Course on

Unit - I : Planning in Sports..!!

Along-with Important Questions
 Unit Contents

1.1 Meaning & Objectives Of Planning

1.2 Various Committees & its.

Responsibilities (pre; during & post)

1.3 Tournament – Knock-Out, League Or

Round Robin & Combination
1.4 *Procedure To Draw Fixtures – Knock-Out (Bye
& Seeding) & League (Staircase & Cyclic)
– Part : 2

1.5 Intramural & Extramural – Meaning, Objectives & Its

Significance

1.6 Specific Sports Programme (Sports Day, Health Run,

Run For Fun, Run For Specific Cause & Run For Unity
1.1 Meaning and objectives of
planning:

Planning is an intellectual process of thinking in

advance about setting of goals and developing
strategies which are required to attain the goals
efficiently.
“Planning is a way to systematize, direct
and organize the events or competitions
and extract the advantage and benefit of
the available resources.”
1.1 Objectives of planning :

a. To keep control over all activities which

suggests that planning & control are
connected with each other.
b. It also helps in keeping a good control
in organizing a tournament.
c. Reduce the chances of mistake
d. It suggests programmes can be conducted
with proper coordination with least
mistakes rather focusing on success.

e. To promote innovative ideas.

f. To provide direction towards the goal
g. To reduce undue pressure
h. To provide proper co-ordination among the
committees.
i. To have good control over all the activities
and To improve efficiency.
j. To reduce the chances of mistakes.
1.2 Various committees and
responsibilities:
Different committees work together for the smooth
conduct of the sports events.
The various committees are:

(ì) Technical Committee: This committee is responsible

for the technical conduct. This committee selects various
officials such as referees, judges, starters, umpires, time
keepers etc.
(ii)Transport Committee :
This committee is responsible for providing the
facilities regarding transportation of various teams
If the venue of sports events.

(ììì) Reception Committee:

The members of this committee are responsible to
welcome the Chief Guest and spectators at
opening and closing ceremonies.
(ìv) Boarding and Lodging Committee:
This committee is responsible for making necessary
arrangements for providing accommodation and
serving meals to the sportspersons and other
officials.

(v) Ground and Equipment Committee :

This committee males necessary arrangements of
equipment related to events.
(vi) Medical and First Aid Committee:
This committee is Formed to provide medical
assistance to participants round the clock

(vii) Protest Committee :

If there is a protest against a judgment, the
members of this committee decide about it.
(viii) Publicity Committee:
All the press releases and press conferences are
conducted by this committee.

(ix) Finance Committee:

This committee is assigned to make the budget for the
event and handle the expenses.

(x) Refreshment Committee :

This committee is formed to profile refreshment to the
participants.
1.3 Tournaments:
A tournament is a competition involving
relatively large number of competitors, all
participating in a sports or game.
It is a series of contests with several rounds
in which many contestants compete,
individually or as a team to decide the
winner.
In other words, Tournament is a series of
contests in which a number of contestants
compete and the one that prevails through the
final round or that finishes with the best record
is declared the winner.

It depends on various factors i.e...

No. of participating teams, availability of grounds
and equipment, No. of days and funds etc.
Importance of tournament :

1. The sportsman learns the discipline by playing

tournaments.
2. The sportsman meets other sportsman at a
single platform.
3. He learns ethical values such as honesty, fair
play, respect for others.
4. Tournaments provides recreation to all, i.e...
organizers, spectators, students.
Type of tournament:

Knock out:
In this type of tournament, the team once
defeated, gets eliminated from the tournament.

Only the winning teams contest in the next rounds.

Opportunities are given to the winning players /
teams.
League :

In single league tournament all participating

teams compete once, with each other, where
as in double league, each team plays with
every as in double league, each team plays
with every other team twice, without any
consideration of victory or defeat.
Combination Tournaments:
Combination tournaments are organized in group or
zonal matches.

There are mainly four types of combination

tournaments:
1.Knock out cum Knock out
2.League cum league
3.Knock out cum league
4.League cum Knock out
Knock out tournaments:

In knock out tournaments the teams which gets

eliminated gets automatically eliminated from the
tournament.
In this type of tournament , if a team is defeated
once, it gets eliminated. Only the winners continue in
the competition. It is the fastest method to know
about the winner team in the tournament.
1.4 Procedure To Draw Fixtures :
Seeding a Team :-

The sorting of the teams and fitting them in the

fixtures so that the stronger teams do not meet
each other in earlier rounds is known as Seeding.
This method is good if we know the real strong
teams. The organizers should find out the real
strong teams from the previous tournaments or
old records figure starting a new tournament.
Bye:-

The advantage given to a team usually by drawing a

lot, and exempting it from playing a match in the first
round is known as Bye. These are given to a specific
number of teams in the first round.
The number of byes are decided by subtracting the
number of teams from the next higher number
which is in power of two’s.
Bye = Next Higher No-no of Team [2n-no of teams]
The procedure of giving byes is as follows:

The first bye is given to last team of lower half.

The second bye is given to first team of upper
half.
The third bye is given to first team of lower half
The fourth bye if given to last team of upper
half.
The next bye or byes will be given in the same
order as described above.
Advantages of knock out tournament:

These are less expensive.

Helpful in enhancing standard of sports.
It requires less time to complete the tournament.
Minimum no. of officials are required.
Disadvantages of knock out tournament:

There are many chances of elimination of

good teams in preliminary rounds.
There are many chances of weak teams to
enter in the final round.
Spectators may not have enough interest in
the final round.
Methods of Preparing Fixtures for Knock-out
Tournaments:-

1. Total number of teams participating in the

tournament = n
2. Total number of matches to be played in the
tournament = n-1, where n is the total number
of teams participating in the tournament.
3. Total number of rounds played in the
tournament depends upon two things :-

a. The number of teams playing in the

tournament.
b. The higher nearest number from the total
number of teams of power of two’s
4. Method of determining the number of
teams in upper half and lower half:-

a. If he number of teams is even, then equal number

of teams will be divided in both halves i.e- n/2,
where n is the total number of teams.

b. If the number of teams is odd, the following

method is applied: Number of teams in upper
half=(n+1)/2,where n=number of teams. Number of
teams in lower half=(n-1)/2,where n=number of
teams
5. The number of byes is a knock-out tournament
are decided by subtracting total number of teams
from the next higher nearest number in power of
two’s.
Draw a knock out fixture of 17 teams?

No. of teams = 17,

Total No. of matches = N-1 = 17-1 = 16

No. of teams in upper half = (N+1)/2

= (17+1)/2 = 9

No. of teams in lower half = (N-1)/2 = (17-1)/2

= 8
Total no. of byes = 32 - 17 = 15 byes,

No. of byes in upper half = (NB-1)/2 = (15-1)/2

= 7
No. of byes in lower half = (NB+1)/2 = (15+1)/2
= 8
Total rounds = 5 => 25
Draw a knock out fixture of 5 teams?

No. of teams = 5,
Total No. of matches = N-1 = 5-1 = 4

No. of teams in upper half = (N+1)/2

= (5+1)/2 = 3

No. of teams in lower half = (N-1)/2 = (5-1)/2

= 2
Total no. of byes = 8 - 5 = 3 byes,

No. of byes in upper half = (NB-1)/2 = (3-1)/2

= 1
No. of byes in lower half = (NB+1)/2 = (3+1)/2
= 2
Total rounds => 23 = 3
League tournament:

In this type each team plays with every other

team once if it is a single league tournament and
each team plays with every other team twice if it
is a double league tournament.
(a) Cyclic method:
In cyclic method, If the number of teams is in even
number, the team number 1 is fixed on the top of left
hand side and then other team numbers in ascending
order consecutively downward and then upward on the
left hand side and then from the next round teams will
rotate in clockwise direction. If the number of teams is
odd then the bye is fixed on the top of right hand
side and rest of the procedure will remain same. If the
number of team is even number than number of rounds
will be (N-1). If the number of teams is odd number
then number of rounds will be equal to number of
teams.
Draw a knock out fixture of 4 teams?

No. of teams = 4,
Total No. of matches = [N(N-1)]/2 = [4(4-1)]/2
= 6

No. of Rounds = N-1 = 4-1 = 3

No. of teams in lower half = (N-1)/2 = (5-1)/2

= 2
(b) Stair-case Method:

In stair-case method, the fixtures are made just

like a ladder or a stair- case. In this method, no
bye is given to any team and there is no problem
of even or odd number of teams.
Important Questions
of Unit- 1
Short answer Questions :

Q1. What is knock-out tournament?

Ans. In knock-out tournament a team gets eliminated

at the very first defeat. Only winning teams keep on
continuing.
Q2. Explain league tournament?

Ans. In this system of tournament each team plays

with the rest of the teams once if the tournament is
single league. In double league every team plays
twice with the rest of the
teams.
Q.3. The other name of League Tournament
is —

(a) Round robin Tournament.

(b) Knock out Tournament
(c) Combination Tournament
(d) Challenge Tournament
Q.4. To avoid stronger teams to compete in
initial round which of the following is correct.

(a) Bye
(b) Seeding.
(c) fixture
(d) Special seeding
Q.5. How many bye will be given for 21 teams on
the knock out basis.

(a) 11.
(b) 12
(c) 14
(d) 17
Q.6. In the placement of Byes, IV Bye is given
to whom.

(a) Ist Team of lower half

(b) Ist team of upper half
(c) Last team of lower half
(d) Last team of upper half.
Short Answers Type Question (3 Marks)

Q.1 Write down the role of the various

committees post tournament.

Ans. The following are the role of the various

committees after a tournament.
Publicity Committee: Give reports to media
provide information of expenditure to organizing
committee. Performance of Players, Records, other
important information.
Finance Committee: Maintain a report of the total
expenditure and budget for the tournament.

Transport Committee: Provide information regarding the

proper use of vehicles after the end of the tournament.
Food and accommodation Committee: Repair work for
any damage at accommodation site and providing
information of report of players, officials regarding
lodging & boarding expenditure to organizing committee.
Ground and Equipment Committee: Repair work for
any damage to ground and submitting all equipment to
organizing committee.

Programme Committee: Providing information about all

participating team to organizing committee and
distributing certificates to all participants and officials
with thanks.

First Aid Committee: Submitting all first aid equipment

and information to organizing committee.
Prize Distribution Committee: Co-ordinating with
decoration ceremony committee to submit all information
and equipment to organizing Committee.

Organizing Committee: Collecting reports from all

committees, taking note of all the important information
and submitting it to the administrative director.
Long Answer Questions (5 Marks):

Q.1. Make the fixture for 24 teams on

the basis of knock out.
Draw a knock out fixture of 24 teams?

No. of teams = 24,

Total No. of matches = N-1 = 24-1 = 23

No. of teams in upper half = (N)/2

= (24)/2 = 12

No. of teams in lower half = (N)/2 = (24)/2

= 6
Total no. of byes = 32 - 24 = 8 byes,

No. of byes in upper half = (NB)/2 = (8)/2

= 4
No. of byes in lower half = (NB)/2 = (8)/2
= 4
Total rounds = 5 => 25
 Thank You
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