Mata Kuliah Pengantar Manajemen

Nama David Giovanni Liyanto

NIM 12030120190091
Kelas X.IUP
Dosen Pengampu Dr. I Made Bayu Dirgantara, S.E, M.M

1) First of all what is planning? Planning is is the process of thinking about the activities
required to achieve a desired goal. It is the first and foremost activity to achieve desired
results. Planning has many benefits for a company such as such as:
- Increases the efficiency of resource development and research, especially their
utilization. With planning, the company would have a neat schedule so that they can
deploy how much resources as per coming milestones and improve their utilization, and
eventually they are able to control their production.
- It helps to discipline the teams that are involved in the company by giving them daily
target and monitor them that they need to achieve so that they are constantly
remembered that they must help the company to achieve the goals that are previously
already been set.
- Planning helps to minimize the inefficiency of time, capital, finances, and manpower.
- Planning allows an organization to align or direct projects so that it would help the
company to achieve their long-term goals.

2) Organizational goals are strategic objectives that a company's management establishes to

outline expected outcomes and guide employees' efforts. Goals help define a company's
purpose, assist its business growth and achieve its financial objectives. Setting specific
organizational goals can also help a company measure their organization's progress and
determine the tasks that must be improved to meet those business goals. There are 3 types
of organizational goals:
- Strategic goals, goals set by and for top management of the organization. These goals
are made by focusing on broad general issues. Strategic goals are usually long-term and
from this goal, other goals are made and set for different time frames and areas. This is
personally the strategy I preferred the most because it is very beneficia and should be
prioritized for a company that wanted to achieve long term sustainability.
- Tactical goals, focus on how to operationalize actions necessary to achieve the strategic
goals. Tactical goals are set by the middle managers, but often top managers set tactical
goals for the middle managers. I think this kind of strategy helps a company to work
efficiently so that the company could take actions which are necessary to achieve the
strategic goals.
- Operational goals, set by and for lower-level managers. Operational goals are usually
made to tackle shorter-term issues associated with the tactical goals and lower-
managers are responsible for their attainment. I think this kind of strategy is more
effective when we face an emergency where it might endanger the survive ability of a
company that is leaning towards bankruptcy or even other issues.
3) Goals are the objectives, aims or purposes which are to be achieved by an organisation that
is needed to be achieved over periods of time. Planning are also needed so that a company
could achieve their goals, exactly what are mentioned from answer number 1. Approaches
used for setting organizational goals are :
- Top down approach : In this approach only the upper level management that is top
management participate in setting organizational goals as management by objective is
used in this approach which is required for incentives, feedbacks, goal settings etc. this
approach helps to set goals which reflects the organizational mission but they
sometimes can be unrealistic.
- Bottom up approach : In this approach the employees who are working in the lower
levels set the goals for the employees above them and accordingly the organizational
mission is been defined. These goals seems to be more flexible and realistic as compared
to top down approach. But sometimes this approach lacks the clear focus and may be
challenging.
- Interactive approach : As the name suggests in this approach employees and members
from all levels of the organization participate in setting the goals through interaction and
cooperation. Using this approach makes employees feel valued while more realistic
goals are been set as inputs from all levels of management is been taken.
In my opinion Interactive approach in goal setting is best as it enhances the employee
commitment, considers different point of views presented by employees while creates
less resistance are goal setting is done by cooperation of all the employees.

4) There are several things that might become challenges when being entrepreneur:

- You have to sacrifice the security or comfort of your current career by quitting your job if
you want to be a full-time entrepreneur.
- There will encounter some situations that involves things that you cannot control and it
might destroy your business if don’t act quickly.
- You have to take some financial risk because you will have invest a portion of your
money and putting your wages until your company or business earn profits.
- Some ideas or project that you are invested in might not be successful competing with
other competitor and might be unsettling for you
- Having different opinions from different people are very common, some customer will
appreciate you, and some will hate you, the reasons might be more complx than you
think.

However, there are some fun things of being an entrepreneur and become a motivation for
us as an entrepreneur:

- Everyday is a new day, unlike ordinary jobs, you will face different cases because a lot of
new challenges awaits you in the future whether it is the competition or even your
company’s internal issues.
- You can make your own schedule so you have more freedom therefore, you can be
more efficient on spending your time for work, family, or even yourselves.
- You are given a chance to create a culture, There’s always something new to learn from
customers and employees, and being able to create a positive company culture
influenced by incredible people is fulfilling it.
- Being entrepreneur means you can have unlimited creativity, and execute on ideas
freely, while others might be limited by having to get approval or going through a series
 of people and procedures. The feeling without limitations provides a certain freedom
that is liberating and fulfilling.
- When you are an entrepreneur, you constantly delivering your vision, your dream, and
your company. If you are constantly searching and get ahead from your rivals, eventually
you might be able to recruit talented people to come alongside you and together able to
provide something special together.

5) First of all, what is business venture? Business venture is a new business that is formed with
a plan and expectation that financial gain will follow. Often, this kind of business is referred
to as a small business, as it typically begins with a small amount of financial resources. The
options for a new entrepreneur to start up their business venture are endless. However, the
options that are appropriate for one entrepreneurial venture may be completely
inappropriate for another. Entrepreneurs must make a bewildering number of decisions, and
they must make the decisions that are right for them. An entrepreneur’s personal and
business goals are inextricably linked. Therefore, it is recommended for new entrepreneur to
pick an option or goals that suits their personality. So the conclusion is the options e for a
new entrepreneur to start up their business venture are limitless, it is better for that
particular person pick the option that suits their personality, available resources, and
suitable for long-term business.

6) So, managers can manage corporate strategies using tool called corporate portfolio matrix
which provides a framework for understanding diverse business, and helps managers to
priorities for allocating resources and one of them is BCG matrix. The BCG matrix is a way to
analyse a company’s portfolio of business’s market share and it’s industry anticipated
growth rate. There are 4 categories of the BCG matrix cash cows, stars, question marks, and
dogs. The dogs should be sold off or liquidated as they have low market share in the
markets with low potential market. Managers should benefit cash cows for as much as they
can, limit any new investment in them, and use the large amounts of cash generated to
invest in stars and questions marks with strong potential to improve market share. Heavy
investment in stars will help to take advantage of the market’s growth and help maintain
high market share. The stars will eventually develop into cash cows as their markets mature
and sales growth slows. The question marks will become the hardest decision for the
managers. After carefully analysing, some will be sold off and other strategically nurtured
into stars.

7) There are three main types of corporate strategies are growth, stability, and renewal.

- Growth - A growth strategy is when an organization expands the number of markets

served or products offered, either through its current businesses or through new
businesses.
- Stability - A stability strategy is a corporate strategy in which an organization continues
to do what it is currently doing. Examples of this strategy include continuing to serve the
same clients by offering the same product or service, maintaining market share, and
sustaining the organization's current business operations.
- Renewal - When an organization is in trouble, something needs to be done. Managers
need to develop strategies, called renewal strategies, that address declining
 performance. The two main types of renewal strategies are retrenchment and
turnaround strategies.

Do you think all corporate strategies revolve around growth?

No, the one that revolves around on growth is only growth strategy. Because of its growth
strategy, an organization may increase revenues, number of employees, or market share.
Organizations grow by using concentration, vertical integration, horizontal integration, or
diversification. Stability and Renewal does not revolve on growth. For stability,when
organizations try to maintain the status quo i.e neither grow nor retrench, it happens when
firms do not want to take risk. The organization does not grow, but does not fall behind. For
renewal, also called defensive strategy, it refers to a situasion when companies downsize
their workforce and cut the operations. For example, in case of COVID -19, most of the
companies have reduced their workforce to survive through the crisis.

8) How Size Affects Structure: In the same vein, when determining the most effective structure
and design for an organization, the number of people that belong to the organization has a
major impact on which structure works best. The typical structure of a small business is flat
since there are a limited number of people who are responsible for many tasks. The typical
structure of a large organization is tall, with several vertical levels, or management layers,
which represent a more complex structure. In short, when determining what type of
structure works best for an organization, size matters. Let's take a look at two different sized
companies that operate in the same industry and learn how the size of these organizations
impact how they are structured. There is significant research supporting the idea that
organizational structure is impacted by the size of the organization in question. Large
organizations tend to have more work specialization, more vertical levels, rules, regulations,
and so on. So they tend to be more mechanistic in nature. Large organizations, those that
have 2,000 or more employees, are likely to be more mechanistic, but as they increase in
size, they do not become more mechanistic. If the organization increases to 2,500 people,
the mechanistic-ness of the organization’s structure doesn’t necessarily increase. But if you
were to add 500 employees to an organization that only had 300 to start, the percentage
increase in size is likely to make that smaller organization more mechanistic.

9) Group roles generally involve getting the work done or keeping group members happy.
Group norms are powerful influences on a person’s performance and dictate things such as
work output levels, absenteeism, and promptness. Pressures to conform can heavily
influence a person’s judgment and attitudes. If carried to extremes, groupthink can be a
problem. Status systems can be a significant motivator with individual behavioral
consequences, especially if incongruence is a factor. What size group is most effective and
efficient depends on the task the group is supposed to accomplish. Cohesiveness is related
to a group’s productivity. Group decision making and conflict management are important
group processes that play a role in performance and satisfaction. If accuracy, creativity, and
degree of acceptance are important, a group decision may work best. Relationship conflicts
are almost always dysfunctional. Low levels of process conflicts and low-to-moderate levels
of task conflicts are functional. Effective communication and controlled conflict are most
relevant to group performance when tasks are complex and interdependent.
10) Even if we know that virtual team is an accepted norm in the business environment
nowadays, there were still few limitations to having virtual team that might not be suitable
for everyone. Here are some of those cases:
- With virtual team, it requires an initial huge investment in the technological equipments
which facilitates communication. Therefore, it requires additional expenses which might
be difficult for companies which are just starting business or even having financial issues.
- Working virtually requires s social isolation from the employees as they have to work on
their job tasks alone. Some people might not be suitable on this and causing them to
have a mental stress and can impact the productivity of the employees as well as the
entire team.
- Because every team has to work separately, there is a higher chance of having
miscommunications and conflicts. This is due to issues often clarified or explained more
effectively, when working in proximity.

11) Family friendly benefits are those benefits given to employees by the company which help in
motivating employees to work. Family friendly benefits include services / options like
parental leave benefits, baby day care, elder care, leave from work for family, child care &
education, marriage & family counseling, flexible working hours etc. Common examples of
policies that family-friendly companies of any size utilize include:
- Telecommuting, or remote work, allows an employee to work off-site. Some employees
can choose certain days they work remotely or choose a completely remote position.
- Flexible time off, which can apply to sick time or PTO. This policy allows working parents
to leave work for an afternoon or an entire day to care for their child.
- Paid child care. For companies that can’t afford on-site child care, there are other ways
they can invest in this type of support. Some child care policies include employee
resources such as program referrals or reserved spots at child care facilities. Other
companies may even pay for child care costs for their employees.

12) There are 2 main types of training

- Coaching and mentoring
his type of employee training focuses on the relationship between an employee and
someone more experienced, such as their manager, a coach, or long time employee.
Coaching is thought of as a process of training and supervising a person to better their
performance, while mentoring refers to the counseling process carried on to guide and
support a person for career development However, mentorship programs require your
most high-performing people to step away from their primary roles to grow newer team
members. While that will pay off in the long run, consider whether you’re willing to
make that trade-off.
- E-learning / online learning
E-learning uses online videos, articles, quizzes and courses to deliver employee training.
Employees can do their training at any time, from anywhere in the world with an
internet connection. A common issue with online learning is low retention rate. The
addition of gamification can go a long way towards overcoming this and keeping your
employees engaged with the learning material.
 How do you think these tend to be delivered
- Coaching and mentoring
Mentoring can help build relationships and connect people within the organization, as
well as create growth opportunities for employees. Organizations that use mentors have
seen employee retention increase and employee turnover reduce, ultimately improving
the organisations bottom line. However, mentorship programs require your most high-
performing people to step away from their primary roles to grow newer team members.
While that will pay off in the long run, consider whether you’re willing to make that
trade-off. Coaching on the other hand involves bringing in a trained professional.
Coaches can sometimes provide a more time-efficient alternative, but without the
relationship building.
- E-learning / Online learning
Many companies choose e-learning courses because they easily scale. One person or
1000 people can take the same online course at one time, starting and stopping at their
own pace. This helps empower a range of learners as people who want to take their
time and dive deeper have the freedom to do so, while quick learners who are more
easily bored can move through course rapidly. Online training is very beneficial to
remote workers, who may otherwise be overlooked for training opportunities.

13) I personally would agree ethical communication includes all information, and it is not
deceptive because it reflects on moral aspects of an individual, and it establishes the
reputation and credibility of the communicators. It also being honest in all communications,
keeping confidential information confidential, and not discussing the personal or business
situations of others in public or in front of a third party. It also helps to enhances human
dignity because it is being fair, truthful, uphold mutual respect, create personal integrity,
and communication has to make us to improve freedom of expression among individuals.
What I think is also the main reason I would agree on this is that Ethical Communication iis it
provides or caters for the diversity of perspectives, enhances responsible decision-making
and it creates a higher tolerance to disagreements showing it includes all information and it
is true in every sense. We live in a society that involves people from different backgrounds
and we have respect for it if we want to gain respect from them. The communication
advocates for information sharing when faced with a dilemma of choices as a decision-
maker and it is done without offending the audience. It’s main goal is also maintaining a
good relationship with the audience so that it shows that communication is not deceptive.
This relationship is created based on a close and harmonious relationship as well as
enhanced trust showing it abides to morals.

14) Active listening is a technique that is used in counseling, training, and solving disputes or
conflicts. It requires the listener to fully concentrate, understand, respond and then
remember what is being said. Listening is one of the most important skills you can have.
How well you listen has a major impact on your job effectiveness, and on the quality of your
relationships with others. You cannot allow yourself to become distracted by whatever else
may be going on around you, or by forming counter arguments while the other person is still
 speaking. Nor can you allow yourself to get bored and lose focus on what the other person is
saying. There are few ways to master active listening technique such as:
- Pay Attention, give the speaker your undivided attention, and acknowledge the
message, example: look at the speaker directly, or even avoid distractions.
- Show that you are listening, se your own body language and gestures to show that you
are engaged example: nod occasionally, and also smile and use other facial expressions.
- Provide feedback, understand what is being said. Example: reflect on the speaker’s
words on what can we learn from it
- Do not interrupt, Interrupting is a waste of time. It frustrates the speaker and limits full
understanding of the message. So we should allow the speaker to finish their statements
and ask question when they asked so.
- Respond appropriately, we should be open and honest in your response. Assert your
opinions respectfully. Treat the other person in a way that you think he/she would want
to be treated.

15) If we are talking about physical environment, yes it does affect communications in many
different ways, such as: lighting, seating, seating position, temperature. All this affect on the
communications weather is positive or negative affect. Seating for example: people intend
to communicate more with people seating across the table more than the one next to them
people they are having full visibility of the person whom they facing and eye contact.
Temperature: if it is too hot or too cold people don’t feel comfortable and they want to cut it
short and end any communications even if it important. That’s why too many companies
spend some money to consult and design the work place specially the meeting rooms.