Air Quality White Paper
Air Quality White Paper
Air Quality White Paper
JUNE 2020
Summary
Many building owners and occupiers are exploring HVAC modification strategies as part of their workplace
reopening strategies.
+ Why are people looking at HVAC when thinking about strategies around reopening the workplace?
This white paper provides a comparison of the most commonly deployed strategies, along with a detailed
overview of each.
Many different types of IAQ technologies and practices are available for many different types of HVAC
systems. Which technology or design should be used? Which is the most effective? Which will keep my
occupants safe? These are great and viable questions and attempting to dig through the research and
appropriately answer for your unique situation can be a daunting task for companies. This white paper
will assist with this research, analysis, and recommendations.
There are key considerations we should all review when deciding which technology or strategy would
be best for our buildings:
1. Of the available IAQ technology types for commercial HVAC systems, and specifically those types
discussed in this white paper (ultraviolet light, air ionization, high filtration, high ventilation and
humidity control), none will completely remove all airborne particulates or prevent all microbial
build-up. However, each of these technologies or strategies can make an impact on IAQ, as well as
on the operation of the HVAC system.
2. Most manufacturers of IAQ systems have conducted studies as to the effectiveness of the systems
they manufacture. However, most of these studies are not peer-reviewed, or conducted by
impartial third parties. In fact, many of these studies have been funded and/or conducted by the
manufacturer themselves. In reviewing a technology’s effectiveness, it is imperative to ensure the
data is from impartial, third-party research institutions as well as ASHRAE and/or CDC standards
and guidelines.
Which technology or strategy should be used? It depends, as there are many factors to consider. The
remainder of this White Paper will look at each technology or strategy independently, with the goal of
leveraging third party, unbiased research. Additionally, general framework will be provided as to the
recommended use of each technology or strategy, as well as recommendations based upon building types
and needs.
Technology Overview
Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) in HVAC involves installing ultraviolet lights (often referred to as
“bulbs”) in the HVAC system. The bulbs emit an intense, short wavelength light intended to kill or damage
the cells inside microorganisms14.
The light utilized in UVGI is UV-C light which has wavelengths between 100 to 290 nm18. Inside the
spectrum of UV-C light, two subtypes are included, Far Ultraviolet Light, which is that between 100 to 200
nm, and Middle Ultraviolet Light, which is that above 200 nanometers18. The majority of UVGI equipment
emits UV-C at a wavelength of around 254 nm in the Middle Ultraviolet spectrum.
+ Upper room UVGI, where UV-C lights are positioned at the upper portion of an occupied room with the lights
irradiating only the upper portion of the room21. The intent of upper room UVGI is to allow the UV-C light to irradiate
only the upper portion of the room which is where the breathing exhaust of the building occupants will most often
reside. This application is very common in medical settings, most commonly in operating rooms.
+ In-duct UVGI, where UV-C lights are mounted in enclosed HVAC ductwork or in the HVAC units themselves21. The
intent of in-duct UVGI is to irradiate the HVAC air stream, or, if installed inside the HVAC unit, to also irradiate the
cooling coils and drain pan.
+ Other applications exist but are less common than those mentioned above. These other application examples include,
but are not limited to, mobile UV-C carts, UV-C wands, UV-C light fixtures and UV-C passageways.
+ Increases the expectation of energy savings due to a resulting drop in coil airside pressure drop and an increase in coil
heat transfer
As of the date of this white paper, one notable study has been conducted that is showing IAQ benefits of
Far UV-C light, but the study has not yet been peer reviewed19.
One of the typically known benefits of having UV bulbs irradiating HVAC cooling coils is the impact it has
on maximizing coil efficiency and minimizing manual coil cleanings since the UV bulbs prevent mold and
fungal growth and build-up on the coils themselves14.
While UVGI has been shown to be effective at sterilizing or inactivating airborne particulates, UVGI does
not remove them. Thus, like other IAQ technologies, mechanical filtration to trap and remove the now
sterilized and/or inactivated particles is required.
It is of note that ASHRAE does provide testing standards for UV-C light in HVAC systems5. With these
testing standards in place, UVGI manufacturers can test the effectiveness of their lights based on an
industry approved testing method.
The UV-C light generated from UVGI bulbs is dangerous if people are exposed to it without any
protection14. As such, when installing and using UV bulbs in an HVAC system, it is a good practice to also
have a safety interlock measure installed in the HVAC system to avoid direct exposure of the UV-C light to
people. A common example is a door interlock switch that would shut-off the UV bulb automatically if an
HVAC access door is opened.
The study of the effectiveness of utilizing Far UV light may be of importance, as FAR UV light is less
dangerous to humans when compared to Middle UV light19. However, as previously stated, this study
has not yet been peer reviewed, and the optimum wavelength for UV-C light for addressing airborne
particulates is around 265 nm14, much higher than that of Far UV light. Additionally, the potential for
ozone generation from UV light is high at smaller wavelengths5.
Ongoing required maintenance for the UVGI system is minimal, with the only significant requirement
being an annual replacement of the bulbs (bulbs are typically rated for 9,000 hours of effective life,
which is about 1 year of use). The bulbs themselves range in price from $50 to $100, and each HVAC
system can have 1 or multiple bulbs. A 7.5-ton RTU may have 1 or 2 bulbs, whereas a 40-ton AHU can
have 8 or more. Most manufacturers list no additional ongoing maintenance requirements.
With multiple types and solutions of UVGI available, the following is good guidance for selecting and
using UVGI:
+ UVGI effectiveness is directly related to the UV-C intensity and duration of exposure. As such, when selecting UVGI,
pay close attention to the intensity of the bulbs as well as if and how the intensity may degrade over the life of the
bulb. Positioning of the bulbs is also key as to maximize the UV-C light duration, and, if being used in an in-duct
scenario, install the UV-C bulbs immediately downstream of the cooling coil and drain pan.
+ As discussed by ASHRAE20, applying UVGI outside of a medical setting may best be done in high population density settings.
+ Far UV light studies are still early and not yet peer reviewed19. Thus, caution should taken if selecting a product
that utilizes Far UV light, which is common with UVGI products that are being exposed directly to humans. The
effectiveness and drawbacks of this type of light is still being evaluated.
Technology Overview
Air ionization in HVAC is the addition of ionized molecules into the airstream by an electronic device. The
ionized molecules then attach themselves to air particulates, making the particulates physically larger. By
the particulates becoming physically larger, they are more likely to become trapped in a downstream filter
media. These ionizing systems may or may not generate ozone in this process5. Bi-polar ionization and
needlepoint bi-polar ionization (NPBI) are very common types of air ionization technology.
In general, bi-polar ionization is the use of bi-polar ionizing tubes that generate an energy field
converting air particles into positively and negatively charged ions, with the intent being that these
charged ions attract themselves to air particulates. Needlepoint bi-polar ionization is different in that the
power output of NPBI is typically lower than that of bi-polar ionization.
A potential benefit of air ionization technologies is the possible reduction of outdoor air required in a
conditioned space. However, these claims should be taken cautiously, as specific procedures and or
calculations must be followed per ASHRAE standard 62.1 to be able to reduce the minimum required
outdoor air ventilation rates.
Placement of a bi-polar ionizer in the airstream is critical, as the location of the filter and the filter’s ability
to trap the downstream particles of the electronic air cleaner needs to be considered.
No ASHRAE testing standard currently exists for neither bi-polar ionization nor NPBI or its effectiveness
in HVAC equipment. This should be of concern, as there is no regulation by ASHRAE in the testing and
regulation of these products.
Ongoing required maintenance for a typical bi-polar ionization or NPBI is very minimal, with the only
significant requirement being a replacement of the ionizing tube periodically, typically every 2 years. The
cost per tube is typically around $100, and each HVAC system can have 1 or more tubes. A 7.5-ton RTU
will typically require only 1 tube, while a 40-ton AHU can require 4 or more.
The following guidance should be used in selecting and using bi-polar ionization and NPBI:
+ The potential for a reduction in the required outdoor air ventilation rate by using bi-polar ionization or NPBI is based
upon specific calculations and/or due diligence per ASHRAE standard 62.1. Often, this reduction may need to be based
upon studies and calculations for the specific building and surrounding outdoor air conditions where the technology is
planned to be used. The procedures of ASHRAE standard 62.1 should be utilized and specifically referenced.
+ Ozone generation should be documented and provided by the manufacturer. Bi-polar ionization and NPBI may or
may not generate ozone, however the specific amounts they generate should be provided, or if they do not generate,
specific studies showing no ozone generation should be provided.
Technology Overview
High filtration is the usage of a high MERV rated air filter in the airstream of an HVAC system. Filter
ratings are based on an efficiency standard, or MERV rating, which measures the effectiveness of the
filter to remove particles of a particular size. A MERV 1 filter will have the lowest removal efficiency while
a MERV 16 filter will have the highest removal efficiency. The low-end standard in commercial HVAC
equipment is typically a MERV 7 or MERV 8, with upgradable options to a MERV 11 or MERV 13 being
very common. HEPA filters are those with a MERV rating above 16, and they will be rated to remove at
least 99.97% of airborne particulates down to the size of 0.3 microns15.
The removal effectiveness of a filter will depend not only on the MERV rating but also on the airflow
volume as well as filter loading, or how much dirt, dust, and debris the filter is currently holding. Thus, it
is vital to monitor and change filters frequently to ensure their maximum effectiveness.
ASHRAE has testing procedures in place for air filtration in HVAC, and thus, all filter manufacturers have
a common testing method.
Conclusion
High filtration can be a simple, effective solution if used correctly. Since the majority of HVAC equipment
installed currently uses a MERV 8 or less filter, upgrading to a MERV 11 is in-expensive and provides a
large increase in filter efficiency. Before upgrading to a higher rated filter, the system must be checked to
ensure that the additional pressure drop of the filter will not pose a problem with the HVAC equipment.
However, the pressure drop from a MERV 8 to a MERV 11 is minimal. If a MERV 13 or higher filter is
to be used, it can be expected that the HVAC equipment will need modifications to accommodate. Any
improvement in the MERV rating of an air filter is an improvement in the air filtration. Even if a specific
MERV rating cannot be achieved, do not let this stop efforts to increase the air filtration.
Technology Overview
High ventilation is the act of introducing conditioned outdoor air into the building at a higher than
normal rate. ASHRAE standard 62.1, along with many building codes, will dictate minimum rates of
outdoor air introduction into a building depending upon building type, building use and occupancy level.
High ventilation is the act of exceeding these dictated minimum rates.
The most common way to introduce outdoor air into a building is via an air economizer. Per ASHRAE
standards and/or multiple building codes, air economizers are used on nearly all RTUs and AHUs and
can manipulate the amount of outdoor air introduced into the building based upon the temperature and
humidity of the outdoor air compared to those same conditions inside the building.
Dedicated outdoor air units, or make-up air units, are commonly used to provide a higher level of
outdoor air into the building. These types of HVAC units are designed specifically to handle the higher
heating and/or cooling load of outdoor air and as a result, will typically provide a lower airflow rate
when compared to conventional RTUs or AHUs. As an example, a conventional RTU may circulate air at
a rate between 300 to 400 CFM (with only 10 to 20 % of this being outdoor air) whereas a dedicated
outdoor air unit will provide a lower airflow rate, typically 200 to 250 CFM, with all of this being outdoor
air. When a dedicated outdoor air system is used, best practice is to use ancillary HVAC equipment in
the space to appropriately control space temperature and humidity, since a dedicated outdoor air unit or
make-up air unit cannot directly control the temperature or humidity inside the building16, 17.
Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV) is a common control strategy applied with outdoor air. The
most common approach with DCV involves the monitoring of carbon dioxide in the space as a direct
correlation to the occupancy level. As more people enter the building or a specific building space,
the carbon dioxide level increases which will then send a signal to the outdoor air system allowing the
outdoor air system to raise the rate of outdoor air introduction into the space. As people then leave
the building or space, the carbon dioxide level decreases, and the outdoor system reduces the rate of
outdoor air introduction.
ASHRAE Standard 62.1 provides guidelines around ventilation rate requirements and acceptable
procedures. Additionally, numerous other building codes have adopted more stringent ventilation
requirements.
Increasing ventilation rates often requires a full HVAC system re-design. Not all systems can be retrofitted
to significantly raise ventilation rates as this often requires larger equipment and/or significant changes to
current ductwork.
Using a dedicated outdoor unit also requires the installation and use of smaller HVAC equipment to
appropriately control space temperature and humidity16, 17.
Most buildings either have or are planned to have an integrated building management system (BMS),
and these systems should always be commissioned to both monitor outdoor air conditions and control
outdoor air economizers or the means to which outdoor air is introduced into the building. It is imperative
that this outdoor air control strategy continue to be monitored, maintained and rarely overridden. Too
often, the outdoor air control scheme can quickly be overridden and forgotten, and thus the ventilation
rates will be significantly reduced.
If a building’s HVAC system is planned for re-design, or if a new building is being developed, now is a
good time to review the building’s outdoor air strategy and look to design around high ventilation.
Technology Overview
Controlling humidity is the act of either adding or removing moisture from the air. In a typical HVAC
system, moisture can be added to the air by using a humidifier, which can be located either inside the
HVAC equipment or in the supply duct work. Both methods are common and are often used in dry
climates or in northern climates during the heating season.
Removing moisture in an HVAC system is done via normal cooling means. However, controlling the
moisture in the space within an acceptable range will usually require the use of an active dehumidification
system, with the most common being a measure of re-heat. Re-heat is the act of adding heat to the air
cooled by the HVAC system to introduce dry, room temperature air to the space. By doing so, the HVAC
system can still remove the moisture from the air (via normal cooling means), but not over-cool the
space. A very common technology to re-heat the air is called hot gas re-heat. To a lesser effective extent,
variable frequency drives (VFDs) on supply fans can be utilized to maintain a lower relative humidity, as
the VFD can slow the fan speed allowing for more moisture removal during the cooling process.
Installing a hot gas re-heat coil in an AHU or RTU typically needs to be done during the manufacture of
the AHU or RTU and can rarely be retrofitted. Thus, utilizing hot gas re-heat to keep the relative humidity
below 60% is normally a design consideration. With a hot gas re-heat coil installed, there is additional
static pressure inside the AHU or RTU which must be overcome by the supply fan. In a retrofit scenario,
a VFD on the supply fan can be installed or modified to slow fan speed and allow for further moisture
removal during the cooling process.
In all humidity control scenarios, the humidity must be monitored in the space. As a result, a humidistat or
other means to directly monitor relative humidity must be utilized in the space.
Hot gas re-heat, when installed by an HVAC equipment manufacturer at their factory, is relatively
inexpensive. Installing a hot gas re-heat coil in a 7.5-ton RTU can range between $1,200 and $1,800.
Installing a hot gas re-heat coil in a 40-ton AHU at the HVAC equipment manufacturer’s factory can
range between $3,000 to $5,000.
Ongoing maintenance of a humidifier typically involves annual inspection and cleaning of the humidifier
as well as periodic water treatment. Ongoing maintenance of a hot gas re-heat coil is minimal, typically
only requiring coil inspection and periodic coil cleaning.
Controlling humidity should be one of the first items reviewed in a building’s IAQ strategy. Simple controls
strategies can be put in place such as adjusting supply fan speed or installing a humidifier into the supply
air duct work.
Effectiveness + UVGI has proven to + Studies researched are + Higher MERV rated filters + Higher ventilation has + Relative humidity above
on IAQ significantly reduce mold neutral in the potential have shown to have proven improvements 60% will promote mold
and bacterial growth on improvements in overall predictable health benefits in IAQ and in cognitive growth
cooling coils IAQ function of building + Relative humidity below
+ Has shown reduction in the occupants 43% can result in an
transmission of airborne increase in the spread of
contaminants airborne contaminants
Impact on HVAC + Will typically improve + Minimal + Will typically lower + Will typically lower + Will typically lower
system efficiency efficiency efficiency as MERV rating efficiency as ventilation efficiency
increased rates increase
Concerns & + May require additional + May require additional + High MERV filters will + Air quality in the local area + Requires additional space
Drawbacks space in HVAC system space in HVAC system typically result in higher must be considered and can require additional
+ Harmful to people if in + Potential ozone generation airside pressure drop + May require a system fan power
direct exposure re-design
Cost to implement + $2,000 to $3,000 to + $2,000 to $3,000 to + Not all systems can support + A new dedicated outdoor + Maintaining below 60%
/ retrofit (7.5-ton retrofit a 7.5-ton RTU retrofit a 7.5-ton RTU a higher MERV filter. air system can cost between RH can cost $1,200
RTU example) Increasing to a MERV 11, $12,000 to $15,000, and - $1,800 (installed at
for example, should be less additional system re-design factory)
than $100 in filter costs. needs to be considered + Maintaining humidity
above 40% RH can cost
$2,000 - $5,000 (retrofit)
Ongoing + Annual bulb replacement + Bi-annual replacement + Routine filter changes, + Minimal. Typically, no + Minimal for maintain below
Maintenance costs of $50 to $100 per bulb, of tubes which can cost with filter prices varying additional compared to 60% RH
systems may have 1 or ~$100 per tube, systems depending on filter size and conventional system + Water treatment possible
more bulbs can have 1 or more tubes MERV rating for maintaining above
40% RH
The best option for HVAC technology will not be the same for every building. There are many, many
factors to consider, and the below guidance can be used to assist. The following considers the
information discussed in this white paper in an easy to use format based upon generalized HVAC strategy
(retrofitting or replacing) and budgets. It is of utmost importance to understand that there is no technology
or strategy available that will fully eliminate the transmission of airborne contaminants. But even small
actions taken can show improvements in building IAQ.
+ What MERV ratings are the air filters? If they are lower than MERV 11, look to replace to a minimum of MERV
11. The HVAC system needs to be considered for being able to accept and handle a higher MERV rating. MERV
13 filters are a good MERV target to achieve if the HVAC equipment can sustain.
+ Do you have outdoor air economizers installed? If yes, are they operating properly? Reviewing your economizer
operation may show that your system is not optimized for outside air. If no outdoor air economizers are
installed, it is recommended to review if the equipment can be retrofitted, and if not, and if the equipment
is close to the end of ASHRAE recommended useful life, look at the benefits of replacing the equipment and
including economizers.
+ Review how you are controlling humidity. Relative humidity levels in the space should be kept between 40% to
60%. If you’re in a heating dominant climate or very hot and dry climate, humidifiers should be used to keep
relative humidity in the space above 40%. humidifiers can either be installed inside the AHU or RTU (space
permitting), or in the supply ductwork. If you’re in a humid climate, look at how the relative humidity is being
maintained below 60%. If there is no dehumidification strategy, consider installing re-heat into the HVAC
system. If installing re-heat cannot be done, consider installing supply fan speed control (e.g. VFD) and/or
adjusting the fan speed to allow for further moisture removal from the air.
+ Adjust your control strategy to operate HVAC equipment 24/7. Use the filters of your HVAC system as much as
possible and look to bring in more outdoor air in the evenings or mornings when outdoor air conditions permit.
+ Installation of a technology such as UVGI, Bi-Polar Ionization or Needlepoint bi-polar ionization. Review the
benefits and drawbacks of each to determine which is best for your scenario. Remember that even with these
technologies installed, it is important to review your filter strategy and ensure you have the right level of filtration.
+ Significantly raise your ventilation rates. Outdoor air conditions and quality must be considered. Beyond
installing or adjusting outdoor air economizers, this solution will require some measure of system re-design
to ensure that when raising ventilation rates, space temperature and humidity are not negatively impacted as
well as the air distribution system can support the airflow.
+ Adjust your HVAC equipment design standards to use a minimum MERV filter rating, typically MERV 13 or
higher, unless the HVAC equipment cannot support. Recommend not using less than a MERV 11. This will
likely impact the fan and/or fan motor sizing. Most HVAC equipment manufacturers can model the operation
of HVAC equipment with different MERV ratings selected.
+ Adjust your HVAC design standards to require outdoor air economizers as standard. The majority of RTUs
in the HVAC market, 3 tons and larger, have an economizer option, both enthalpy as well as dry bulb
economizers. Utilizing an enthalpy economizer is recommended most often, depending on your climate zone.
+ Adjust your design standards to ensure humidity is controlled actively. This means the inclusion of
humidifiers and/or re-heat options.
+ Adjust your design standards to have HVAC equipment that can support the inclusion of a technology such
as UVGI, bi-polar ionization or Needlepoint bi-polar ionization. Most often, this may mean having HVAC
equipment with a larger physical footprint.
+ Adjust your design standards for a baseline ventilation rate, above what is recommended by ASHRAE 62.1 and/
or local building codes. Outdoor air conditions and quality must be considered. This will likely be the most
expensive solution, as it will call for near full system re-design.
Consider the same solutions as discussed when replacing HVAC above. If you are already in the design
phase or plan to be, this is a great opportunity to consider significantly higher ventilation rates, since
higher ventilation rates will most likely require a full system re-design.
In General
The right solution to improve a building’s IAQ will be unique to that building, its use, its owner and its
occupants. Quite often, the best solution may be a hybrid approach of 2 or more strategies discussed
here, or even the inclusion of a strategy not discussed. For that, it’s best to lean on the industry experts,
most notably, ASHRAE. ASHRAE has decades of analysis, design standards and best practices to utilize.
This breadth of data can be cumbersome, but it must be considered.
For more information, our teams can provide consultative support and turnkey project delivery as you
review options and determine the program that fits your portfolio needs.
Ultimately, occupiers and landlords must make and implement their own reopening decisions for their individual stakeholders and facilities.
CBRE’s guidance is intended to help facilitate those discussions and expedite the implementation of those decisions once made by the client. We
make no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy or completeness of these materials. CBRE cannot ensure safety and disclaims all
liability arising from use of these materials.