PORTFOLIO IN

PEOPLE AND EARTH

ECOSYSTEM
Course No.

Submitted by:

ERLENE P. LINSANGAN
BSBA-2B

Submitted to:

MRS. NORWENA L. CUSTODIO

Instructor
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. TITLE PAGE
II. Table of Contents
III. Cover Letter
IV. TOPICS
A. Lesson 1
 Components of an Ecosystem
 Keywords/Keyconcepts/Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
 Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
B. Lesson 2
 People and Earth
 Keywords/Keyconcepts/Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
C. Lesson 3
 Food and Living Resources
 Keywords/Keyconcepts/Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-11
 Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
D. Lesson 4
 Water
 Keywords/Keyconcepts/Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-15
 Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
E. Lesson 5
 Energy
 Keywords/Keyconcepts/Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-20

V. GENERAL REFLECTION
VI. Grading Rubrics
 III. Cover Letter

This Portfolio is about the lessons we discussed during this COVID-19 pandemic.
The contents of this portfolio are the variety of lessons and activities that we have
undertaken as well as our exams. All the content of this portfolio is based on what our
teacher has taught and based on what we have learned. This Portfolio is defining and
describing all the topics that are related to People and Earth Ecosystem. Everything that
we have learned in this subject can be applied to the path we will take.
A. LESSON 1
Title: COMPONENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM

 KEYWORDS/KEYCONCEPTS/SUMMARY

Ecosytem is defined as the Earth’s vital units encompassing the entire system
of living organisms (biotic) and the physical factors (abiotic or non- living
things) that make up the environment. Otherwise stated the interaction of a
community of organisms with their physical environment constitutes the
ecosystem. The functions pertain to activities associated with the key
components in the ecosystem while structure is justified by the spatial
distribution of the functions that are essential for the continued operation of
the system.

Ecosystem structure hence describes the physical features (abiotic) and

organisms (biotic) of an environment including the distribution of nutrients and
other prevailing climatic conditions, and the relationships between them. In the
simplest definition possible, ecosystem structure is the network of
interactions between the components (biotic and abiotic) of the
ecosystem.

Ecosystems also change over time in response to disturbances such as fires,

removal of a species, or climate change.As an ecosystem forms, it undergoes
what is called ecological succession. Eventually, if enough time passes, the
ecosystem will reach what is called a climax community, when no new species
are added and no species leave the community.

ABIOTIC - the non living factors or the environment prevailing in an ecosytem.

Abiotic factors greatly determine the functions, distribution, structure, behavior
and inter-relationship of an organism in a habitat.
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The abiotic component is further divided into two that is; climatic factors and edaphic
factors.

CLIMATIC FACTORS - include elements namely rain, light, temperature,

humidity, wind and air.

EDAPHIC FACTORS - these are elements such as minerals ,soil, topography

and pH just to mention a few.

BIOTIC - are factors that produced by living organisms that affect the ability of
other living organisms to survive in an environment. The biotic components of an
ecosystem includes three types of an organisms:

Producers – also known as autotrophs, from the Greek words “auto” for “self”
and “troph” for “food” – are organisms that make their own food using inorganic
materials and energy sources.

Photoautotrophs - are by far the most common type of producer on Earth today.
These producers harness energy from sunlight to power their life functions.
Green plants, green algae, and some bacteria are photo autotrophs .Most photo
autotrophs use a pigment, such as chlorophyll, to catch photons from the Sun
and harvest their energy.

Chemoautotrophs - are fairly rare in most ecosystems. They obtain energy from
chemicals such as hydrogen, iron, and sulfur, which are not common in most
environments. Nonetheless, they can still play an important role in ecosystems
because of their unusual biochemistry.

Consumers - also called “heterotrophs,” are organisms that eat other living
organisms in order to obtain energy. Their name comes from the Greek “hetero”
for “other” and “troph” for “food.”Herbivores who eat plants, carnivores who eat
animals, and omnivores who eat both plants and animals, are all heterotrophs.
Primary consumers - Also referred to as first order consumers or herbivores,
the animal species under this category primarily feeds on plants or primary
producers. Examples include zebras, goats, cattle, rabbits, grasshoppers, deer
etc.
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 Secondary consumers - species under this category are also known as second
order consumers or primary carnivores. They mainly feed on herbivores and
examples here are rats, foxes etc.

Tertiary consumers - Tertiary consumers are the third order consumers (large
carnivores) that feed on the secondary consumers. Examples are the wolves,
owls, snakes.

Quaternary consumers - These are the last order consumers and theyare
considered the largest carnivores. They feed on primary, secondary and tertiary
consumers and are not eaten by any other animal. They are animals with little or
without natural enemies. Examples are the tigers, cheaters, lions, hawks, polar
bears, alligators, sharks etc.

Decomposers - are also known as reducers. Reducers also known as detrivores

(such as worms, dung flies, vultures and crabs) are responsible for breaking
down dead organic matter. Decomposers, also known as saprotrophs, are the
fungi and bacteria which finish the process by further breaking down the dead
remains of plants and animals into simple nutrients through
decomposition/biodegradation.

REFLECT
An ecosystem consists of communities of interacting species and the physical
environment on which they depend. Although it is well accepted that Earth
consists of many different ecosystems, human societies much less readily
recognize that Earth itself is an ecosystem, dependent on interacting species and
consisting of finite resources. As the human population has grown and
increasingly dominated available resources, “ecosystem Earth” has begun to
show increasing signs of stress. Loss of biodiversity, environmental degradation,
and conflict over resources among the dominant species are typical signs that a
biological system is nearing a state change, which could range from collapse of
the dominant species, to development of alternative biological communities, to
collapse of the entire system. In this special issue, we identify our impacts on
ecosystem Earth, seek to understand the barriers to change, and explore
potential solutions. Decades of research on ecosystem dynamics can help to
guide our thinking about a sustainable future.
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ACTIVITY

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B. LESSON 2
Title: PEOPLE AND EARTH

 KEYWORDS/KEYCONCEPTS/SUMMARY

An ecosystem consists of communities of interacting species and the physical

environment on which they depend. Although it is well accepted that Earth
consists of many different ecosystems, human societies much less readily
recognize that Earth itself is an ecosystem, dependent on interacting species and
consisting of finite resources. As the human population has grown and
increasingly dominated available resources, “ecosystem Earth” has begun to
show increasing signs of stress.

Communities are made up of populations of different species. In biology,

a population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same
area. The population is the unit of natural selection and evolution. How large a
population is and how fast it is growing are often used as measures of its
health.It's no surprise that as the world population continues to grow, the limits of
essential global resources such as potable water, fertile land, forests and
fisheries are becoming more obvious. You don’t have to be a maths whizz to
work out that, on the whole, more people use more resources and create
more waste

POPULATION SIZE - is the number of individuals in a population. For example,

a population ofinsects might consist of 100 individual insects, or many more.
Population size influences the chances of a species surviving or going extinct.
Generally, very small populations are at greatest risk of extinction. However, the
size of a population may be less important than its density.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION - means the pattern of where people live. World

population distribution is uneven. Places which are sparsely populated contain
few people. Places which are densely populated contain many people.
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POPULATION DENSITY - is a measurement of population per unit area, or
exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied
to living organisms, most of the time to humans.
To calculate the population density, you will divide the population by the size of
the area.

Thus,  Population density =number of people/ land area

The unit of land area should be square miles or square kilometers. You can use
square feet or meters if you are finding the density of a smallish space.

Population is the term used to describe all the people living in a particular area. The
distribution of the population in a given space is measured via population density,
specifically, people per square kilometre.
Areas with low population densities include the cold polar regions, high, mountainous
areas, deserts, and large equatorial forests.

The environmental factors include relief, the climate and the soil. People prefer
to live in places with flat reliefs, fertile soils and temperate climates, which are
better for agriculture, and areas near the sea.
The principle human factor is the average age of the inhabitants, The economy
is also an important factor. In developed countries population densities are
highest around industrial areas because they offer better employment
opportunities and services.

CARRYING CAPACITY

Can be defined as a species’ average population size in a particular habitat. The

species population size is limited by environmental factors like adequate food,
shelter, water, and mates. If these needs are not met, the population will
decrease until the resource rebounds.

Abiotic vs. Biotic Limiting Factors

These limiting factors can be further broken down into abiotic or biotic limiting
factors. Abiotic factors are non-living physical and chemical elements in the
ecosystem, such as sunlight, temperature, soil, water, and oxygen. Biotic factors
are living or once-living organisms in the ecosystem, such as food, disease,
competition, and predators.

Limiting Factors Based on Density

 We can also look at factors that determine carrying capacity in terms of their
density-dependence. Density-dependent limiting factors make the per capita
growth rate decrease as the population increases. Density-dependent limiting
factors tend to be biotic, including factors such as food and disease.

Limiting Factors and Humans

While food and water supply, habitat space, and competition with other species
are some of the limiting factors affecting the carrying capacity of a given
environment, in human populations, other variables such as sanitation, diseases,
and medical care are also at play. Often, some variables are not equitably
distributed among human populations with some consuming more than others,
and with affluence on the rise globally, human carrying capacity is neither static
nor easy to calculate.

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 C. LESSON 3
Title: FOOD AND LIVING RESOURCES

 KEYWORDS/KEYCONCEPTS/SUMMARY

BRIEF HISTORY OF FOOD RESOURCES

For most of human history, we were hunter-gatherers. And then, about 10,000 years
ago, we began to domesticate plants and animals as a way to make our food supply
more accessible and predictable. In many ways, the birth of agriculture can be defined
as the moment we stopped chasing our food and started raising it.
As humans have advanced agriculture, agriculture has reshaped human civilization. For
the most part, these changes have been good ones. But as we enter a new era of
human history, agriculture faces new challenges and new responsibilities.

The Origins of Agriculture

Without a time machine, it’s impossible to know the exact date on which the first human
held a seed in his or her hand and thought: “If I plant this in the ground, I’ll know exactly
where to find food in a few months.”
What we do know is that sometime around 8,500 BC, humans in the Fertile Crescent
(an area that stretches through modern-day Egypt, Israel, Turkey and Iraq) slowly
started to plant grains, instead of gathering them in the wild.
By 7,000 BC, they also began to domesticate animals such as sheep, pigs and goats. A
thousand years later, they domesticated cattle.

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CONSERVATION OF FOOD RESOURCES

We use Earth’s resources for many purposes, including recreation and natural
beauty.For natural resources to continue to be available, they need to be protected. We
also need to conserve natural resources so they will last longer.
When we practice conservation, we make sure resources will be available in the future,
both for ourselves and for other organisms.
CONSERVATION OF FOREST
Did you know that forests are called the lungs of the environment? They are a factory
of oxygen and various other very important natural resources. Can humans live without
their lungs? Similarly, the environment too would not survive without forests. Let us take
a look at forest conservation.

IMPORTANCE OF FOREST
Let us take a look at why forests are so very important to us and our environment. We
are basically dependent on forests for our survival. And so their conservation is of
essential importance.
The most important function of forests is that it produces mass amounts of oxygen as a
by-product of photosynthesis.

WAYS TO CONSERVE THE FOREST

Controlled Deforestation - While deforestation cannot be avoided completely,

we must look to control it. Young and immature trees should not be felled as far
as possible. We must look to avoid large-scale commercial deforestation as well.
Adapting practices such as clear-cutting or selective cutting will be beneficial in
the long run.

Protect against Forest Fires - Forest fires are the most common and deadly
cause of loss of forests. They can start due to natural causes or can be accidents
caused by man or even intentional in some cases. Once a fire spreads in a forest
it is very difficult to control. Precautions must be taken for such incidents. Making
fire lanes, spreading chemicals to control fire, clearing out dry leaves and
trees etc.
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 Afforestation - This is the process by which we plant more trees in the area. We
try to increase the forest cover by manual transplantation, or fresh plantation of
trees. It is an attempt to balance our ecosystem to reduce the effects of
deforestation and environmental pollutions of all types.

Better Farming Practices - Slash and burn farming, overgrazing by cattle,

shifting agriculture are all farming practices that are harmful to the environment
and particularly to forests. We must keep all these practices under control.

CONSERVATION OF SOIL
Soil conservation is the name given to a handful of techniques aimed at
preserving the soil. Soil loss and loss of soil fertility can be traced back to several
causes, including over-use, erosion, salinization, and chemical contamination.

WAYS TO CONSERVE SOIL

Plant trees - We all know that roots of trees firmly hold on to the soil. As trees
grow tall, they also keep rooting deeper into the soil. As the roots of trees spread
deep into the layers of soil, they hold it tightly, thus preventing soil erosion.

Build Terraces - Terracing is a very good method of soil conservation. A terrace

is a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area. Owing to its unique structure, it
prevents rapid surface runoff of water. 

No-till Farming - The process of preparing soil for plowing is known as tilling.
No-till farming is a way of growing crops without disturbing it through tillage. The
process of tilling is beneficial in mixing fertilizers in the soil, making rows and
preparing the surface for sowing.

Contour Plowing - This practice of farming on slopes takes into account the
slope gradient and the elevation of soil along the slope. It is the method of
plowing across the contour lines of a slope. This method helps in slowing the
water runoff and prevents soil from being washed away along the slope.

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 Crop Rotation - Some pathogens tend to build up in soil if the same crops are
cultivated again and again. Continuous cultivation of the same crop also leads to
imbalance in the fertility demands of the soil. To save the soil from these adverse
effects, crop rotation is practiced. It is a method of growing a series of dissimilar
crops in an area.
Maintain Soil Ph - The contamination of soil by addition of acidic or basic
pollutants and due to acid rains has an adverse effect on the soil pH. Soil pH is
an indicator of the level of nutrients in soil. 

Water the Soil - We water plants, we water the crops, but do we water the soil?
We seldom do. Watering soil is a good measure of soil conservation. Watering
the soil along with plants growing in it is a way to prevent soil erosion caused by
wind.

Salinity Management - The salinity of soil increases due to excessive

accumulation of salts in the soil. This has a negative effect on the metabolism of
crops. The salinity of soil is detrimental to the vegetative life in it.

Promote Helpful Soil Organisms - Nitrogen-fixing and denitrifying bacteria are

important constituents of the nitrogen cycle. They live in soil. Bacteria and fungi
help keep the soil healthy. Organisms like earthworms help decompose organic
material in the soil.
Grow Indigenous Crops - Planting native crops is beneficial for soil
conservation. If non-native plants are grown, fields should be bordered by
indigenous crops to prevent soil erosion, thus achieving soil conservation.

REFLECT
Food systems rely on a variety of Earth’s natural resources: land, water, minerals,
fossil fuels, biodiversity and ecosystem services. We need these resources not only for
agriculture and fisheries, but also to process, package, distribute and consume food.
Almost all food system activities require energy, much of which now comes from fossil
fuels – or in traditional systems, from fuelwood, animals and human labour.

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ACTIVITY

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 D. LESSON 4
Title: WATER

 KEYWORDS/KEYCONCEPTS/SUMMARY

Earth is known as the "Blue Planet" because 71 percent of the Earth's surface is
covered with water. Water also exists below land surface and as water vapor in
the air. Water is a finite source. The bottled water that is consumed today might
possibly be the same water that once trickled down the back of a wooly
mammoth.

The Earth is a closed system, meaning that very little matter, including water,
ever leaves or enters the atmosphere; the water that was here billions of years
ago is still here now. But, the Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply
through the hydrologic cycle.

The earth has an abundance of water, but unfortunately, only a small percentage
(about 0.3 percent), is even usable by humans. The other 99.7 percent is in the
oceans, soils, icecaps, and floating in the atmosphere. Still, much of the 0.3
percent that is useable is unattainable

SURFACE WATER

Surface water is any water that collects on the surface of the earth. This includes
oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, or wetlands. Fresh surface water is maintained by
rainfall or other precipitation, and it's lost through seepage through the ground,
evaporation, or use by plants and animals. Man-made bodies of water are not
considered surface water since they generally rest on artificial surfaces, not the
ground itself.
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3 TYPES OF SURFACE WATER

Permanent (perennial) - permanent surface waters are present throughout the

year. They are usually in the form of rivers, lakes, springs and swamps. At times
when there is little or no rain, the water level is maintained by groundwater
contributions.

Semi-permanent (ephemeral) - Semi-permanent water bodies are those that

only hold water for part of the year. These are usually small creeks, lagoons,
waterholes, or low lying areas in the arid zone.

Man-made – surface water can also be held in man-made structures ranging

from lakes, dams and turkey nests to artificial swamps and sewage treatment
ponds.

GROUND WATER

Water that has travelled down from the soil surface and collected in the spaces
between sediments and the cracks within rock is called groundwater.
Groundwater fills in all the empty spaces underground, in what is called the
saturated zone, until it reaches an impenetrable layer of rock. Groundwater is
contained and flows through bodies of rock and sediment called aquifers. The
amount of time that groundwater remains in aquifers is called its residence time,
which can vary widely, from a few days or weeks to 10 thousand years or more

Aquifers are typically made up of gravel, sand, sandstone, or fractured rock, like

limestone. Water can move through these materials because they have large
connected spaces that make them permeable. The speed at which groundwater
flows depends on the size of the spaces in the soil or rock and how well the
spaces are connected.

Groundwater can also be extracted through a well drilled into the aquifer. A well
is a pipe in the ground that fills with groundwater. This water can be brought to
the surface by a pump. Shallow wells may go dry if the water table falls below the
bottom of the well. Some wells, called artesian wells, do not need a pump
because of natural pressures that force the water up and out of the well.
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Water Conservation
Water conservation is the careful use and preservation of water supply. It
includes both the quantity and quality of water utilized. Water is an essential
asset for the nourishment of all life. The fundamental demand for all activities
appropriates from local use to the agricultural industry.
 
WATER RELATED PROBLEMS

POLLUTION
Water pollution comes from many sources including pesticides and fertilizers that
wash away from farms, untreated human wastewater, and industrial waste. Even
groundwater is not safe from pollution, as many pollutants can leach into
underground aquifers.

AGRICULTURE
Agriculture uses 70% of the world’s accessible freshwater, but some 60% of this
is wasted due to leaky irrigation systems, inefficient application methods as well
as the cultivation of crops that are too thirsty for the environment in which they
are grown.

POPULATION GROWTH
In the last 50 years, the human population has more than doubled. This rapid
growth— with its accompanying economic development and industrialization—
has transformed water ecosystems around the world and resulted in a massive
loss of biodiversity

REFLECT
Water is the fundamental source of life of all living creatures on Earth including
humans. Although most of the planet is covered with water, only three percent
(3%) is freshwater, suitable for human consumption and the rest is saltwater. The
quality of life that people acquire depends also on the availability and the quality
of water in the households. As human population and economies grow, there is
an increasing awareness that the freshwater resources are finite enough for
people to protect it both in terms of quality and quantity. Water is life, but water is
for life as well.
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ACTIVITY

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 E. LESSON 5
Title: ENERGY

 KEYWORDS/KEYCONCEPTS/SUMMARY

Energy sources are used as fuels. Fuel is burned in machinery to create motion
(such as in a car) or heat (such as in a home heating system). When fuels are
used for producing electricity, heat or motion causes a generator to rotate,
creating electricity for everyday use in homes and businesses.

Non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels and nuclear material, are

removed from the earth and can be depleted. These resources have been the
most used type of energy in the modern era.

Renewable resources, such as wind, water, solar, and geothermal, come from
sources that regenerate as fast as they are consumed and are continuously
available. Some, such as biofuel produced from food crops and other plants, are
replenished every growing season. In the early part of the twenty-first century,
renewable sources have become more popular as non-renewable sources have
begun to be depleted.

TYPES OF ENERGY

RENEWABAL ENERGY SOURCE

Solar Energy - Solar energy is any form of energy that is harnessed directly from
the sun’s rays. In more technical terms, it refers to the capture of electromagnetic
radiation from the sun and its conversion into usable energy, in the form of heat
or electricity.
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 Wind energy - is primarily used for electricity generation, both onsite and for
transport to the grid. Wind energy is also used to pump bore water, particularly in
rural areas.Wind energy is generated by converting wind currents into other
forms of energy using wind turbines. Turbines extract energy from the passing air
by converting kinetic energy from rotational movement via a rotor. 

Geothermal Energy - is the heat obtained from the ground. This energy
originates from the radioactive decay of minerals and the original formation of the
planet. The utilization of geothermal energy dates back to ancient humans, who
would bathe in hot springs heated by the Earth's inert heat under the magma
chambers.

Hydropower Energy - is a method of generating electricity that uses moving

water (kinetic energy) to produce electricity. In large-scale hydropower plants the
moving water drives large water turbines, and dams are needed to store water in
lakes, reservoirs and rivers for later release.

Marine Energy - Marine renewable energy (MRE), also known as marine and
hydrokinetic energy (MHK), is a broad term that refers to the various ways to
generate electricity from the world’s oceans, seas, and rivers.

Biomass Energy - is organic material from plants and animals. Biomass can be
used as a viable, sustainable source of renewable energy.
By burning wood, sticks, and paper in your backyard fire you are converting a
biomass to heat energy. Biomass is often used to create energy through
combustion (burning) to create hot water or steam to generate electricity or
heating.

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

Petroleum - is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth’s surface that
can be refined into fuel. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning that it has been
created by the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. Petroleum
is formed when large quantities of dead organisms–primarily zooplankton and
algae–underneath sedimentary rock are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
 18

Natural Gas - is mainly used as fuel for generating electricity and heat. Natural
gas in compressed form is used as fuel for vehicles which is known as CNG.

It is used as fuel for boilers and air conditioners worldwide. This is used for
making fertilizers also, mainly ammonia.

Nuclear Energy -is the largest source of clean power in the United States. The
thermal energy from nuclear reactors may also be used to decarbonize other
energy-intensive sectors such as transportation – the largest contributor to
carbon pollution.

ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY

Is the practice of using energy in a way that "meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE ENERGY?

Sustainable energy is a form of energy that meet our today’s demand of energy
without putting them in danger of getting expired or depleted and can be used
over and over again. Sustainable energy should be widely encouraged as it do
not cause any harm to the environment and is available widely free of cost.
All renewable energy
sources like solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower and ocean energy are
sustainable as they are stable and available in plenty.

NEEDS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

During ancient times, wood, timber and waste products were the only
major energy sources. In short, biomass was the only way to get energy. When
more technology was developed, fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas were
discovered. Fossil fuels proved boom to the mankind as they were widely
available and could be harnessed easily.
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TYPES OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

Solar energy -  is the best form of sustainable energy. This energy manifests
itself in two forms. There is the light and the heat. Both of these forms are
equally important to us in our day to day living and other forms of life. For
instance, the plants need the light to grow and generate food while man needs
the heat energy to maintain body temperature and power their homes and
industries.

Wind Energy - is a sustainable energy source. It is available naturally and can

be tapped to produce vast amounts of power that can be used in many ways and
places.

Geothermal Energy - allows us fetch the energy from beneath the earth. This
occurs by installing geothermal power stations that can use heat coming out
from inside the earth and use it to generate electricity. The temperature below
the earth around 10,000 meters is so high that it can used to boil water.

Ocean Energy - There is massive size of oceans in this world. About 70% of the
earth is covered with water. The potential that ocean energy has to generate
power is much higher than any other source of energy. This sustainable energy
allows us to harness it in 3 ways : wave, tidal or ocean thermal energy
conversion (OTEC).

Biomass Energy -  is produced by burning of wood, timber, landfills and

municipal and agricultural waste. It is completely renewable and does not
produce harmful gases like carbon dioxide which is primarily responsible
for increase in global warming. 

Hydroelectric power - On the other hand, there are the rivers or waterfalls
whose energy of the moving water is captured that can turn turbines to generate
power.
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GENERAL REFLECTION

In this subject I learned more things to save and protect our

ecosystem. As a human being we are the one who form and organize the
ecosystem. I learned that each of us must preserve our various natural resources
such as food, animals, plants and energy. Our needs are very important because
we cannot live without them. Every organism is a part of an ecosystem that
provides ways of life. All the plants and animals of the Earth depend on
ecosystems to provide food and shelter. We humans also rely on ecosystems to
provide food and natural resources. I believe that Earth's ecosystems can be
protected through responsible use. We can also save water if we use it properly
and we do not waste it. Humans can plant that provides food and shelter for
animals. Every conservation action in our homes, yards and workplaces reduces
the stress on our ecosystems and helps maintain the necessary balance to
maintain them.
GRADING RUBRIC
Criteria x Expert Skilled Beginner Score
3 2 1
Completeness 1 All the needed 1 of the evidences 2 or more
evidences are needed is not evidences needed
provided. presented. are not presented.
Relevance 3 All the learning 1 of the learning 2 or more of the
experiences cited experiences cited on learning
on the reflection the reflection is experiences cited
are concrete and vague and quite on the reflection
are relevant to related to their future are vague and are
their future profession; 1 not related to their
profession; the recommendation future profession; 2
recommendations given is not suited to or more
given can be used the difficulties. recommendations
as the solutions to given are not
the difficulties. suited to the
difficulties.
Understanding 2 Summary of the Summary of the topic Summary of the
the topic topic is explained is not explained topic is vague and
thoroughly, and is thoroughly, and is not substantial.
extremely quite substantial.
substantial.

Presentation and 1 The ideas are The ideas are The ideas are
Organization presented in an presented with some presented with lots
exemplary English inconsistencies/error of
structure/grammar s in the inconsistencies/err
and are well- structure/grammar ors in the
organized. and are quite structure/grammar
organized. and are not
organized.
Promptness 1 Submitted on the Submitted after the
deadline. deadline.
Total