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What Is X-Ray Diffraction in Nanotechnology?

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Husen Dugo
An unknown semiconductor has Eg = 1.1eV and Nc = Nv. It is doped with 1015 cm-3 donors, where the donor level is 0.2 eV below Ec. Given that is EF is 0.25 eV below Ec, calculate ni, and the concentration of electrons and holes in the semiconductor at 300 K.

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309 views3 pages

What Is X-Ray Diffraction in Nanotechnology?

Uploaded by

Husen Dugo
An unknown semiconductor has Eg = 1.1eV and Nc = Nv. It is doped with 1015 cm-3 donors, where the donor level is 0.2 eV below Ec. Given that is EF is 0.25 eV below Ec, calculate ni, and the concentration of electrons and holes in the semiconductor at 300 K.

Copyright:

© All Rights Reserved

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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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What is X-ray diffraction in nanotechnology?

The wavelength of X-rays is on the atomic scale, so X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a


primary tool for probing structure of nano-materials. Crystalline materials give rise to
the most obvious applications, but there is also important information to be obtained
from semi- crystalline and even amorphous materials.
Purpose of XRD?
X-Ray Diffraction, frequently abbreviated as XRD, is a non-destructive test method
used to analyze the structure of crystalline materials. XRD analysis, by way of the
study of the crystal structure, is used to identify the crystalline phases present in a
material and there by reveal chemical composition information.
How does XRD work?
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation include wavelengths
measurable in nanometres (a nanometre is equivalent to one billionth of a
metre).
When monochromatic x-rays scatter from a substance with a structure on
this scale, it causes interferences.
This results in a pattern of lower and higher intensities due to constructive
and destructive interferences according to Braggs law.
With crystalline substances, the pattern creates three-dimensional
shavings of diffraction in response to x-ray wavelengths, like the spacing
of planes in a crystal lattice.
This process is known as constructive interference and is used as a
technique for studying crystal structures and atomic spacing.
All diffraction methods start with the emission of x-rays from a cathode
tube or rotating target,which is then focused at a sample.
By collecting the diffracted x-rays, you can analyse the sample’s
structure.This is possible because each mineral has its unique set of d-
spacings.
D-spacings are the distances between planes of atoms, which cause
diffraction peaks.
There are standard reference patterns of d-spacings, which act as a
comparison when using XRD to identify the structure of a sample
substance.
What will XRD measure?
X-ray diffraction can do the following:
 Measure the average spacings between layers of rows of atoms in a
substance
 Determine the orientation of an individual grain or crystal
 Measure the size, shape and internal stress of small crystalline areas
 Identify the crystal structure of an unknown substance.

Why XRD is very important to characterize prepare materials?


What is X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid
analytical technique primarily used for phase identification of a crystalline
material and can provide information on unit cell dimensions. The analyzed
material is finely ground, homogenized, and average bulk composition is determined

Advantages and disadvantages of XRD


The main advantages of x-ray diffraction are:
 It is a rapid and powerful technique for identifying unknown minerals and
materials
 It only requires preparation of a minimal sample for analysis
 Interpreting the resulting data is relatively straightforward
 XRD measurement instruments are widely available

Disadvantages of XRD are:


 To best identify an unknown powder material, the sample should be
homogeneous.
 Typically XRD analysis requires access to standard reference data .
 Preparation of samples often requires grinding them down to a powder
 If the crystal sample is non-isometric, then the indexing of patterns can be
complex when determining unit cells
Applications of X-ray diffraction?
Applications X-ray powder diffraction is most widely used for:
 The identification of unknown crystalline materials (e.g.
minerals, inorganic compounds).
 Determination of unknown solids is critical to studies in
geology, environmental science, material science, engineering and
biology

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