Structure and architecture

NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES

OCEANOGRAPHIC PARK Roof- 4 curved-edge hyper saddles.
Canted parabolic overhang - red. Outward thrust.
Usage of thin reinforced concrete to create
hyperbolic structure The spectacular circular MATERIALS
entrance building with its
1. CONCRETE
26 metre glass walls was
designed by the architect 2. STEEL
Félix Candela. The ground 3. GLASS
floor houses information
points, shops and other
The plan is radially symmetric
general services. From here with a maximum diameter of
we can access ten different 139 feet. Groins spanning 106
areas. feet between supports.
Trimmed at the perimeter to
form a canted parabolic
overhang, the shell
ARCHITECT: FELIX CANDELA simultaneously rises up and out
at each undulation. The force

LOCATION Valencia , spain

paths from these overhangs
act in the opposite direction
from forces along the arched
ARCHITECTURAL groin, reducing outward
thrust.
STYLE Expressionism
YEAR AND The oceanarium was
TYPOLOGY opened in 2003 february 01Main Entry Building
02 Mediterranean
3. Wetlands
4.Template and Tropical

CONCEPT La flor (THE FLOWER) - INT. 05 Oceans

6. Arctic
Spaces enclosed by sculptural 7. Antarctic
Surfaces. 8. Dolphinarium
9.Red Sea - Underwater Auditorium

SPAN
10 Islands
Surface of 110,000 sq.M (1,200,000 11 Submarino Restaurant
12Oceanos Restaurant
sq ft) and a water capacity of 13 La Lonja Restaurant
14 Pizzeria and Ice Cream parlour
42,000,000 litres 15 Hamburguer bar
16 Ice Cream parlour
SIZE/AREA 110,000 SQ.M 17 Offices
18 Education & Research building
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
GATEWAY ARCH Triangles made of steel narrowed as they spiraled to the top.
Scissors truss to keep structure steady.Mainly built in pre cast
concrete the tallest man made monument is clad in stainless steel.
MATERIALS
1.Stainless steel
2.Carbon steel
3.Reinforced concre te

ARCHITECT: EERO SAARINEN

LOCATION St. Louis ,Missouri,USA
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURAL
STYLE EXPRESSIONISM
YEAR AND (MEMORIAL)
TYPOLOGY COMPLETED-1965
Transcending in spiritual
CONCEPT and aesthetic values
Symbolizes American
culture & Civilization
SPAN Height-192m
Width-192m

SIZE/AREA 250,000 SQ.M

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 Structure and architecture
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
NAME OF PROJECT Thin shell construction consisting of shells in the corners
TWA TERMINAL for support . Inspired by gothic vaults. The shells are
supported at the cornerThe continuous flow from one
area to the other creates a space without limits, an
architecture of fluidity. Columns, arches and sills are
combined to form a single element

MATERIALS
Reinforced
Concrete
And steel

Although the
ARCHITECT: EERO SAARINEN structure appears to
Jfk international be a sculptural piece of
LOCATION airport , new york concrete is reinforced
ARCHITECTURAL inside by an invisible
Futurist, network of steel, a
STYLE Neo-futurist kind of ―invisible steel
YEAR AND Built- 1956-1962
hammock‖ that
supports the roof.
TYPOLOGY Remodelled-
2005-2008
CONCEPT Monument to human
throughout
bio mimicry of a bird
ready to fly ―aneagle
to take land.‖ Its
curvaceous flight
evoke a fluid.
SIZE/AREA The total area is about 60,000
sq.M 17.6 acres
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 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
MONTREAL BIOSPHERE Class 1,2,3 domes double layer in which inner &
outer layers are connected by lattice work of
struts. Geodesic double layer dome in which
the inner and the outer layers are connected
by a lattice work of struts

MATERIALS
Steel &Acrylic cells
Reinforced Concrete. Geodesic
domes are the most efficient
structures ever created in terms
of material weight. Their main
quality is that they distribute

ARCHITECT: BUCKMINSTER FULLER tension and stress economically

throughout the construction, by

LOCATION Montreal , quebec , canada channeling it in different

directions.
ARCHITECTURAL Geodesic dome
neo-futurist
STYLE Parametric design The 8.5-tonne dome,
with a diameter of 83
YEAR AND Museum dedicated to the metres, was in fact
environment in the world the only structure
TYPOLOGY fair 1967
capable of covering
the vast central
CONCEPT Environment museum space without placing
too much pressure on
Sustainable development
the walls of a building
that had not
SPAN 76m in diameter originally been
62m in height designed to
accommodate such an
addition.
SIZE/AREA 4536.5 SQ.M
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT NAME OF PROJECT NAME OF PROJECT
Salginatobel Bridge ZOUZ Bridge SCHWANDBACH BRIDGE

ARCHITECT: RobertMaillart ARCHITECT: RobertMaillart ARCHITECT: RobertMaillart

East of schwandbach
LOCATION Schiers, Switzerland LOCATION Grissons, Switzerland LOCATION
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Structural expressionism Structural expressionism Structural expressionism
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY YEAR AND TYPOLOGY YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
1930 brigde 1930 brigde Deck stiffened bridge in1993
CONCEPT CONCEPT
3 hinged arch concept 3 hinged arch concept CONCEPT
Tot.Length - 133m SPAN Tot.Length – 60 m
SPAN SPAN 40m x30m x 4m
Height-90m
Height-90m
SIZE/AREA Width-3.5m SIZE/AREA 40 m wide span SIZE/AREA Width-4m
BUIL. CONST. TECHNIQUE BUIL. CONST. TECHNIQUE BUIL. CONST. TECHNIQUE
Main element is hollow concrete box Main element is hollow concrete box Constructed to resist centrifugal forces
girder.supported on reinforced girder.supported on reinforced concrete from the traffic loads and from the curved
concrete pillars above the end of pillars above the end of arches spanning deck's tendency to twist
arches spanning 90 m. 90 m.
MATERIALS MATERIALS MATERIALS
Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
Concrete was employed in diff. Ways.Undulating slabs of
STUDIO FLAMINIO ferrocement in specially designed frame work for canopies Concrete
was employed in different ways and in original forms:in situ
castingsfor the largestructural frames,prefabricated elements

ARCHITECT: Pier luigi nervi

Rome , Italy
LOCATION
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Deconstructivism Modernism Designed for the 1960 olympic
games in rome, the stadio
YEAR AND TYPOLOGy flaminio is one of pier luigi
(Stadium) 1959 nervi‘s most celebrated
buildings. Nervi was a prolific
architect and engineer, who
CONCEPT Resistance by form explored the boundaries of
reinforced concrete with
MATERIALS daring technological innovations
1.Concrete
2.Steel and expressive concepts.

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 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
PIRELLI TOWER A third of n-s facade has slight bend , decreases the mass of skyscraper , inc
their sangria with widely spaced colonnades.Thin roof supported by seconary
structure,hover the building. The tower, which was the first in the world to use a
25 meter long span frame, featured concrete piers that become gradually
thinner as they approach the top (from 80 inches to 20 inches).. Also tower‘s
thermopane glass façade. Anodized aluminum mullions located outside of the
slabs hold the panes together to create a seamless curtain wall. A thin roof,
supported by a secondary structure, appears to hover over the building.

ARCHITECT: Pier luigi nervi

LOCATION Milan , italy
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Modernism ,Brutalism
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
1958Commercial The tower included
two levels below grade containing
parking for 800 cars, a 600-seat
auditorium, a staff cafeteria, and
conference spaces.
CONCEPT Shooting up like a missile Centrally located circulation and services,
SPAN Antenna spire : 127m the plan and main corridor subtly taper
towards the extreme ends of the tower;
Roof:124m
an efficient response to the diminishing
Top floor:113m flow of users which also gives the building
a slender profile. The narrow edges of
SIZE/AREA 292,000 SQ.M the structure are glazed between floor
slabs, while the triangular spaces on each
MATERIALS 1.Concrete side of the corridor accommodate
2.Steel mechanical ducts and emergency
3.Glass circulation.

•
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
IMMOS MICRO PROCESSOR FACTORY The single storey building was fabricated outside, assembled on the MATERIALS
newport site.Both the structure and services eanate from the tall
central spine which supports the 40m steel truss and allow for a 1. Reinforced
column free interior. The design was intended to be a model; the size 2. Concrete
of the building could be altered by increasing or decreasing the 3. And steel
number of modular bays. Richard Rogers Partnership hoped that this
would be the first of a number of pre-fabricated factories;
unfortunately, no other examples of the design were realised.

ARCHITECT: Richard Rogers

LOCATION Newport, wales
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
High tech
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
1980 factory building

CONCEPT To design a clear cut division

for assembling and other tasks
along with the nature of
building & services integrated
to one
SPAN 10.6m length
7.2m wide
SIZE/AREA 8900 sq.M
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
CENTRE COMMERCIAL ATLANTIS Fabrication and erection of shell structure ,
including glass covering .Grid shell hollow sections
design fabrication & erection of shell structure
including glass covering. Supporting frame works &
glass sections of 640 insulating glass units in 160
different formats with solar control coating

Inside, the plan is remarkably clear and well

organized. The Centre is entered, as at Fleetguard, by
way of a steel bridge, leading into a double-height
reception area. A strong use of colour adds to the
appeal of the building, while exposed servicing
provides visual interest inside. The lightness of the
ARCHITECT: Richard Rogers construction and the provision of generous quantities
Boulevard ,St. of daylight make the Centre a clear counterpoint to
LOCATION the typical cluttered, claustrophobic out-of-town
Herblain, france
shopping centre.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
High tech At only 21,000 sq m, St. Herblain is a modest
masterpiece, clear and logical, achieved at low cost.
YEAR AND Shopping mall at saint
TYPOLOGY herblain france

CONCEPT Shopping mall

SPAN 640 insulating glass units over a
total area of 2000sq.M

SIZE/AREA 21,000 square meters

gross floor area 21 000 m²
interior height 6.5 m
MATERIALS 1.Concrete
2.Steel
3.Glass
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
PA TECHNOLOGY CENTRE Suspended steel framed roof
Although the glass vestibule (above) appears open
and inviting, few visitors to the PA Technology
Facilityt are permitted past the reception and
conference areas. The spine is no rigid walled
enclosure but a more fluid sp ace, enclosed as a
library, or opening out into adjacent office areas
The basic premise for PA Technology-to maximize
column-free space-is accomplished by means of a
tubular steel tension structure, The structural
system has at its base a portal frame that
supports in piggyback fashion an A-frame, from
which are suspended standard section steel beams
spanning 75 feet to either side of the central
spine.

ARCHITECT: Richard Rogers

LOCATION Princeton, nj, usa
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
High tech
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY Tie-down columns at the outer ends of these
Commercial laboratory 1982 beams act in both tension and compression.
Platforms suspended between the A-frames,
CONCEPT Decorated shed like a ship which are set 30 feet on center, support al1
exposed mechanical equipment and provide
Headquaters totalling
SPAN 8,750 square meters and each
longitudinal bracing. The structure has been
pared down to a bare minimum; only the cross-
module is 30 ft long and 75 ft wide bracing between A-frames seems slightly
fussy.
Virtually all elements are off-the-shelf, the
SIZE/AREA 40,000 square foot primary exception being the pin-ended columns.
1.Concrete Field welding was kept to a minimum, and pin
MATERIALS connections were used wherever possible.
2.Steel
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
FLEETGUARD FACTORY Tension structure, using 15 percent less steel The main structure consists of elements
which require very little fabrication and can be joined simply. Structural connections
necessary for extending the building can be made without removing existing cladding,
thereby avoiding disruption to the use of the building. Total steel weight is 47kg/m²,
about 17% less than conventional structures of comparable bay size. The cladding is
clearly articulated from the structural frame to facilitate bay by bay expansion without
disruption to Fleetguard‘s activities, and is separated from the roof zone by a
continuous band of high-level glazing, bringing natural light into all parts of the building.

ARCHITECT: Richard Rogers

LOCATION Quimper, uk
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
High tech
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
The external structure frees
Factory 1981 the interior roof zone for
flexible services distribution,
Emphasis on minimum unhindered by the excessive
CONCEPT intrusion on landscape structural depth of a
conventional frame of similar
span. The stairwell is enclosed
in glass so that it becomes the
SPAN 79.2m x 106m x 15.1m focal point internally, linking
both physically and visually
the production and
SIZE/AREA 8750 square metre The design places great emphasis on minimising intrusion administrative areas.
on the landscape. Surplus excavated soil has been used
MATERIALS 1.Concrete to create a carefully controlled landscaping scheme,
2.Steel relegating access roads to the perimeter of the site and
segregating industrial from personnel traffic.
 Structure and architecture
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
NAME OF PROJECT
In total the roof is clad with 82,000 steel panels
KANSAI INTER-NATIONAL that are exactly the same shape and size
AIRPORT supported on a steel structure that is visible
inside the terminal. A total of 42 gates run along
its wingspan, with the main body of the airport
placed behind it like a fuselage. The building was
arranged to be simple to navigate and had a light
structure in order to deal with the risk of
earthquakes.

Attached to the long building containing the gates is a

building that contains check-in gates and security.This
building is covered by an undulating, wave-like roof that is
supported by 80-metre-span beams held up by angled
columns. Again the structure holding up the roof is
ARCHITECT:Renzo piano completely visible in line with the high-tech architecture
movement's ideals.
LOCATION Bay of Osaka, japan
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
High tech
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
Airport 1994

CONCEPTA focus island

city for japnese
airline
SPAN 1.7 km (1.1 mi)
Japan's Kansai International Airport, with its asymmetrical
clear-span roof and visible structure, demonstrates many of
the movement's qualities It was built on an artificial island
SIZE/AREA 510 hectares three miles offshore so that it can run 24 hours a day,
without disturbing the residents of Osaka.Since it opened in
MATERIALS 1.Concrete(asphalt) 1994, the 1.1 mile long terminal has held the title of the
2.Steel longest airport in the world.
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
UNESCO LABORATORY Untroubled by such concerns, the building has a
WORKSHOP straightforwardness and freshness that come from being a
fairly direct response to place and program. Its glass roof
follows the slope above a floor that simply steps with this
slope. What walls there are are those of local tradition, pink
stucco and fieldstone.

ARCHITECT:Renzo piano
LOCATION Vesima, genoa
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
High tech modern
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
Workshop cum
agricultural greenhouse
CONCEPT Spatial Sequence and
fenestrated facade. Otherwise the structure is comprised of laminated
SPAN 90000 clading units were used to timber beams on steel posts. The only conspicuous
―technological‖ elements of the building fabric are
form identical jigs
the solar-cell controlled louvers and blinds that
shade roof and glass walls. Even the characteristic
MATERIALS 1.Glass ―piece‖ takes time to detect, because there is
2.Steel nothing ―technological‖ about the wood-framed
glass panel of the roof other than its too heavy
dependence on modern sealants.
 Structure and architecture
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
NAME OF PROJECT Sensitively using traditional kanak chiefs‘ houses as a starting point, the
JEAN-MARIE TJIBAOU architects manipulated and deconstructed their form to create a
CULTURAL CENTRE monumental sequence of rounded, airy shells. Ten of them stretch along the
hillside, varying in height from 20 to 28 meters and casting a commanding
presence over the pacific shoreline.

The effect is organic and

ARCHITECT: Renzo piano eye-catching. A beautiful
incompleteness about the
Noumea, new
LOCATION caledonia shells illicits seemingly
paradoxical perceptions
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE of a work-in-progress and
High tech modern a work-in-ruins that is
nevertheless deeply
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY satisfying. Idealistically,
Inagurate in 1998 cultural perhaps these incomplete
geometries reflect the
centre
sentiment that kanak
CONCEPT culture is continuing to
Traditional kanak great house in grow and evolve from
conical shape ancient roots, even as
new conditions require it
SPAN to adapt its form.
250 metres (820 ft) long
SIZE/AREA 8,550 square metres
MATERIALS 1.Glass
2.Steel

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 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
MENIL MUSEUM
Suspended roof with trusses
Constructed on a footprint of 17,000
square feet and rising to a height of
16 feet, the building is midway in size
between the domestic architecture of
the bungalows that ring the Menil
campus and the institutional
architecture of the main museum
building.

ARCHITECT: Renzo piano

LOCATION Houston, texas
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
HIGH TECH
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
A square, open-roofed,
Inagurate in 1972 as
landscaped courtyard on the
museum west serves as the building‘s
CONCEPT entrance. There are two other
courtyards of identical size: an
Integrity of the community intact interior space adjacent to the
curatorial offices known as the
SPAN 50MX25MX6M ―Scholars‘ Cloister‖ and a
second exterior courtyard on
SIZE/AREA 30-acre the east. A ―Living Room‖—
which functions as both a
MATERIALS circulation spine and a
Glass and steel and concrete gathering place—links the East
along with cypress wood panelling and West courtyards.

•
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
THOMPSON OPTRONICS FACTORY The cross-sectional view of the construction shows a system of
panels that are rigid and held in tension by a system of curved
wooden beams, sandwiched between metal angle plates and joined
together by crossbars and rods. This very thin roof is in fact a
prestressed shell, resting on crutches and on facade supports.
On the lake shore, the carcass reinforcing beam at the point
where it meets the glazed façade supports is built in the
Diagramas de fabricación del paisaje
thickness of the roof (13 centimeters).

ARCHITECT:Renzo piano Increased number of ducts in shorter building

wings. The structure also supports and
LOCATION Paris, France accommodates the air conditioning and other
services by means of large horizontal ducts
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE over the corridors, while outside of those walls
High tech modern facing the gardens, the air conditioning ducts
are suspended under the inclined supports. The
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY need to save the air ducts was a reason that
limited the size of the ship.
Inagurated in 1992 as
factory building
CONCEPT Shells

SPAN 14.40 m

SIZE/AREA 30 000 m² The structure is completely integrated into the faces of the building and the interior is
freed from all structural elements. In turn, the vertical uprights of the glazing provide
MATERIALS the transfer of vertical loads, while the box girders of the roof provide rigidity and
lateral bracing; To complete the system there are external tension bars for fixing the
Steel structure building to the ground. The system is based on articulation, which allows the transverse
movement of the different elements.
•
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
IBM travealling Pavilion Elements connected together by crafted al joints to form the weathering envelope as well as its
structure.The tunnel vault is composed of 35 self supporting elements each of which contains a
row of 12 polycarbonate pyramids

ARCHITECT: Renzo piano

LOCATION Paris, france
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
High tech modern
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
Inagurated in 1980 The pavilion was a transparent vaulted
composite structure, 48m long by 12m
aspavilion
wide. Acting both as the glazing element
Shells and barrel
CONCEPT vaults in glass and and as part of the structural web,
polycarbonate moulded pyramids were
steel fixed together to form three-pin arched
bays — 12 pyramids per bay, 34 bays
48m long, 12m wide
SPAN and 6m high
making up the length of the building. The
height at the apex of the vault was
SIZE/AREA 48m long, 12m wide 6m.The pyramids measured 1.4m by 1.5m
and 6m high with a depth of about 800mm. Curved
timber structural ribs ran up both the
The enclosure is made
MATERIALS of modular, repetitive
inside and outside of the polycarbonate
web. No cladding was needed.
elements of wood &
poly-Carbonate.
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 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
COLUMBUS INTER- The Bigo is made up of eight masts and was inspired by a derrick on a
NATIONAL EXPOSTION cargo ship that used to be anchored in the harbor. It serves as a
symbol of the exposition and supports an observation elevator, from
which people can enjoy views of the harbor, the exposition grounds
and the city.& was covered by a tent roof and served as the
exposition plaza. The roof of PTFE membrane and glass is suspended
by cables from four steel tubular arches.

ARCHITECT: Renzo piano

LOCATION Genoa, italy
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
High tech modern
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
Inagurated in
1992exhibition gallery
CONCEPT Christopher
columbus and the
sea
SPAN Masts: 50 m high and
memebranes 3000 sq.M
SIZE/AREA 6 hectares area
surrounded by site
for expansion
MATERIALS Mast membranes
 Structure and architecture
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
NAME OF PROJECT Const was revolutionary and used prefab method for 34 sets of pillars supp. Also shell
system and suspende roof. The Velodrome roof structure is composed of two 45 metre
OLYMPIC STADIUM OF high arches, weighing 4,000 tons, from which the glass and steel roof is hanging. The
ATHENS Stadium roof covers a surface of some 25,000 square meters (269,098 square feet).
The bearing structure of each leaf is comprised of double-tied arches made of tubular
steel, which span 304 meters (997 feet) and rise to a height of 60 meters (197) feet)
Strength and lightness are at the heart of the OAKA sports complex
The Olympic Stadium is covered with
a roof of laminated glass, composed of
a pair of bent "leaves," capable of
reflecting up to 90% of the sunlight.
The Velodrome roof structure is
composed of two 45 metre high
arches, weighing 4,000 tons, from
which the glass and steel roof is
hanging.

ARCHITECT: Santiago calatrava

LOCATION Athens ,Greece
1979
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Idiosyncratic Type of urbanity;
modernism
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
1982;stadium
CONCEPT
Putting the city on the map and
Elevating the status to a global city
Shell roof looks like an insect when
viewed from above

SPAN Giant arcs-304m(tot span) 1.Concrete

Roof- 25,000sqm 2.Steel
3.Glass
SIZE/AREA 105 * 68m

MATERIALS 770K m3 of concrete supplied by ET beton

located in attica and domiki beton located in
crete. 300K tons of cement and about 2 mt
of aggregates supplied by halyps cement. •
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
The shelter for this centrally located bus and tram stop at Bohl was originally
BOHL BUS AND TRAM commissioned in 1989 by the City of St. Gallen Building Surveyor's Office. The first
submission was for a straight-forward roof structure centered on a longitudinal tube,
STOP which cantilevered off two inclined concrete supports to carry the ribs of the glass
plates. These glass screens will be folded away during the year's warmer months and in
winter, it will be repositioned around the benches to provide protection from adverse
weather.

The tension tube has a curve of 153

meters in radius. It has an external
diameter of 275 millimeters and a
Santiago wall thickness between 16 and 30
ARCHITECT: calatrava millimeters. To ensure geometric
accuracy, the bowed, suspended roof
LOCATION St.Gallen In the design that was eventually selected, the main structure is an arched steel was factory-made, with the halves
Switzerland truss, spanning 40 meters between a pair of chrome spindles. Steel and glass
being joined on site. The maximum
cantilevers extend 3.8 meters from this structure. The roof is completed by
clearance of the arch is 3.5 meters;
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE laminated security-glass sections laid between the cantilevers. The ends of the
the minimum clearance is 2.4 meters.
cantilevers are stabilized by a series of 21 steel-mullions, which define the
Deconstructivism protected side of the shelter. The main truss has a compression tube with a Transparency and lightness are
curve of 65 meters in radius. It has an outside diameter of 220 millimeters and characteristics of all three
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY a wall thickness ranging between 22 and 35 millimeters proposals. These traits assist the
1989-1996 bus stop integration of this large structure
into the traditional urban fabric.
CONCEPT
Truss and cantilever
SPAN 48x21x3.8m
SIZE/AREA 1500 sq.M
MATERIALS 1.Concrete
2.Steel
3.Glass

•
 Structure and architecture
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
NAME OF PROJECT This structure develops as a continuous section following the
Stadelhofen Railway station curve of the tracks under the hill. Above the box-beam, running
its full length, is a promenade, enhanced by a cable trellis to
create a green 'canopy'. Travelers coming to the station from
this side reach the platforms via stairs or elevator, or cross to
the other side of the tracks via bridges. A road bridge follows
the gradient of the hill; a pedestrian bridge is supported by a
triangulated structure; and a second pedestrian bridge springs
like a thin, undulating membrane of concrete from a distinctive
sculptural base.

ARCHITECT: Santiago calatrava

Zurich ,
LOCATION
Switzerland

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Neo-classical Style
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
1990 Rilway station
CONCEPT
Build an accommodation of The exposed concrete ceiling appears to be
athird track and creation of two separate elements that meet at the
center but it is actually one continuous,
a commercial arcade.natural
undulating surface. Despite the complexity of
forms,movement in nature
its shape, this ceiling proved to be cheaper to
SPAN 410 m long 300 m build than a suspended structure. The need to
long track close the station at night resulted in the
development of hydraulically activated devices
SIZE/AREA 5000 sq.M to shut the entrances and in some cases
protecting it from the weather.
MATERIALS 1.Concrete
2.Steel
3.Glass
4.Prefab glass bricks
 Structure and architecture
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
NAME OF PROJECT The central pair of arches continue the centerline of the roof to form a
backbone of leaving the outer curves spanning the two symmetrical side
TVG RAILWAY STATION wings crystal beams. The adjacent pair of beams jumps 120 feet above the
highest and glass lobby of the station and service core located east. These
ribs are raised on the north and south facades, whose perteluces withstand
the cantilevered section.

Access to the main lobby is performed on the street, and

down towards the platforms there are stairs and
elevators on both sides. The terminal has a total length
up to 450 meters Airport.
Unlike what usually happens at the terminals of air and
land transport where directions are indicated to the user
ARCHITECT:Santiago calatrava through conventional signs contained in crates,

LOCATION Lyon-saint,
Exupery ,France

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Deconstructivism
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY The main hall is triangular and its backbone is formed by three arches
braced together by diagonal beams that rest on a concrete mass raised on
1970‘s Rilway station the east side and two supports integrated with lift towers on the west side.
CONCEPT The upper arch of the column is a triangular box section steel, while the two
lower arches are composed of steel pipes. Transverse bracing members vary
Aerodynamics
in size and assembled four by four along the core tubes. The most striking
Of a bird building profile is based on the two converging core steel arches 120 meters
Preparing to long and 40 meters high. Two large cantilevered balconies enter the space.
Take flight
Building Services
The service building adjacent to the central hall,
SPAN 39 x 130 x100 m and on its east side, has in the basement locker
room for station personnel, equipment rooms and
area distributions. Downstairs, a hallway where
SIZE/AREA5600 sq.M ticket counters and other rail services, shops and
MATERIALS1.Concrete offices are located. On the mezzanine, office,
office of the chief of the police station and the
2.Steel
airport and on the top floor, a space for temporary
3.Glass exhibitions, a bar and a restaurant.
•
 Structure and architecture
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
NAME OF PROJECT the form of human movement into a stack of cubes positioned elegantly around a core. In the
original sculpture, seven cubes are set around a steel support to produce a spiraling structural
TURNING TORSO effect. In the HSB Turning Torso, the building's form is composed of nine box units, shaped
like cubes with triangular tips. Each unit houses five floors of about 2,000 square meters
(21,500 square feet) and are in fact the 'sub-buildings' of the tower. The tower's nucleus
containing the internal elevators and stairs, through which the units communicate is the
equivalent of the sculpture's steel support. At 190 meters (623 square feet) high, the Turning
Torso is the tallest residential building in Sweden and the second tallest residential building in
Europe.

In addition, each unit has one cantilever conical slab

with a maximum thickness of 90 centimeters (35
inches) that transfers the loads of the floor columns
to the structural core. The facade is made of
ARCHITECT: Norman foster approximately 2,800 curved aluminum panels and 2,250
flat glass windows. There are some 300 panels in each
LOCATION Malmo, unit. Exterior of the Turning Torso features a black
Sweden granite reflecting pool and a granite entrance path.
Granite is also used in some places within the building,
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE notably in the lobby. A corridor located at first-floor
NEO-FUTURISM connects the tower to a secondary building, which
contains the parking garage and support services
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
2005 skyscrapper
CONCEPT
Structure of twisting cubes
Height - 190m
SPAN 54 stories
SIZE/AREA Roof -190m The core's inner diameter is consistently at 10.6 meters
MATERIALS Top floor -178.79m (34.8 feet). The thickness of the concrete is 2.5 meters
(8.2 feet) at the bottom and gradually tapers to 0.4 meter
1. Concrete
(1.3 feet) at the top. The tower's elevator and the
2. Steel framework
staircase are set inside the core, which is a secondary
3.GlassThe spine itself is stabilized by pairs of
structural element. Strengthening and stiffening the core
smaller struts, which connect it to each floor of
is a painted steel column exterior truss standing apart from
the unit. Floor slabs are made of cast-in-place
the main body of the building like an external spine. This
reinforced concrete, built into the structural
spine is attached to each unit by large diagonal and
core andd are elastically supported by inclined
horizontal steel struts. These elements connect the spine
unit that has five flat slabs that are 27-
to a structural wall at the top of the unit, transferring
centimeter-thick (10.6 inches).
shearing forces to the concrete core
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
B3 OFFICES Suspened roof structure supported by masted structure The concept of
the building, arranged on three floors, caters for single or multi-tenancy
occupation and it was the first building of this size at Stockley Park to
allow for this. The Planar™ glass walls are only 42 millimetres thick, thus
helping to achieve a net/gross area efficiency of 91%. It is
architecturally enlivened by large curved perforated stainless steel solar
shades on south, east and west façades.
Budgetary constraints demanded exemplary clarity of construction and
material invention to match the commission. The project created the
opportunity to work with Pilkington to develop a double-glazed Planar™
external skin for the entire building. It uses clear, toughened glass with
ARCHITECT: Norman foster low-emissivity coating and a low-level ceramic frit.

LOCATION Stockley park,

London
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
High - tech
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
1979 office
CONCEPT
Masted structures
SPAN
SIZE/AREA 416 ACRES

MATERIALS
1.Concrete
2.Steel
3.Glass

etching
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
Much of the structure is also hidden, only steel towers and trusses are visible at the end parts of the ceiling.
The carefully hidden services have freed the roof from having to house ducts and pipes. Sunlight can enter
the length of this building from above, controlled by adjustable louvres to suit the user‘s needs. The effect
is to animate the interior space with the daily and seasonal movements of the sun. This treatment of the
roof is further developed in Foster‘s later projects such as Stansted and Hong Kong Airports

ARCHITECT: Norman foster The structure, without any interruption of services or supporting
columns, a clear space runs throughout the length of this building.
LOCATION Norwich, The interiors are zoned into different public and private spaces,
England such as art gallery, research/teaching rooms, kitchen and
restaurant. A spiral staircase connects the ground floors of the
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Art Center to the high level walkways designed by Denys Lasdun in
Structural expressionism the 1960s. The shell of the center is a 2.4 m wide double-layered
skin of changeable aluminum and glass panels, which hides all the
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY services, including the toilets. A basement corridor offers a
vehicular access and services for the spaces above.
1974 Exhibition
CONCEPT
Impression of one open vast space ,
lacking any internal div to interfere with
interplay of natural and artificial light

SPAN 130m x 40m x 15m

SIZE/AREA 6186 sq.M
MATERIALS
1.Concrete
2.Steel
3.Glass & al panels

•
 Structure and architecture
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
NAME OF PROJECT
A total of 36 of these modules, arranged on a nine by four
The building's
RENAULT CENTRE grid, enclosed 20,000 square-metres of warehouse space. A distinctive roof was
further three modules were built to contain a training created as Renault
school, workshops, offices and a staff restaurant. required a flexible
space with large, open
spaces for the
industrial warehouse
racking and storage,
which would need to be
reconfigured regularly
throughout the life of
the building.

ARCHITECT: Norman
foster
LOCATION Swindon,
Uk
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Structural expressionism

YEAR AND TYPOLOGY

1981 industry
CONCEPT The building is designed in square modules
No distinction between white In total the structure is made from 42 square modules that are each
and blue collar workers 24 metres by 24 metres. Each module has a PVC membrane roof
SPAN 288m x96mx 24m stretched across a grid of arched steel-beams that are held up by
ties connected to masts at their corners.
SIZE/AREA 16 acres Unlike other huge, often anonymous distribution sheds, the 25,000-
MATERIALS square-metre building has an extremely distinctive profile created by
59 bright-yellow masts and arched steel-beams that support the roof
1.Concrete
2.Steel struc sys.
3.Glass & al panels

•
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT BUILDISNtanGsteCdOairNteSrmTinaRliUsuCniqTueIinOhaNvingTaEsiCngTleNintIerQnalUspEace,1D5EmeStrIesGhN ,& SER VI CE S
i gha nd 19 8 x 16 2 sq uar emetres in surface,
with totally transparent walls of glazing. The structure is made of white steel shells floating on top of 36 steel pylons
STANSTED AIRPORT whose spokes open to support the delicate grilles of the curved roof. Computer calculations were performed to verify the
efficiency of the vertical load transfer. The shaft of the umbrellas (17 x 3.5 x 3.5 metres) also took this constraint into
account. Ferrier describes how each spoke was positioned separately and held by temporary cables. Once four spokes
were in place and held by the four beams, the eight final cables were fixed at the summit of the pylon and placed in
tension. The central bolt, which Ferrier says is the largest ever made in Great Britain, is called a 'Jesus bolt'; it is the
key to the stressed node and tightened to 80 tons. The canopy supported by the umbrellas consists of 121 roof panels,
each weighing 11 tons.

ARCHITECT: Norman foster

LOCATION London ,
England Service distribution systems are contained within the ‗trunks‘ of the structural ‗trees‘ that rise
from the undercroft through the concourse floor. These trees support a roof canopy that is
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE freed simply to keep out the rain and let in light. Entirely daylit on all but the most overcast of
days, the constantly changing play of light gives the concourse a poetic dimension
High tech
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
1991 airport
CONCEPT Services underground
Instead of on rooftop
Upside down design

SPAN 310m x200m x9m

SIZE/AREA 922467.1sq.Ft
1.Concrete
MATERIALS 2.Steel
3.Glass
4.Metal reflectors
 Structure and architecture
NAME OF PROJECT
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
In contrast to the sculptural water facade, the west wall was
BRITISH PAVILION formed from a deep shield of freight containers that
protected against strong afternoon sun. Both north and south
facades and the roof introduced filtered, soft light to the
pavilion through envelopes of PVC coated polyester fabric,
stretched between steel masts and rigging.

ARCHITECT:Nicholas Grimshaw A kinetic water wall spanning 65 metres

announced the principal east face and pavilion
entrance. Animating its entire length, the
LOCATION Seville , sprays of falling water created changing
Spain patterns and reflections, as well as providing
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Allowing for swift production and assembly, the project also
responded to Seville‘s typically hot climate. Its simple,
passive cooling to the glazing and the ambient
environment
High tech rectilinear facades were clad with a range of materials to
moderate diurnal change and extreme temperatures
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
1992(Exposition Pavilion)
CONCEPT
Create a modern crystal palace
Theme of expo: Age of discovery
SPAN 22mx32mx18m 4 Levels in
Single volume
SIZE/AREA 6200 sq.M
1.Concrete
MATERIALS 2.Fabric sails
3. Glass
4. Pvc membrane
 Structure and architecture
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECTNIQUE ,DESIGN,&SERVICES
NAME OF PROJECT The International Terminal at Waterloo serves the same function as an airport and it has most of the services and facilities
normally associated with an airport. At the same time it remains a railway station on a constrained urban site in central London.
WATERLOO TERMINAL The roof is 400mlong, its tapering span (from 50mto 35m), and its narrow, sinuous plan are determined by the site and the
track layout. The striking asymmetry of the trusses derives from the position of a single track on the western edge of the site,
and the resulting need for the structure to rise more steeply at this point, to clear the trains.

ARCHITECT:Nicholas Grimshaw
London ,
LOCATION England,Uk

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
High tech modernissm
YEAR AND TYPOLOGY
1993 Railway station
CONCEPT
Services underground The structure of the roof is
Instead of on rooftop essentially a flattened three
Upside down design pin bow string arch. Because
of the asymmetrical geome-
SPAN SIZE/AREA try of platforms, the centre
60,000 sq.M pin is moved to one side allo-
wing the arch to rise steeply
MATERIALS on the west with a shallower
1.Steel incline over the platforms on
2.Glass the east.