system.

5) What are General and Applied ethics? Bring out the relationship between
these two in day to-day functioning of an engineering professional.

A Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is
also described as moral philosophy. The term is derived from the Greek
word ethos which can mean custom, habit, character or disposition.

Ethics covers the following dilemmas:

how to live a good life, our rights and responsibilities, the language of right
and wrong, moral decisions - what is good and bad.

Moral philosophers have traditionally aspired to normative

theories of what is right or wrong that are set out in the most general terms.
But a practical price is paid for generality in ethical theory: It is often unclear
whether and, if so, how theory is to be applied in specific cases and contexts.
The terms applied ethics and practical ethics came in vogue in the 1970s, when
philosophical ethics began to address issues in professional ethics as well as
social problems such as capital punishment, abortion, environmental
responsibility, and affirmative action. Philosophers interested in applying
their training to such problems share with persons from numerous other fields
the conviction that decision making in these areas is fundamentally moral and
of the highest social importance.

Philosophers working in applied ethics sometimes do more than teach and

publish articles about applications of ethical theory. Their work involves
actual applications. They serve as consultants to government agencies,
hospitals, law firms, physician groups, business corporations, and engineering
firms. Branching out further, they serve as advisers on ethics to radio and
educational television, serve on national and state commissions on ethics and
policy, and give testimony to legislative bodies. Occasionally, they draft
public policy documents, some with the force of law.

Controversies have arisen about whether philosophers have an ethical

expertise suited to such work and also about whether the work is philosophical
in any interesting sense. Enthusiasm about applied ethics is mixed in academic
philosophy. It has been criticized as lacking in serious scholarship, and many
philosophers regard it as reducing ethics to engineering—a mere device of
problem solving. Some philosophers are not convinced that philosophical
theories have a significant role to play in the analysis of cases or in policy and
professional contexts, and others are skeptical that philosophical theories have
direct practical implications.

Definitional Problems

"Applied ethics" has proved difficult to define, but the following is a widely
accepted account: Applied ethics is the application of general ethical theories
to moral problems with the objective of solving the problems. However, this
definition is so narrow that many will not recognize is as reflecting their
understanding of either the appropriate method or content. "Applied ethics" is
also used more broadly to refer to any use of philosophical methods critically
to examine practical moral decisions and to treat moral problems, practices,
and policies in the professions, technology, government, and the like. This
broader usage permits a range of philosophical methods (including conceptual
 analysis, reflective equilibrium, phenomenology, etc.) and does not insist on
problem solving as the objective.

Biomedical ethics, political ethics, journalistic ethics, legal ethics,

environmental ethics, and business ethics are fertile areas for such
philosophical investigation. However, "applied ethics" is not synonymous
with "professional ethics" (a category from which business ethics is often
excluded). Problems such as the allocation of scarce social resources, just
wars, abortion, conflicts of interest in surrogate decision making,
whistleblowing, the entrapment of public

officials, research on animals, and the confidentiality of tax information

extend beyond professional conduct, but all are in the domain of applied
ethics. Likewise, professional ethics should not be viewed as a part of the
wider domain of applied ethics. The latter is usually understood as the
province of philosophy, the former as reaching well beyond philosophy and
into the professions themselves.

6) From the example life of Martin Luther King, bring out the importance of
human values.

A Human value: Values are beliefs that have an inherent worth in usefulness
or importance to the holder," or "principles, standards, or qualities reflected
worthwhile or desirable.” Values institute an important characteristic of self-
concept and serve as supervisory principles for person. In literature, it is
documented that values are so indissolubly woven into human language, thought
and behavior patterns that they have fascinated philosophers for millennia. Yet
they have proved so "quick-silvery" and complex that, despite their decisive role
in human motivation, we remain desperately ignorant of the laws that govern
them. (Toffler, 1969). Scott and Kluckhohn described value as a conception:
explicit or implicit of desirable which influences the selection from available
modes, means and end of action (1951).Rokeach impacted with this idea and
stated that value is abstract ideals, positive or negative, not tied to any specific
object, or situation, representing a person’s belief about modes of conduct and
ideal terminal goal. It can be represented that values are global beliefs that
transcendentally guide actions and judgements across specific objects and
situation (Rokeach, 1968). According to Rokeach, Rokeach (1969), value is type
of belief that is “centrally located within one’s total belief system, about how
one ought or ought not to behave” (p. 124). On the contrary, Feather (1975)
criticizes Rokeach on equating values. He claimed that values are not “neutral”;
they are held with a slight degree of feeling. Feather (1975) continued to criticize
Rokeach by arguing that values may be classified as prescriptive or proscriptive
beliefs rather than as a descriptive or evaluative belief.

Human values are necessity in today’s society and business world.

Human values are the features that guide people to consider the human element
when one interacts with other human. They have many positive characters that
create bonds of humanity between people and thus have value for all human
beings. They are strong positive feelings for the human essence of the other.
These human values have the effect of bonding, comforting, reassuring and
procuring serenity. Human values are the basis for any practical life within
society. They build space for a drive, a movement towards one another, which
leads to peace. In simple term, human values are described as universal and are
shared by all human beings, whatever their religion, their nationality, their
culture, and their personal history. By nature, they persuade consideration for
others.

Common human values are as under:

Brotherhood, friendship, empathy, compassion, and love. Openness, listening,

welcoming, acceptance, recognition, and appreciation. Honesty, fairness,
loyalty, sharing, and solidarity. Civility, respect, and consideration. The function
of these basic values enables every human to realize or maintain highest or
human value for establishing relations of peace and yet it remains indefinable.
Its understanding varies according to age (child, teen, adult), to one’s education
and surrounding culture. It is better assumed when combined with other values:
a disposition that is deeper than graciousness, very close to consideration, and
approaching appreciation. Truly, to respect someone, one must be able to
appreciate some of his/her human qualities, even if one does not appreciate
his/her opinions or past behavior. Several universal human values such as Truth,
Righteous conduct, Peace, Love and Non- violence are directly associated to
physical, intellectual, emotional psyche and spiritual facets of human
personality. There is need and urgency to reinforce these values for a better and
humane society. These are described below:

Co-operation: It is the procedure to work jointly to attain some goal, but many
scholars visualize co-operation as a luxury and not an important human value. It
is unquestionably one of the most vital assets one can have when working
through a problem. Having the opinions and voice of another person will not
only draw out a discussion of the topic, but also lead person to good solution.
Co-operation has been under-appreciated for years in its importance and should
be held in high regard. Caring: This human value is viewed as exhibiting
kindness and concern for others, the true importance of this value comes from
the work or practice of looking after those unable to care for themselves. Caring
for others both physically and spiritually is an extremely important value to have;
people will always rely on someone else for help at one point or another, but we
often fail to realize how much of a difference caring for another person can make.

Honesty: Honesty is also vital human values. Presently, adopting an honest

approach can often feel intimidating and impossible, but people fail to realize is
that it is not the act of simply telling the truth that makes someone honest rather
the quality of person who is being honest. An honest person is often straight,
upright, sincere and fair and being an honest person brings more reward to the
soul than the damage a lie could do.

Love: The presence of love in human life, the love they have for their families,
friends, our faith and for themselves is important source of energy to lead smooth
life.

Respect: Respect is a feeling of deep esteem for someone or something elicited

by their abilities, qualities, or achievements.

Faith: Faith is complete trust or confidence in someone or something.

Beauty: Beauty is something that has really been spoiled by human society. The
way we think about something that is beautiful is judged on a purely physical
response, but the true meaning of beauty is being in balance and harmony with
nature. Many researchers would argue that beauty is not a human value and,
although beauty is a subjective experience, when they analyze what a subject of
beauty is, it becomes anything that resonates with personal meaning, not just
emotion. The prominence of this Human Value is clear when people think about
the things that bring meaning into their life such as family and friends, these
things become beautiful in a greater sense.

Trust: Trust can be understood in many ways, but finally it comes down to
reliability and truth. Without trust, the world simply would not function.

Integrity: As a human value, integrity is imperative that people stand spiritually

undivided and hold true to our integrity, the importance of which is often
forgotten.

Wisdom: Wisdom is also significant human value in many ways; under-

appreciated in its importance, in its value in our lives and in its true meaning.
Wisdom is also very often confused with words like knowledge or intelligence,
but the word wisdom is defined as the quality of having experience and good
judgment and the resulting soundness of that action or decision. A value system
is a continuing organization of beliefs concerning preferable modes of conduct
along a continuum of importance. Therefore, the importance of different values
co-varies with the importance of others in the value system.